Iminyaka eyi-3000+ yokwenza iwayini: Ukufunda kuthatha ixesha

Kwincwadi yeDuteronomi, isiqhamo somdiliya zidweliswe njengenye yeentlobo ezisixhenxe ezisikelelekileyo zeziqhamo ezazifumaneka kwilizwe lakwaSirayeli.

Ngokutsho kweNcwadi yeNumeri, uMoses wathumela iintlola ukuba ziye kuhlola iLizwe Ledinga. Babuya nezihloko zeediliya ezinkulu kangangokuba kwafuneka baxhonywe esibondeni baze bathwalwe ngamadoda amabini. Namhlanje, bobabini iKarmele Winery kunye noRhulumente wakwaSirayeli basebenzisa lo mfanekiso njengelogo yabo. Iidiliya zakhethwa ukufuzisela ukuba ilizwe liqukuqela ubisi nobusi; amakhonkco ediliya enye yeentsikelelo yeLizwe Ledinga-isithembiso kubantwana bakaSirayeli.

Emva koko kwafika uKumkani uDavide (3000 BCE, malunga) ekuxelwe ukuba wayenegumbi lewayini elibanzi elinomsebenzi owabelwe ukukhetha iwayini kwizidlo zakhe (i-sommelier yokuqala yehlabathi?). Ukuveliswa kwewayini kwanqunyanyiswa ngowama-600 BCE luhlaselo lwamaSilamsi kwaye izidiliya zakwaSirayeli zatshatyalaliswa. Iimonki ezihlala kwiimonki kunye noluntu lwamaYuda oluqhuba amasiko enkolo lwaluvunyelwe ukubandakanya iwayini ngeenjongo zomthendeleko-kodwa-akukho nto yimbi.

Iwayini evela kwaSirayeli yathunyelwa eRoma ngexesha lamaRoma kwaye ishishini lavuselelwa okwexeshana ngexesha lolawulo lweeMfazwe Zomnqamlezo (1100-1300). Nangona iwayini yaphinda yaqala ngokufutshane, uhlaselo kunye nolawulo lwe-Ottoman Empire (1517-1917) yamisa ngokupheleleyo ukuveliswa kwewayini kwaSirayeli iminyaka engama-400. Kwaba yinkulungwane ye-19 (1848) awathi kwaSirayeli kwavulwa indawo yokuvelisa iwayini nguYitzhak Shor; Ngelishwa, iwayini yayisetyenziselwa iinjongo zonqulo kuphela. Okokugqibela, uBaron Edmond James de Rothschild owazalelwa eFransi uye waliqaphela ithuba loshishino lwewayini kwaSirayeli kwaye enye yimbali.

I Rothschilds iyazi nge wayini – olu lusapho olusemva kwe Bordeaux, France, Château Lafite Rothschild. Utyalo-mali lwabo lweebhiliyoni zeerandi (ukuqala ngo-1877) lwaluquka izidiliya kwakunye namathuba emfundo ukuze abahlali bafunde ukwenza iwayini esemgangathweni kweli lizwe. Inkuthazo kunye nenkxaso yosapho lakwaRothschild yavusa ishishini lewayini lakwa Israel kwaye iCarmel Wine Company yaqalwa ngo 1895, ithengisa iwayini ze Rishon LeZion kunye ne Zichron Ya'akov, iseka iwayini zanamhlanje zakwa Israel.

Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1900, i-Israel yayigxile kwinkululeko (ngoMeyi ka-1948, i-Israel yabhengeza ngokusemthethweni ilizwe elizimeleyo) kwaye ukwenziwa kwewayini kwapheliswa. Ekugqibeleni, ngoo-1970, kwaphinda kwaqaliswa kwaye iindlela zangoku zokwenza iwayini zaziswa ukwenza iwayini ngenjongo yokonwaba hayi nje isiselo esinxilisayo ngeenjongo zonqulo. Ngeminyaka yoo-1980 iingcaphephe zaseCalifornia zaziswa kwaSirayeli ukuza kwazisa ubuchule bexesha obunempembelelo entle kwindawo yewayini nakwintsimi yediliya. Ngeminyaka yoo 2000s iwayini yaseIsrael iye yaqhutywa yi-terroir-driven eyenza iwayini kwisidiliya esinye kunye nokuchonga kunye nokwahlula iimpawu kwiziza ezingaphakathi kwentsimi yediliya.

USirayeli uvuna malunga neetoni ezingama-60,000 zediliya zewayini kwaye uvelisa ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-40 zeebhotile zewayini ngonyaka.

Ishishini lixhasa 70+ iindawo zokuthengisa iwayini kunye neendawo ezilishumi ezinkulu zewayini zilawula ngaphezulu kwe 90 yepesenti yemveliso. Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kuxabisa kwi-70 + yezigidi zeedola. Ngaphezu kwama-55 epesenti yokuthunyelwa kwempahla eMelika, malunga nama-35 epesenti athunyelwa eYurophu kwaye intsalela ithunyelwa kwiMpuma Ekude.

Iimpawu zikaSirayeli

USirayeli ngumntu EMpuma yeMeditera Ilizwe elijikelezwe luLwandle lweMeditera ngasentshona kwaye lijikelezwe yiLebhanon, iSiriya, iJordan, neJiphutha ukuya emantla, entshona nasezantsi. Ubunzima bomhlaba bumalunga ne-7,992 sq. yeekhilomitha kwaye lunweba iikhilomitha ezingama-263 ukusuka emantla ukuya emazantsi, ukuxhasa abantu abazizigidi eziyi-8.5. Udederhu lweentaba luquka iNtaba yeHermon/Golan Heights, iMount Meron ekuUpper Galili, noLwandle Olufileyo, eyona ndawo iphantsi emhlabeni. Ukudityaniswa kwelanga, iinduli, kunye neendawo zeentaba zibonisa umhlaba we-limestone, i-terra rossa (obomvu, udongwe kumhlaba oyintlenga kunye neemeko ezingathathi hlangothi ze-pH ezineempawu ezintle zokuhambisa amanzi), kunye ne-volcanic tuff eyenza iparadesi yokwenza iwayini.

Indawo echumileyo yelizwe inemozulu yeMeditera equka ihlobo elide elishushu elomileyo kunye nobusika obufutshane obupholileyo bemvula enekhephu elibonakala ngamaxesha athile kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, ngakumbi iGolan Heights, iUpper Galilee kunye neJudea Hills. INtlango yaseNegev igubungela ngaphezu kwesiqingatha selizwe kwaye kukho iindawo ezinomqwebedu. Impembelelo enkulu yemozulu luLwandle lweMeditera olunomoya, imvula, kunye nokufuma okuvela ngasentshona. Imvula ebusika incinci kakhulu kwaye ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemvula ngexesha lokukhula, ukunkcenkceshelwa kwe-drip feed kubalulekile. Obu buchule baqalwa ngamaSirayeli ekuqaleni koo-1960 kwaye ngoku busetyenziswa kwihlabathi liphela.

ESidiliyeni

Uninzi lwezidiliya ezityalwe kwiminyaka engama-25 edlulileyo zihambelana nomgangatho: i-1.5 yemitha phakathi kwemidiliya kunye ne-3 yeemitha phakathi kwemiqolo. Uxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lwesidiliya ngama 2220 ediliya ngehektare nganye. Kukho ukhetho lokuvuna ngoomatshini kuvumela isivuno sasebusuku ukuba sigqitywe ngeeyure ezimbalwa, elona xesha lilungileyo, kwaye iziswe kwindawo yewayini kubushushu obupholileyo basekuseni.

Ulawulo lwe-Canopy lubaluleke kakhulu kwilizwe elishushu kwaye kuyafuneka ukunciphisa amandla emidiliya kunye nokukhusela imidiliya ekutyhilekeni ngokugqithisileyo. Uninzi lwezidiliya yicordon spur ethenwe kwindawo ethe nkqo yeVSP. Ezinye izidiliya ezindala zityalwe kwigophe, kwimo yeediliya zamatyholo, yaye kwiiNduli zakwaYuda, ezinye izidiliya zityalwe kwithafa elityalwe ngamatye. Izidiliya ezindala zingangadingi kunkcenkceshelwa njengoko iingcambu zemidiliya zigrumbe nzulu kumhlaba onamatye ekuhambeni kweminyaka kwaye zifumana amanzi afunekayo. Le midiliya ivunwa ngesandla.

Ukuvuselelwa kweWayini

Okwangoku, iKarmele yeyona ndawo inkulu yewayini kwaSirayeli, ilawula phantse iipesenti ezingama-50 kwimarike yendawo, kwaye yinkampani yesithathu enkulu yeshishini lakwaSirayeli ngokwexabiso lentengiso (Dunn & Bradstreet, Israel), ngentengiso ye-59.2 yezigidi zeerandi kunye nezinga lokukhula lonyaka le-5. ipesenti +/-. IKarmele ivelisa phantse iibhotile ezizizigidi ezingama-20 ngonyaka; oyena ukhuphisana naye ukufutshane yiBarkan-Segal winery.

IKarmele yaba nesiqalo esiphantsi. Umbutho waqala ngo-1895 kwaye wathumela iwayini ePoland, eOstriya, eGreat Britain, nase-US. Ngomnyaka ka 1902, iCarmel Mizrahi yaqalwa ePalestine ukuthengisa nokusasaza iwayini kwizixeko zoBukhosi baseOttoman.

Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, iwayini yeKarmele yayilungile ngokwaneleyo ukuba iboniswe kwi-International Exhibition yaseBerlin kwipaviliyoni enikelwe kwimizi-mveliso yethanga lamaYuda ePalestine. Amawakawaka andwendwele umboniso kwaye asela iwayini yeKarmele iRishon Le Zion. Emva konyaka omnye, omnye umboniso wabanjwa eHamburg apho iwayini zabaphambukeli zamkelwa kakuhle kwaye iRishon LeZion yaphumelela imbasa yegolide kuMboniso weHlabathi waseParis (1900). Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, iKarmele yawandisa umsebenzi wayo kumasebe aseDamasko, eCairo, eBeirut, eBerlin, eLondon, eWarsaw naseAlexandra.

Ukuthengiswa kwanda ngexesha leMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala. Xa imfazwe iphelile, ukuthengisa kwancipha njengoko ishishini lalahlekelwa yimarike enkulu eRashiya (iingxabano zomkhosi), e-US yayiyisiqalo se-Prohibition, kwaye eYiputa naseMbindi Mpuma, yayiyisiqalo sobuzwe base-Arabhu. Kwakhona, izidiliya zakwaSirayeli zancothulwa zaza zaphinda zatyalwa ngemithi yesitrasi.

IMfazwe Yehlabathi yesiBini yaqalisa ishishini lewayini kwaye amaza abaphambukeli atshintsha indlela yabo yokusela. Ngo-1957, u-Baron Edmond de Rothschild wanikezela ngeewayini ezimbini kwi-Cooperative of Winegrowers, i-Société Cooperative Vigneronne des Grandes Caves, eyaziwa ngcono ngegama lezorhwebo i-Carmel Mizrahi kwaSirayeli kunye ne-Karmele kwihlabathi jikelele. Iiwayini eziswiti ezigxile kunqulo yayiyimveliso yeankile yaseKarmele; nangona kunjalo, ngokuvela kwehlabathi elitsha ekwenzeni iwayini, abenzi bewayini bakwa-Israel baqala ukukhangela iintlobo ezintsha. Ngo-1971 i-Cabernet Sauvignon kunye ne-Sauvignon Blanc zazilungile ngokwaneleyo ukuba ziboniswe kwimarike yase-US.

Ngelishwa, ngomnyaka ka 1980 kuye kwakho ukudodobala kweshishini le wayini kodwa abenzi be wayini bakwazile ukuphinda baphile phakathi kwishumi leminyaka njengoko imfuno yewayini esemgangathweni iphuhlisiwe kunye neendlela eziphuculweyo zokwenziwa kwe wayini zadityaniswa nabalimi wayini zenza ukuba iwayini zakwa Israel zikwazi ukukhuphisana kwiwayini. inqanaba lehlabathi.

Ubunini beKarmele

IKarmele iphantsi kweBhunga loMbutho wabalimi beediliya (i-75 ekhulwini) kunye ne-Arhente yamaYuda yakwaSirayeli (i-25 ekhulwini). Inkampani engumzali yiSociété Cooperative Vigneronne des Grandes Caves Richon Le Zion kunye neZikhron Ya'akov Ltd.

Indawo yokuqala yeKarmele yayiyiRishon LeZion Winery, eyakhiwa ngo-1890 nguBaron de Rothschild, isenza ukuba ibe sesona sakhiwo sidala semizi-mveliso esasetyenziswa kwaSirayeli. Lishishini lokuqala ukufaka umbane kunye nomnxeba kwaye uDavid Ben-Gurion (inkulumbuso yokuqala yakwaSirayeli) wayengumqeshwa.

Ngokubhekiselele kwimveliso, yeyona ndawo inkulu yewayini kwaSirayeli (ivelisa iwayini, izipirithi, kunye nejusi yomdiliya) kunye nomvelisi omkhulu wewayini yekosher emhlabeni. Ishishini liphumelele iimbasa ezininzi kunaye nawuphi na omnye umvelisi wewayini wakwaSirayeli.

IKarmele Winery inezidiliya ezininzi kulo lonke elakwa-Israel kwaye ziquka ezinye zezona ndawo zintle zesidiliya elizweni. Umlinganiselo wokuvunwa kweKarmele umalunga neetoni ezingama-25,000 50 zeediliya, malunga nama-XNUMX ekhulwini esivuno samaSirayeli. Iindawo ekulinywa kuzo iwayini zithathwa njengezona zilungileyo ngenxa yokuphakama kwazo okuphezulu kunye nemozulu epholileyo.

iKarmele. Ukungcamla kwaSirayeli

iKarmele. 2020 Isibheno. ICabernet Sauvignon, iGalili ePhezulu. Iwayini eBomvu eyomileyo. IKosher yePasika, eMevushal. Ukuvutshelwa okwandisiweyo ngezikhumba; abakhulileyo kwimibhobho ye-oki yaseFransi kangangeenyanga ezili-12. Iwayini ayihlawuliswa kwaye ihluzwe kancinane phambi kokuba ifakwe kwiibhotile; intlenga yendalo inokuvela ngexesha lokuvuthwa kweebhotile.

Igama elithi kosher lithetha "ukucoceka." Iimarike ekujoliswe kuzo zibandakanya amaYuda angama-orthodox agcina imithetho ye-Jewish Dietary. Iwayini zeKosher zinokuba kumgangatho wehlabathi, zifumane amanqaku abalaseleyo kwaye ziphumelele iimbasa zamazwe ngamazwe. Iwayini ziveliswa kusetyenziswa inkqubo efanayo neye wayini ezingeyo-kosher. Ngokomgangatho, igama le-kosher alinamsebenzi.

IGalili ngummandla wolawulo kunye newayini kumantla akwaSirayeli. “Amanzi aba yiwayini” ngumxholo walo mmandla osekelwe kwingxelo engokwembali yomtshato owawuseKana, apho uYesu wajika amanzi abe yiwayini. Iindidi zomhlaba zibandakanya igrabile yokukhupha simahla, i-limestone esekwe kunye ne-mineral-rich volcanic basalt. Lo mmandla uphawuleka ngokuphakama kwamatye okungaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-450 (iinyawo ezili-1500). Imiphakamo epholileyo kunye nemvula ephezulu kakhulu kule ndawo ivumela imidiliya ukuba igcine iasidi yayo kwaye ivelise iwayini entsha nedlamkileyo.

amaNqaku

Ubumfusa obunzulu kwiliso kunye neengcebiso zamaqunube amatsha ayonwabisa impumlo, kunye ne-cassis. Iwayini inika iziqhamo ezivuthiweyo, ezityebileyo kunye nencasa emandla (cinga iAustralian Shiraz, Chateauneuf-du-Pape) kwinkalakahla ebulela iingcebiso zepepile, iziqholo, iraspberry, icherry entsha, iplums kunye nesikhumba. Kumnandi ukurhabula ngexesha lencoko enkulu okanye ubhanqe kunye ne-steaks, kunye ne-pasta yesosi yenyama.

© UGqirha Elinor Garely. Inqaku lelungelo lokushicilela, kubandakanya iifoto, alinakuphinda liveliswe ngaphandle kwemvume ebhaliweyo evela kumbhali.