Iiwayini zaseMzantsi Afrika ziyasokola ukuba ziNxulumane neHlabathi liphela

Abasebenzi boMzantsi Afrika kwicandelo lewayini bebesilwa neemeko ezingentle zokusebenza kubasebenzi basezifama kwizidiliya ezininzi kweli lizwe kwaye abathengisi bewayini bebexhasa isenzo sabo.

Ngokutsho I-Human Rights Watch (HRW), abasebenzi basezifama zewayini neziqhamo eMzantsi Afrika bahlala kwizindlu ezikwisiza esingalungelanga ukuhlala kuzo, bachanabeke kwizitshabalalisi ngaphandle kwezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokhuseleko, banomlinganiselo (ukuba kukho) ukufikelela kwizindlu zangasese okanye amanzi okusela ngelixa besebenza kwaye banemiqobo emininzi yokumelwa yimibutho yabasebenzi. .

IAsethi yoQoqosho

Abasebenzi basezifama bongeza izigidi zeerandi kuqoqosho loMzantsi Afrika; nangona kunjalo, abantu abavelisa ezi mpahla baphakathi kwabona bantu bamkela imivuzo ephantsi kweli lizwe. Ngokweenkcukacha zoMbutho weVine neWayini oseParis (OVI, 2021), uMzantsi Afrika ukwindawo yesibhozo phakathi kwamazwe avelisa iwayini amakhulu ehlabathi, ngaphezulu kweJamani nePortugal, emva kweAustralia, Chile, kunye neArgentina.

The icandelo lewayini eNtshona naseMntla Koloni igalela ama-R550 eebhiliyoni (malunga nama-30 eebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika) kuqoqosho lweli kwaye iqeshe abantu abaphantse babe ngama-269,000. Isivuno sonyaka sivelisa malunga ne-1.5 yezigidi zeetoni zediliya eziculiweyo, zenza i-947+/- yezigidi zeelitha zewayini. Intengiso yasekhaya irekhoda i-430 yezigidi zeelitha zewayini; intengiso yokuthumela ngaphandle iyonke i-387.9 yezigidi zeelitha.

Kukho ii-546+/- ezidwelisiweyo kwiindawo zewayini eMzantsi Afrika ezine-37 kuphela etyumza ngaphezulu kwe-10,000 yeetoni zediliya (ivelisa iikeyiki zewayini ezingama-63 ngetoni nganye; iibhotile ezingama-756 ngetoni nganye). Uninzi lwewayini eveliswayo imhlophe (55.1%) kuquka iChenin Blanc (18.6%); iColombar(d) (11.1%); Sauvignon Blanc (10.9%); Chardonnay (7.2%); eMuscat d'Alexandrie (1.6%); iSemillon (1.1%); iMuscat de Frontignan (0.9%); kunye neViognier (0.8%).

Malunga ne 44.9% yezidiliya zaseMzantsi Afrika zivelisa iintlobo ezibomvu eziquka iCabernet Sauvignon (10.8%); iShiraz/Syrah (10.8%); I-Pinotage (7.3%); iMerlot (5.9%); uRuby Cabernet (2.1%); ICinsau (1.9%); I-Pinot Noir (1.3%) kunye neCabernet Franc (0.9%).

Kunika umdla ukuqaphela ukuba nangona uMzantsi Afrika ungumvelisi owaziwayo wewayini ecikizekileyo, isiselo esinxilisayo esikhethwa ngabemi boMzantsi Afrika yibhiya (75% yesiselo esinxilisayo esiselwayo), kulandele iziselo ezinxilisayo zeziqhamo kunye nespirit coolers (12%). Ukusetyenziswa kwewayini kubalelwa kwi-10% kuphela, kwaye imimoya ingena ekugqibeleni kwi-3%.

Iidiliya ezikhethwayo

IiWayini eziMhlophe

I-Chardonnay yenza i-7.2% yazo zonke izityalo ezityalwayo. I-Chardonnay ithande ukuba nomzimba ophakathi kwaye yakhiwe; nangona kunjalo, abanye abavelisi bakhetha ukwenza isimbo seLizwe eliDala (sinzima kwaye sinemithi), ngelixa abanye bekhetha indlela yeLizwe elitsha (ikhaphukhaphu kwaye ingavuthwanga).

Umdiliya wase Chenin Blanc ngomnye wemihlanganisela yokuqala yomdiliya we wayini owaziswa eKapa ngu Jan van Riebeek (kwinkulungwane ye-17). Ineasidi ephezulu iyenza ibengumdiliya oguquguqukayo ekuveliseni iintlobo ngeentlobo zeendlela zewayini ukusuka emile, eyomileyo, ehlwahlwazayo ukuya kwiwayini eswiti elungelelanisiweyo. Inesivuno esikhulu, iyaguquguquka, kwaye ikhula emhlabeni ayilungelanga ezinye iintlobo zediliya ezimhlophe.

IColombar(d) varietal yatyalwa eMzantsi Afrika ngeminyaka yoo 1920s kwaye ngoku ikwindawo yesibini ngokutyalwa kwediliya kweli lizwe. Yayisetyenziswa kakhulu njengesiseko se wayini kwimveliso yebranti de kwaba sekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama 20 xa iCape Winemakers yafumanisa ukuba ingavelisa iwayini emnandi yokusela enesiqulatho esineasidi eqinisekisa amava amnandi, aneziqhamo, kwaye anika umdla inkalakahla. Yaphuhliswa ukusuka ekunqamlezweni kweChenin Blanc kunye neHeunisch Weiss (eyaziwa ngokuba yiGouias Blanc).

ISauvignon Blanc ivelisa njenge wayini epholileyo nehlaziyayo. Iirekhodi zokuqala eKoloni zisusela kwiminyaka yoo-1880; nangona kunjalo, izinga eliphezulu lesifo likhokelele ekubeni uninzi lwezidiliya zikrazulwe kwaye ziphinde zityalwe ngo 1940s. Oludidi lwesithathu olulinywa kakhulu kwiwayini emhlophe eMzantsi Afrika kwaye izimbo ziqala eluhlaza kunye nengca ukuya ekukhanyeni kunye neziqhamo.

IiWayini eziBomvu

ICabernet Sauvignon yarekhodwa okokuqala eMzantsi Afrika ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1800. Ngeminyaka yoo-1980 yenza i-2.8% yazo zonke izidiliya; ngoku ifumaneka kwi 11% yezidiliya. I-varietal ivelisa iwayini ezilungileyo kakhulu ezikhula kakuhle ngokweminyaka kwaye zivuthwe zibe zinongo, ezigcwele umzimba, amava okungcamla okuntsokothileyo. Iwayini zisuka kubunzima obunamavumba aqholiweyo, iziqholo kunye nezityalo ezinezityalo kwinkalakahla, okanye zithambile kwaye zirhangqwe kakuhle ngamanqaku equnube. Ikwafumaneka nakwimixube yesitayela saseBordeaux.

IShiraz/Syrah yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1980. Ludidi lwesibini lomdiliya obomvu olutyalwe kakhulu olumele i10% yezityalo ezivuswe ludumo lwase Australian Shiraz ngeminyaka yoo 1980s. Izitayile zikhoyo njengokutshaya, kunye neziqholo ezikhula ngokuhamba kwexesha; isetyenziswa rhoqo kwimixube yesimbo seRhone.

I-Merlot yaqala njengentsimi yediliya enehektare enye ngo-1977 kwaye iye yanda ukufunyanwa malunga ne-6% yezidiliya zewayini ebomvu. Ivuthwa kwangoko, inolusu olubhityileyo, kwaye inovelwano kakhulu kwimbalela yenza ukukhula kunye nemveliso ibengumngeni. Ngokwesiqhelo isetyenziswa kwimixube yohlobo lweRhone ukongeza ukuthamba kunye nobubanzi kwiCabernet Sauvignon, ngokunyuka ifakwa ebhotileni njengohlobo olulodwa oluhlala luphakathi ukuya kokukhanya okunomzimba kwisitayile kunye nokuchukumisa ubutsha beherbal.

I-Pinotage ngumhlanganisela waseMzantsi Afrika owadalwa nguNjingalwazi Abraham Perold ngo-1925 kwaye ngumnqamlezo phakathi kwePinot Noir kunye neHermitage (Cinsault). Okwangoku, inokufumaneka malunga ne-7.3% yezidiliya. I-Pinotage ayithandwa kwiimarike ezithumela ngaphandle kodwa iyathandwa elizweni. Imidiliya ingavelisa iwayini ezintsonkothileyo nezineziqhamo njengokuba zikhula kodwa ziselwa kamnandi xa zisencinci. Iindlela zokusela ezilula zePinotage zivelisa iirozi kunye newayini ezihlwahlwazayo. Yeyona nxalenye iphambili kumxube waseKapa yenza i30-70 % yewayini ethengiswa eMzantsi Afrika.

Ukuthumela ngaphandle

Ngo-2020, malunga ne-16 % yewayini eveliswayo yathunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle (i-480 yezigidi zeelitha). Eli nqanaba lifikelelwe ngenxa yokwanda kwemfuno evela kwiimarike zase-Afrika kunye neqhinga loshishino lokukhulisa ukuthengisa ngaphandle. Kubekho ukukhula kokuthengiswa kwewayini kwamanye amazwe ase-Afrika ukusuka kwi-5% ngo-2003 ukuya kwi-21% ngo-2019. Oku kulindeleke ukuba kuqhubeke njengoko iSivumelwano soRhwebo lweLizwekazi lase-Afrika (esipasiswe ngo-2021) siphunyezwa kwaye siqalisa ukusebenza (ngo-2030). Amazwe angamalungu avelisa intengiso enokuba yi-1.2 yebhiliyoni yabantu kunye nesambuku semveliso yangaphakathi esizibhiliyoni ezi-2.5 zeerandi. Sisiphumo sokugqibela seengxoxo ezininzi eziqalwe ngo-2015 phakathi kweenkokeli zamazwe angama-54 ase-Afrika.

UMzantsi Afrika unesivumelwano sokurhweba simahla kunye ne-EU kwaye uthumela e-US ngesivumelwano esingahlawulisi rhafu phantsi koMthetho weThuba lokuKhula kwe-Afrika (i-AGOA. Elona shishini likhulu lewayini ezithunyelwa ngaphandle yiwayini eninzi kwaye i-EU yeyona marike inkulu.

Imibutho emele ishishini lewayini iquka:

• Umbutho wabanini beempawu zotywala eMzantsi Afrika (SALBA). Abavelisi kunye nabasasazi beemveliso zotywala kwimiba yomdla ofanayo (oko kukuthi, ukuphembelela urhulumente kwimiba yolawulo).

• IiNkqubo zoLwazi loShishino lweWayini eMzantsi Afrika (SAWIS) zixhasa ishishini lewayini ngokuqokelela, uhlalutyo, kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi loshishino; ulawulo lwenkqubo yeWayini yeMvelaphi yoshishino.

• VINPRO. Abavelisi bewayini, iiseli, kunye nabachaphazelekayo kushishino kwimiba enefuthe kwingeniso nozinzo lwamalungu kunye noshishino luphela (oko kukuthi, ubuchule bobugcisa, iinkonzo ezikhethekileyo ukusuka kwinzululwazi yomhlaba ukuya kulimo lweediliya, uqoqosho lwezolimo, inguqu nophuhliso).

• Iiwayini zaseMzantsi Afrika (WOSA). Imele abavelisi bewayini abathumela iimveliso zabo kumazwe angaphandle; evunywe ngurhulumente njengeBhunga lezoThutho kumazwe angaphandle.

• Winetech. Uthungelwano lwamaziko athatha inxaxheba kunye nabantu ngabanye abaxhasa ishishini lewayini loMzantsi Afrika ngophando kunye notshintshiselwano lobugcisa.

Inyathelo lokungena kwiWayini yaseMzantsi Afrika

Kwi-New York Astor Wine Centre yakutsha nje inkqubo yewayini yaseMzantsi Afrika, ndiye ndaziswa kwinani lewayini ezinomdla ezivela eMzantsi Afrika. Iingcebiso zokungeniswa kwihlabathi lewayini zaseMzantsi Afrika ziquka:

• 2020. Carven, the Firs Vineyard, 100% Syrah. Ubudala bemidiliya: iminyaka eyi-22. IViticulture. Izinto eziphilayo/ezizinzileyo. Iminyaka eyi-10 yeenyanga kwi-5500L ye-French tonneau engathathi hlangothi (umgqomo; ubhityile ngomthamo we-300-750 ilitha). Stellenbosch.

IStellenbosch ngowona mmandla ubalulekileyo nodumileyo wokuvelisa iwayini eMzantsi Afrika. Ifumaneka kuMmandla woNxweme lweNtshona Koloni, yindawo yesibini enkulu yokuhlala eMzantsi Afrika emva kweKapa kwaye idume kakhulu ngamafama ewayini.

Yasekwa kunxweme loMlambo i-Eerste ngo-1679, yathiywa igama leRhuluneli, uSimon van der Stel. AmaProtestanti eFrench Huguenot awayebaleka intshutshiso yenkolo eYurophu afika eKoloni, afumana indlela eya edolophini ngeminyaka yoo 1690s, aqala ukutyala imidiliya. Namhlanje, iStellenbosch ilikhaya phantse kwisihlanu sayo yonke imidiliya etyalwe kweli lizwe.

I-terrain ikhuthaza ukwahluka kweendlela zewayini kunye ne-meso-climate ezininzi. Umhlaba yigranite, i-shale, kunye ne-sandstone-based kwaye imihlaba yakudala iphakathi kweyona midala emhlabeni. Iintaba ubukhulu becala yigranite ebolileyo, ikhusela ukugcwala kwamanzi kwaye yongeza ubumbiwa; imigangatho yentlambo inomxholo wodongwe ophezulu kunye neempawu ezibalaseleyo zokugcina amanzi. Imvula eyaneleyo ebusika ivumela abalimi ukuba bagcine ukunkcenkceshela kuncinci, Imozulu ishushu noko kwaye yomile kukho impepho epholileyo yasemzantsi-mpuma ejikeleza kwizidiliya emva kwemini.

Ishishini le Winery

UMick noJeanine Craven baqale ishishini labo lewayini ngo-2013, kwaye bavelisa (kuphela) isidiliya esinye, uhlobo olunye lwewayini eziqaqambisa iiterroirs ezahlukeneyo ezingqonge iStellenbosch. Isidiliya seFirs siphethwe kwaye silinywa nguDeon Joubert eDevon Valley. Umhlaba utyebile, unzulu, kwaye ubomvu kunye nomxholo wodongwe ophezulu ophuhlisa i-peppery, amava enyama athandwa yimozulu epholileyo abalandeli baseSyrah.

Izithungu zediliya zivunwa ngesandla kwaye zivundiswe ngokupheleleyo kwizivundisi zentsimbi engenakutyiwa. Iibhantshi zinyathelwe kancinci unyawo ukukhupha isuntswana lejusi kwaye zilandelwa ziipumpovers ezithambileyo kanye okanye kabini yonke imihla ukunciphisa ukutsalwa kunye nokugcina iibhuntshi ezininzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Emva kweentsuku ezilithoba imidiliya icinezelwe ngobunono kwiipuncheon ezindala ze-French (ubukhulu bebhere; ibamba iilitha ezingama-500 zolwelo; kabini ubukhulu bomphanda wewayini oqhelekileyo) ukuze ivuthwe kangangeenyanga ezili-10. Iwayini ifakwe ebhotileni ngaphandle kokucoca okanye ukuhluzwa kodwa kunye nokongezwa okuncinci kwesulfure.

amanqaku:

I-Ruby ebomvu kwiso, impumlo ifumana iingcebiso zentsimbi yepepile, imifuno, umsi, i-minerality, i-oki, kunye ne-blackberry; iitannins eziphakathi. Itsheri yasendle kunye neraspberry, iiplums, kunye nejam zifumana indlela yazo eya kwinkalakahla enesiphelo esiphakathi kunye neengcebiso zokuva okuluhlaza/kwesiqu.

Inkqubela phambili okanye iNdlela eQhubelekayo

• Ishishini lewayini laseMzantsi Afrika lijongene neenyani ezibuhlungu kwikhonkco lexabiso:

1. Ukunqongophala kweglasi

2. Imingeni yokuthumela ngaphandle/yokurhweba ngaphandle kwizibuko laseKapa

3. Thelekisa phakathi kwe-15% yokunyuka kwamaxabiso efama kunye ne-3-5% yokunyuka kwexabiso lewayini.

4. Ukukhula kwemarike engekho mthethweni

Ukuze unyamezele kwaye uphumelele uMzantsi Afrika kufuneka:

1. Hambisa kwindawo yeprimiyamu kwimarike yehlabathi

2. Gxininisa kuhlumo oluqukayo

3. Zama ukuzinza kokusingqongileyo nakwimali

4. Phanda kwaye wamkele iinkqubo zokuvelisa ezihlakaniphile ukuqinisekisa ikamva elikhuselekileyo

5. Tyala imihlanganiselwa efanelekileyo kunye neeclones kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo ngelixa uqwalasela iziphunzi zengcambu ezikwaziyo ukumelana nembalela.

6. Sebenzisa amanzi ngobuchule ngakumbi ngokuphumeza iinkqubo zokubeka iliso ezisoloko zithatha umlinganiselo wokuba zinkcenkceshelwe nini, nini, kwaye zingakanani na.

7. Tyala imali ebantwini ngoqeqesho

8. Sebenzisa imodeli esele ilungele ukusela kwaye ucinge ngobungakanani bokutya, isitayile, kunye nokupakishwa kwaye uphande ngamathuba emveliso esele ilungele ukusela edla ngokubanda, icarbonated, kwaye ixutywe.

9. Inani labantu abasela iwayini liyancipha; nangona kunjalo, abanye abathengi bazibandakanya ngakumbi kwaye bagxile kwi-premium, exhaswa kukwanda kwamathuba okusela ekhaya

10. Abathengi be-Millennial kunye ne-Gen Z baqhuba i-trend ukuya ekuseleni okuphakathi kunye nokungabikho / kwewayini ephantsi yotywala