Ishishini leWayini lakwa-Israeli: Ibali loloyiso kunye neGlobal

Ngaphandle kwemiceli mngeni emininzi, ukusuka kwi-terroir ukuya kwezopolitiko, amaSirayeli akwazile ukoyisa le miqobo kwaye afumana impumelelo emangalisayo.

Kungcelele olunamacandelo amabini, ndiphonononga imiqobo abajongene nayo oovulindlela be Iwayini yakwaSirayeli ishishini. Ukususela kwisiseko sezidiliya zabo ukuya kubuntsonkotha bonxibelelwano lwezizwe ngezizwe, le miqobo ivavanye ukomelela nokuzimisela kwabo. Nangona kunjalo, eyona nto ikhuthaza ngokwenene yindlela abaye baphuma ngayo ngoloyiso, bezenzela indawo eyahlukileyo. kwiqonga lewayini yehlabathi.

Kwinxalenye yokuqala yolu ngcelele, ndiphonononga imiceli mngeni ekhethekileyo ye-terroir edibene nabenzi bewayini bakwa-Israel. Ukwahluka kwembonakalo yomhlaba, ukuguquguquka kwemozulu, kunye nokwakheka komhlaba kubangele imiqobo ebalulekileyo, efuna iindlela zobuchule ezintsha kunye nengqalelo echuliweyo kwiinkcukacha. Ngaphandle kobu bunzima, i-vintners yakwa-Israeli ibonakalise ukuguquguquka okumangalisayo kunye nobuchule, ukwenza ubugcisa iiwayini ezikhethekileyo ezibonisa imvo yazo eyahlukileyo yendawo.

Inxalenye yesibini yolu luhlu igxile kwishishini lewayini elithe lafumana ukuqondwa okungaqhelekanga kwihlabathi jikelele. Le ndawo yewayini ikwazile ukoyisa imiqobo abanye abaninzi abaye bajongana nayo. Ngokudityaniswa kombono wobunkokheli, ubugcisa obungalinganiyo, kunye nokuqonda okunzulu okuthandwa ngabathengi, baye bazimisa njengebhakana yokugqwesa kwishishini lewayini lakwaSirayeli.

Ndiyakholelwa ukuba olu luhlu lunamacandelo amabini luza kunika ulwazi oluxabisekileyo kwaye lukhanyise kuhambo olumangalisayo loshishino lwewayini yakwaSirayeli. Isebenza njengobungqina bokomelela kunye nokuzimisela kwaba benzi bewayini, abangaphelanga nje ukoyisa imiceli mngeni kodwa baphumelele xa bejongene nobunzima.

Iwayini Enkulu. “Kuyenzeka” Ukuba Senziwe kwaSirayeli

 Ishishini lakwaSirayeli lokwenza iwayini libone ukukhula okuphawulekayo kunye nokuqondwa; nangona kunjalo, ijongene nemingeni xa kufikwa kwimpumelelo yehlabathi. Kukho izizathu ezimbalwa zokuba ukulunga okanye ukuba mkhulu kungasoloko kwanele ukuqinisekisa impumelelo kubenzi bewayini bakwaSirayeli:

Ukhuphiswano lweMakethi: Imarike yewayini yehlabathi inokhuphiswano oluphezulu, kunye namazwe asele evelisa iwayini afana neFransi, i-Italiya, iSpain, kunye namanye alawula kushishino. Iwayini zakwa-Israel kuye kufuneke zikhuphisane neebrendi ezisele ziwe kwaye ezaziwayo ezisuka kula mazwe, nto leyo eyenza kubenzima ukufumana isabelo semarike kunye nokwamkelwa.

Imbono kunye nodumo: Ngaphandle kokuphucuka komgangatho wewayini yakwaIsraeli, imbono kunye nodumo lweshishini lewayini lelizwe lusengasemva kwezinye iingingqi zewayini ezaziwayo. Ukoyisa iingcamango neengcinga ebezicingelwa kwangaphambili malunga nomgangatho wewayini yakwaIsraeli kunokuba ngumqobo kwimpumelelo kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe.

Imveliso enyiniweyo kunye nokusasazwa kwe wayini: Imveliso ye wayini yakwa Israel incinci xa ithelekiswa namazwe avelisa iwayini. Le mveliso ilinganiselweyo inokwenza kube nzima kubenzi bewayini bakwa-Israel ukuphumeza uqoqosho lwezinga eliphezulu nokufikelela kuthungelwano olubanzi lokusasaza. Ukuthengisa iwayini kumazwe angaphandle kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe kunokuba yindleko kwaye kube ngumngeni ngenxa yeemeko zolungiselelo kunye neemfuno zolawulo.

Ukuthengisa kunye nokuthengisa: Ukuthengisa okusebenzayo kunye nokuthengisa kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimpumelelo yalo naluphi uhlobo lwewayini. Abenzi bewayini bakwa-Israel banokujongana nobunzima ekunyuseni umgangatho wewayini yabo kwihlabathi jikelele ngenxa yohlahlo lwabiwo-mali olunyiniweyo lwentengiso okanye imfuno yeendlela ezintsonkothileyo zokuthengisa ukuze bakhe ulwazi ngebrendi nokufikelela kubathengi abatsha.

Ngaphandle kwale mingeni, abavelisi bewayini bakwa-Israel baqhubekile nokuvelisa iwayini ezikhethekileyo, kwaye iinzame zabo sele ziqalisile ukuqondwa kuluntu jikelele lwewayini. Ngokujolisa kumgangatho, ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha, intsebenziswano ecwangcisiweyo, kunye nentengiso esebenzayo, abenzi bewayini bakwa-Israel basebenzela ukuzuza impumelelo enkulu kunye nokwandisa ubukho babo kwintengiso yewayini yehlabathi.

Kubalulekile ngokwembali

I-Israel inembali etyebileyo yokwenza iwayini esukela emva kumawaka eminyaka. Ngexesha loBukhosi baseRoma (6-135 CE), iwayini yakwaSirayeli yayifunwa kakhulu yaza yathunyelwa eRoma nakweminye imimandla. Ezinye iimpawu eziphambili zezi wayini zakwaSirayeli wamandulo ziquka:

Iwayini Zakudala Neziphelelwe lixesha: Iwayini ezaziveliswa kuSirayeli wamandulo zazidla ngokubhalwa kwixesha leediliya kwaye ziphawulwe ngonyaka wokuvelisa. Lo mkhuba wawuvumela abathengi ukuba bayixabise iminyaka kunye nokuvuthwa kwewayini, into eyayixatyiswa kakhulu ngamaxesha amaRoma.

Igama lomenzi wewayini: I-amphorae equlethe iwayini yayinegama le-winemaker ebhalwe kuyo. Oku kubonise ukuzingca kunye nobugcisa kwaye kwavumela abathengi ukuba bazi imvelaphi kunye nodumo lwewayini ababeyonwabela.

Iiwayini ezishinyeneyo neziswiti: Incasa eyayikhethwa ngelo xesha yayingqiyame kwiwayini ezishinyeneyo neziswiti. Ezi wayini kusenokwenzeka ukuba ziveliswe kwimidiliya evunwe emva kwexesha lokuvuthwa, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwisiqulatho esiphezulu seswekile kunye nokubonakala kwe viscous. Ubumnandi bebungenza ukuba iwayini zibe nencasa ngakumbi kwinkalakahla yamandulo yaseRoma.

Ukongezwa kwaManzi: Kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo kwihlabathi lamandulo ukuxutywa kwewayini ngamanzi (oko kukuthi, amanzi ashushu, amanzi anetyuwa)

phambi kokusetyenziswa. Olu qheliselo lwaluxhaphake kakhulu kwinkcubeko yamaRoma, apho iwayini zazihlala zixutywa nezixa ezahlukeneyo zamanzi kunye nezinye izithako (oko kukuthi, imifuno kunye neziqholo; rhoqo zigcinwa kwizikhongozelo ezigqunywe ngentlaka zenza incasa efana ne-restina) ukufumana incasa enqwenelekayo kunye notywala. inqanaba.

Ukubaluleka kwembali yewayini zakwaSirayeli ngexesha loBukhosi baseRoma kubonisa izithethe nobuchule bokwenza iwayini kweli lizwe. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, nangona kukho isiseko esomeleleyo sembali kunye newayini ezibalaseleyo, impumelelo kwimarike yewayini yehlabathi yanamhlanje ifuna ukoyisa imicelimngeni eyahlukeneyo enxulumene nokhuphiswano, imbono, ukuthengisa, kunye nokuhanjiswa. Nangona kunjalo, ilifa kunye nolwazi olugqithiselwe kwizizukulwana zabenzi bewayini kwa-Israel lusaqhubekeka ukuba yi-asethi exabisekileyo kwishishini lewayini lelizwe.

Ingenuity

Ukongeza kwiinkulungwane zamava, kukho ezinye izinto ezivelisa iwayini ezinkulu - kwaye uSirayeli unazo zonke:

Iindidi zamadiliya: Iwayini zakwa Israel zihlala zinendidi zediliya zase French kunye ne Italian, ezifanayo nezo zifumaneka kwamanye amazwe avelisa iwayini ehlabathi elitsha. Ngelixa kukho iiwayini ezimbalwa ezenziwe ngemidiliya yeli lizwe, ingqwalasela ithande ukuba kwiindidi ezaziwayo kumazwe ngamazwe. Oku kuvumela abavelisi bewayini ukuba basebenzise iimpawu kunye neempawu ezinxulumene nolu hlobo lomdiliya, ethe yacokiswa yaze yagqibelela kwiinkulungwane zokwenziwa kwewayini.

IiMedithera zeMozulu zeMeditera: Imozulu yakwaSirayeli ibonakala ngokuba shushu, ihlobo elifumileyo kunye nobusika obumanzi, nto leyo ilungele ukulinywa kweediliya. Ezi meko zemozulu zomgangatho weMeditera zinegalelo ekukhuleni komdiliya ezinencasa ezigxininisiweyo kunye neasidi elungeleleneyo. Ukongeza kwimozulu, ezinye izinto ezifana nendawo yesidiliya, ukuthambeka, ukuthambeka kwethambeka, iipropati zomhlaba, kunye nezenzo zefama zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwindalo iphela yesidiliya. Ezi meko zinefuthe kumgangatho womdiliya kwaye zingabangela incasa yencasa eyodwa.

I-Wine Cellar: Iindlela ezisetyenziswayo xa kusetyenzwa iwayini kwindawo engaphantsi komhlaba zinefuthe kwimveliso yokugqibela. Abenzi bewayini balawula ngononophelo inkqubo yokuvubela, kubandakanywa nolawulo lobushushu, ukukhetha igwele, kunye nobuchule bemaceration ukuphumeza iiprofayili zencasa ezinqwenelekayo. Ukuguga kunye neemeko zokugcina, ezifana nokukhetha imigqomo ye-oki okanye iitanki zentsimbi engatyiwa, nazo zinegalelo ekuphuhliseni izimbo zewayini ezikhethekileyo. Ukubekwa kweliso rhoqo kunye nexesha elifanelekileyo kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba inyathelo ngalinye lenkqubo yokwenza iwayini yenziwe ngokuchanekileyo.

Ngelixa isenokungabikho iresiphi enye yokuvelisa eyona wayini isemgangathweni, indibaniselwano yezi zinto, kunye nobuchule kunye namava abenzi be wayini, inegalelo kumgangatho uwonke we wayini zakwa Israel. Ukuzibophelela ekubambeni ixesha elifanelekileyo, ukuhoya iinkcukacha, kunye nokubekwa kweliso rhoqo kwi-cellar kunceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba iwayini zifikelela kwisakhono sazo esipheleleyo.

Ukuvalwa kweendlela

Kukho izinto ezininzi ezinciphisa amandla akwaSirayeli okukhuphisana ngokufanelekileyo kwinqanaba lewayini lehlabathi. Ezi ziquka:

Umyinge we-acreage yesidiliya: I-Israel inomhlaba omncinci olungele ukulima umdiliya xa kuthelekiswa namazwe afana ne-Itali, Spain, kunye ne-France. Oku kunciphisa ubungakanani bediliya ezinokulinywa kwaye, emva koko, umthamo wewayini eveliswayo.

Imiceli mngeni yemozulu: Imozulu yakwaSirayeli ngokuqhelekileyo ibonakala njengeMeditera, ihlobo elishushu nelomileyo. Nangona le mozulu ilungele iintlobo ezithile zeediliya, isenokuzisa imingeni efana nokunqongophala kwamanzi kunye nomngcipheko wezifo zediliya. Ezi zinto zinokuchaphazela umgangatho kunye nobungakanani bediliya ezivuniweyo.

Ukunqongophala kolwamkelo lwamazwe ngamazwe: Xa kuthelekiswa namazwe avelisa iwayini esintu afana ne Italy, France, kunye ne Spain, iwayini zakwa Israel zinembali emfutshane kwaye azaziwa kakhulu kumazwe ngamazwe. Ukwakha isidima kunye nokumisela ukuqondwa kweewayini zakwa-Israel kuthatha ixesha kunye neenzame zokuthengisa ezihlangeneyo.

Imarike yasekhaya enyiniweyo: I-Israel inabemi abambalwa ngokwentelekiso, kwaye imarike yasekhaya yokusela iwayini ayibalulekanga njengakwamanye amazwe. Oku kubeka ugxininiso olukhulu ekuthengisweni kumazwe angaphandle kwemizi yewayini yakwa-Israel ukuze kuphunyezwe uqoqosho lwesikali kunye nengeniso.

Imiba yezopolitiko: Imeko yelizwe lakwaSirayeli, kunye nokuba kufutshane kwemimandla yongquzulwano, ngamanye amaxesha inokuchaphazela urhwebo kunye nemisebenzi yokuthumela ngaphandle. Ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko kwingingqi kungadala ukungaqiniseki kunye nemiceli mngeni yolungiselelo echaphazela ishishini lewayini.

Ngaphandle kolu thintelo, abavelisi bewayini bakwa-Israel benze inkqubela ebonakalayo kule minyaka yakutsha nje, bevelisa iwayini ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezithe zaphawulwa kukhuphiswano lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokukhula kotyalo-mali kwizidiliya, ubuchule bokwenza iwayini, kunye neenzame zokuthengisa, ishishini lewayini lakwaSirayeli liyaqhubeka nokukhula kwaye liphucula indawo yalo kwinqanaba lehlabathi.

Ukuqhubela phambili

Ubekwe phi uSirayeli kwindawo yokuthengisa iwayini yamazwe ngamazwe? Ngo-2021, ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-Israel kwakuxabisa i-64.1 yezigidi zeedola, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe ngama-29^th umthengisi omkhulu wewayini kwihlabathi. Xa kuthelekiswa, amazwe amathandathu aphezulu athumela iwayini kumazwe angaphandle (ngo-2021) yayiyi-Itali (i-8.4 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi), iSpain (iibhiliyoni zeerandi ezi-3.5), iFransi (iibhiliyoni zeedola ezili-13.1), iChile (iibhiliyoni ezi-2 zeerandi), i-Australia (iibhiliyoni zeerandi ezi-1.7), kunye ne-US (i-1.5 yeebhiliyoni zeedola) (worldtopexports.com).

Malunga nezigidi ezingama-40 zeebhotile eziveliswa ngonyaka, imveliso yewayini yakwaSirayeli ithobeke xa ithelekiswa namanqanaba emveliso yewayini yehlabathi. Iitoni ezingama-60,000 zediliya zewayini ezivunwa minyaka le zibonisa umzamo omkhulu wokulima isidiliya kunye nokuveliswa kweediliya.

Ubukho be-350+/- imisebenzi ye-boutique kunye ne-70 yemizila yewayini ibonisa imbonakalo yomhlaba eyahlukeneyo yabavelisi bewayini kwaSirayeli. Oku kubonisa ubukho obunamandla bemizila yewayini emincinci, ekhethekileyo egxile ekuveliseni imiyinge emincinci yewayini ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba iindawo ezilishumi ezinkulu zewayini kwaSirayeli zilawula ngaphezulu kwe 90 pesenti yemveliso, nto leyo ebonisa inqanaba elithile lokudityaniswa kweshishini. Olu xinzelelo lwemveliso phakathi kwabadlali abakhulu lunokubalelwa kwizinto ezinje ngoqoqosho lwesikali, ukongamela kwimarike, okanye uphuhliso lwembali.

Xa kujongwe isikali kunye nokwakheka kweshishini lewayini lakwaSirayeli, kuyaqondakala ukuba kutheni ixabiso lewayini kumazwe angaphandle lisezantsi xa lithelekiswa namazwe avelisa iwayini. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ishishini lewayini lakwa-Israel lifumana ukunakwa ngomgangatho walo kunye nokwahluka kwalo kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kwaye ixabiso layo lokuthengisa ngaphandle liye linyuka ngokuthe ngcembe.

Ngokuqhubeka kotyalo-mali kwizidiliya, ubuchule bokwenza iwayini, kunye neenzame zentengiso, abenzi bewayini bakwa-Israel banethuba lokuphuhlisa ngakumbi ishishini labo nokwandisa ubukho babo kwinqanaba lewayini lehlabathi.

Iyabiza?

Abathengi baseMelika bothuswa lixabiso eliphezulu leewayini ezivela kwaSirayeli. Asiyonxalenye ye-kosher ephakamisa ixabiso; I-kosher vinification iyafana nokwenza iwayini eqhelekileyo ngaphandle kweyeast ye-kosher kunye nesidingo somphathi ukuba abeke iliso kwinkqubo. Ixabiso leprimiyamu linxulunyaniswa neendleko eziphakamileyo zokuhlala kwaSirayeli kunye neendleko ezinxulumene nokwenza iwayini kulo mmandla wehlabathi.

Ezinye iingcaphephe zikholelwa ukuba ixabiso lewayini zakwa-Israel linxulunyaniswa nolutsha lweshishini kunye nemarike encinci yasekhaya. Bebonke abemi bakwaSirayeli bazizigidi ezisi-8; thabatha wonke umntu ongaphantsi kweminyaka eli-18 yokusela ngokusemthethweni kwaye athabathe amaSilamsi (ankolo yawo ithintela ukuselwa kotywala) kwaye oku kushiya imarike yabathengi enokubakho imalunga nezigidi ezi-4.

Abenzi bewayini kwaSirayeli bangenisa impahla nganye kwaye oku kuquka zonke izixhobo ezifunekayo, ukusuka koomatshini bokutyumza ukuya kwimiphanda kunye nezikhonkwane. Iindleko ezingaphezulu ziyafana kumzi-mveliso wewayini ovelisa iibhotile ezingama-30,000 ngonyaka okanye iibhotile ezingama-300,000. Ezinye izinto eziyimfuneko ekulimeni kweediliya, kuquka umhlaba, namanzi, zibiza kakhulu kwaSirayeli. Ishishini lisahlawula iminyaka engama-40 yotyalo-mali (ukusukela ekuqaleni kwenkcubeko yewayini yasekhaya). Abenzi bewayini baseYurophu baqikelela ukuba kuthatha iminyaka eyi-100-200 ukuseka isiseko sabathengi abathembekileyo, ngelixa oogxa bakwa-Israel baziva benethamsanqa ukuba banomthengi othembekileyo wesizukulwana sesibini.

zaseKosher

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi wentsimi yediliya kunye nokwenziwa kwewayini zikosher kubandakanya iimfuno ezithile ezinxulumene nokubekwa kweliso kwenkqubo yemveliso ngamaJuda anenkathalo kunye nobukho be-mashgiah yokuqinisekisa imisebenzi.

Ngelixa indleko yokugcina isatifikethi se-kosher isenokungabi lutyalo-mali olubalulekileyo lwezemali, ibandakanya ingqwalasela eyongezelelweyo ngokwemiqathango yabasebenzi kunye nokubambelela kwizikhokelo ezithile ze-kosher. Ukuba nabasebenzi abadibana neediliya bengamaYuda anengqalelo kunye nokuba ne-mashgiah ekhoyo kunokongeza umaleko wobunzima kwinkqubo yokwenza iwayini.

Ngokumalunga nokuleyibhile kunye nokuthengiswa kweewayini zakwa-Israel, inika umdla ukuqaphela ukuba ezinye iiwayini ezenziwe kwa-Israel zibhalwe “KOSHER” kunokuba “ISRAEL” kwiishelufa kwiivenkile ezithengisa eMelika. Oku kungadala imiceli mngeni malunga nokwakha isazisi esahlukileyo kunye nokwandisa ulwazi ngewayini zakwaSirayeli ziphelele. Ingakhokelela ekubeni iwayini zibonwe njenge wayini zekosher endaweni yokuba zibonwe ngomgangatho wazo kunye neempawu zengingqi.

I-Marketing Shift

Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zewayini ye-kosher: i-mevushal kunye ne-non-mevushal. Iiwayini ze-Mevushal zingena kwinkqubo yokucolwa kwe-flash pasteurization, evumela ukuba ziphathwe ngamaYuda angengawo amaOthodoki, ngelixa iiwayini ezingezo-mevushal zikumgangatho ophezulu wewayini ezenziwe kusetyenziswa iindlela zesintu.

Ileyibhile ye-KOSHER inokunqanda ukukwazi kwabathengi ukukhetha ukhetho oluphezulu phakathi kwewayini ye-kosher. Uphando lucebisa ukuba iiprimiyamu zewayini zakwa-Israel azinakuze zibe mevushal, kodwa iinzame zangoku zentengiso ziyasilela ukunxibelelana nalo mahluko, ngokufanelekileyo, okunokuthi kugqume imbono yomgangatho.

Endaweni yokugxininisa ileyibhile yekosher, iiwayini ezivela kwaSirayeli kufuneka zidweliswe "njengewayini zakwaSirayeli" kwiimenyu ezigxile ekuxabiseni iwayini zakwaSirayeli njengeemveliso ezigqwesileyo ngaphandle kokuhoywa ngokungafanelekanga kwisatifikethi sekosher (ezifana nesimboli ye-OU).

Ukuseka ubukho obunamandla kwindawo yentengiso, kubandakanya neendawo, iivenkile zewayini ezikwi-intanethi, iivenkile ezinkulu, iindawo zokutyela kunye nezinye iindawo, kunye nokwandisa ukuvezwa ngokubanzi, kunokuba luncedo kwiiwayini zakwa-Israel ukuba zibe nokumelwa okubalaseleyo kwi-“ISRAEL” ishelufu okanye udidi. Oku kuya kunceda ukuqaqambisa iyantlukwano kunye nokwahluka kwewayini zakwa-Israel ngaphaya kwegama lazo le-kosher, ivumela abathengi ukuba baphonononge kwaye baxabise iwayini ngokusekwe kubuchule babo bokwenza iwayini.

Umzekelo, iimveliso ezifana ne-M&Ms, ziphethe isimboli ye-Orthodox Union (OU) kodwa aziphembeleli kakhulu izigqibo zokuthenga zabathengi. Mhlawumbi lixesha lokuba umthengi waseMelika azibone iiwayini zakwa-Israel ngomgangatho wazo kwaye azonwabele ngaphandle kokubeka ugxininiso olugqithisileyo kwisimo sazo se-kosher.

© UGqirha Elinor Garely. Inqaku lelungelo lokushicilela, kubandakanya iifoto, alinakuphinda liveliswe ngaphandle kwemvume ebhaliweyo evela kumbhali.