ophumelele iBhaso loXolo lweNobel kunye nowayesakuba nguBhishophu omkhulu uDesmond Tutu owaziwa kakhulu njenge "Arch" usweleke eneminyaka engama-90 eCapeTown, eMzantsi Afrika namhlanje.
U-Desmond Tutu uqulunqe injongo yakhe “njengoluntu lwedemokhrasi nolunobulungisa ngaphandle kocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga”, kwaye ubeke phambili ezi ngongoma zilandelayo njengezona mfuno zisezantsi:
Ingxelo yeBhodi yezoKhenketho yaseAfrika:
UGq. Walter Mzembi, ilungu leBhodi yesiGqeba IBhodi yezoKhenketho yaseAfrika kwingxelo yakhe wathi: “Wayengumlweli weNkululeko obalaseleyo wecawa ngokuchasene noCalucalulo. USihlalo weKhomishini yeNyaniso noXolelwaniso kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo ilizwi lesazela ebomini bakhe.
1. amalungelo alinganayo oluntu kumntu wonke
2. ukupheliswa kwemithetho yamapasi yaseMzantsi Afrika
3. inkqubo yemfundo eqhelekileyo
4. Ukupheliswa kokugxothwa ngenkani eMzantsi Afrika ukuya kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba “ngamaphandle”
UTutu wazalelwa eKlerksdorp nge 7 October 1931. Uyise, uZachariah, owafunda kwisikolo saseMishini, wayeyinqununu yesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo eKlerksdorp, idolophu encinane eNtshona Transvaal (ngoku iPhondo laseMntla Ntshona). Umama wakhe uAletha Matlhare wayengumsebenzi wasekhaya. Babenabantwana abane, amantombazana amathathu nenkwenkwe enye. Eli yayilixesha kwimbali yoMzantsi Afrika elandulela ucalucalulo olusesikweni kodwa nangona kunjalo lalichazwa lucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga.
UTutu wayeneminyaka esibhozo ubudala xa utata wakhe wayetshintshelwa kwisikolo esasibonelela abantwana baseAfrika, amaNdiya kunye nabeBala eVentersdorp. Naye ebengumfundi kwesi sikolo, ekhulele kwindawo enabantwana abasuka kwezinye iindawo. Wabhaptizwa njengomWisile kodwa kwakuseVentersdorp apho usapho lwalandela udade wabo, ukhokelo lukaSylvia kwiAfrican Methodical Episcopal Church kwaye ekugqibeleni ngo-1943 usapho lonke lwaba ngamaTshetshi.
UZachariah Tutu emva koko watshintshelwa eRoodepoort, kwindawo eyayisakuba yiWestern Transvaal. Apha usapho lunyanzeleke ukuba luhlale etyotyombeni ngelixa umama wakhe esebenza ezenzeleni School of the Blind. Ngo-1943, usapho lwanyanzeleka ukuba lufudukele kwakhona, ngesi sihlandlo luye eMunsieville, indawo yabaNtsundu eKrugersdorp. UTutu oselula wayedla ngokuya kumakhaya abaMhlophe ukuya kunikezela ngenkonzo yokuhlamba impahla apho wayeqokelela aze azise iimpahla aze umama wakhe azihlambe. Ukuze afumane imali eyongezelelekileyo, ekunye nomhlobo wakhe, wayehamba iikhilomitha ezintathu ukuya emarikeni ukuya kuthenga iiorenji, awayeza kuzithengisa ngengeniso encinane. Ethubeni waphinda wathengisa amandongomane kwizikhululo zikaloliwe waza wadlala kwibala legalufa eKillarney. Ngalo minyaka, uTutu naye wajoyina i-Scouting movement kwaye wafumana i-Tenderfoot, i-Second Class kunye ne-Proficiency Badge ekuphekeni.
Ngo-1945, waqala imfundo yakhe yamabanga aphakamileyo eWestern High, kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo sikaRhulumente kwilokishi endala yaseNtshona, kufutshane. eSophiatown. Malunga neli xesha walaliswa esibhedlele ixesha elingaphezu konyaka, enesifo sephepha. Kulapha apho wayethandana khona Utata uTrevor Huddleston. Ubawo u-Huddleston wamphathela iincwadi ukuba azifunde kwaye ubuhlobo obunzulu buphuhliswe phakathi kwabo babini. Kamva, uTutu waba ngumncedisi kwicawe kaTata uHuddleston eMunsieville, wade waqeqesha namanye amakhwenkwe ukuba abe ngabakhonzi. Ngaphandle kukaTata uHuddleston, uTutu waye waphenjelelwa ngabantu abafana noMfundisi uMakhene kunye noTata uSekgaphane (abamngenise kwinkonzo yamaTshetshi), kunye noMfundisi u-Arthur Blaxall nenkosikazi yakhe eVentersdorp.
Nangona wayesilela ngasemva esikolweni, ngenxa yokugula kwakhe, inqununu yakhe yamsizela yamvumela ukuba angenele iklasi yeMatriki. Ekupheleni kuka-1950, waphumelela uviwo lweBhodi yeMatriki eDityanisiweyo, efunda de kwasebusuku ngekhandlela. UTutu wamkelwa ukuba afunde kwisikolo sezonyango saseWitwatersrand kodwa akazange akwazi ukufumana ibhasari. Ngaloo ndlela wagqiba kwelokuba alandele umzekelo kayise aze abe ngumfundisi-ntsapho. Ngo-1951, wabhalisa kwiKholeji yeBantu Normal, ngaphandle kwasePitoli, ukuze enze izifundo zediploma yobutitshala.
Ngomnyaka ka 1954, uTutu wagqiba idiploma yokufundisa kwiBantu Normal College kwaye wafundisa kwisikolo sakhe esidala, iMadipane High eKrugersdorp. Ngo-1955, wafumana isidanga sobuGcisa kwiYunivesithi yoMzantsi Afrika (UNISA). Omnye wabantu abamncedileyo kwizifundo zakhe zaseYunivesithi Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe, umongameli wokuqala we I-Pan Africanist Congress (PAC).
Ngomhla we-2 kuJulayi 1955, uTutu watshata noNomalizo Leah Shenxane, omnye wabona bafundi bakayise baqaqambileyo. Emva komtshato wabo, uTutu waqala ukufundisa kwiSikolo samaBanga aPhakamileyo saseMunsieville, apho utata wakhe wayeseyinqununu, nalapho akhunjulwa khona njengomfundisi-ntsapho okhuthazayo. Ngomhla wama-31 kuMatshi ka-1953 ootitshala nabafundi abaNtsundu ngokufanayo babethwa ngumoya xa urhulumente wazisa inkqubo yokufundisa. Bantu Education Act Imfundo yabaNtsundu, eyathi yanciphisa imfundo yabaNtsundu kwinqanaba elisezantsi. UTutu waqhubeka nomsebenzi wokufundisa iminyaka emithathu eyongezelelweyo emva koku, ebona ngemfundo yabo bantwana ukuba sele eqalisile ukufundisa kwinqanaba labancinci. Emva koko wayeka ekhalazela ukujongelwa phantsi kwemfundo yabaNtsundu ngokwezopolitiko.
Ngexesha lakhe eMunsieville High, uTutu wacinga nzulu ngokuzibandakanya nobubingeleli, waze ekugqibeleni wazinikela kuBhishophu waseRhawutini ukuba abe ngumfundisi. Ngo-1955, ekunye nowayesakuba yi-scoutmaster, u-Zakes Mohutsiou, wamkelwa njenge-sub-Deacon e-Krugersdorp, waza ngo-1958, wabhalisa kwiKholeji yezakwalizwi yase-St Peter's e-Rosettenville, eyayiqhutywa ngabaSeki boMbutho woVuko. Apha uTutu wazibonakalisa engumfundi obalaseleyo, egqwesa kwizifundo zakhe. Wawongwa ngelayisenisi kwiTheology enamahlulo amabini. UTutu usalujonga ngentlonipho uMbutho woVuko kwaye uthatha ityala lakhe kubo njengento engenakubalwa.
Wamiselwa njengomdikoni ngoDisemba ka-1960 e-St Mary's Cathedral, eRhawutini waza waqala ukwenza izifundo zakhe kwiCawa yase-St Albans e-Benoni. Ngoku, uTutu noLeah babenabantwana ababini, uTrevor Thamsanqa noThandeka Theresa. Owesithathu, uNontombi Naomi, wazalwa ngo-1960. Ekupheleni kuka-1961, uTutu wamiselwa njengomfundisi, emva koko watshintshelwa kwinkonzo entsha yaseThokoza. Umntwana wabo wesine, uMpho, wazalelwa eLondon ngo-1963.
UDesmond Tutu nomfazi wakhe, uLeah, nabantwana babo, ukusuka ekhohlo: uTrevor Thamsanqa, uThandeka Theresa, uNontombi uNaomi noMpho Andrea, eNgilani, c1964. (c) OoVimba beMpilo Foundation, ngoncedo losapho lakwaTutu Imvelaphi yomfanekiso
Ngomhla we-14 kuSeptemba 1962, uTutu wafika eLondon ukuze aqhubele phambili nezifundo zakhe zakwalizwi. Imali yafunyanwa kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo waza wanikwa iibhasari yiKings College eLondon waza wawongwa ngemali yokufunda yiWorld Council of Churches (WCC). ELondon, wahlangatyezwa kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya ngumbhali uNicholas Mosley, ilungiselelo elaliququzelelwa nguTata uAlfred Stubbs, owayesakuba ngumhlohli wakhe eRhawutini. NgoMosley, uTutus wadibana noMartin Kenyon owayeza kuba ngumhlobo wobomi bonke bentsapho.
ILondon yayingamava avuyisayo kusapho lakwaTutu emva kobunzima bobomi phantsi kocalucalulo. UTutu wakwazi nokuzonwabisa ngokuthanda kwakhe iqakamba. UTutu wabhalisa eKings College, kwiYunivesithi yaseLondon, apho waphinda wagqwesa. Wathweswa isidanga kwiholo yaseRoyal Albert apho uMama uKumkanikazi, owayeyiNgqonyela yeDyunivesithi, wamwonga ngesidanga sakhe.
Amava akhe okuqala okulungiselela ibandla labaMhlophe ayeseGolders Green, eLondon, apho wachitha iminyaka emithathu. Emva koko watshintshelwa eSurrey ukuze ashumayele. UTata uStubbs wakhuthaza uTutu ukuba abhalisele izifundo zesidanga sokuqala. Wafaka isincoko esingeSilamsi esenzela 'iBhaso lesincoko sikaBhishophu omkhulu' waza waphumelela ngokufanelekileyo. Emva koko wagqiba kwelokuba oku kuya kuba sisifundo sesidanga sakhe seMasters. UTutu wayenempembelelo enkulu kumarhamente akhe kangangokuba emva kokuba egqibe izidanga zakhe zeMasters kwezobuGcisa ngomnyaka ka 1966, ilali yonke apho wayengumfundisi yavela khona izomvalelisa.
UTutu emva koko wabuyela eMzantsi Afrika kwaye wafundisa kwiFederal Theological Seminary e Alice kwi EMpuma Koloni, apho wayengomnye wabahlohli abathandathu. Ngaphandle kokuba ngumhlohli kwiSeminary, ukwachongwe njengoMfundisi waseTshetshi kwiYunivesithi Fort Hare. Ngelo xesha, wayengoyena mfundisi waseTshetshi ofanelekileyo kwelo lizwe. Ngo-1968, esafundisa kwiSeminary, wabhala inqaku elingemfundo yezakwalizwi yabasebenzi abafudukayo kwimagazini ebizwa ngokuba yiSouth African Outlook.
E-Alice waqala ukusebenza kwisidanga sakhe sobuGqirha, edibanisa umdla awayenawo kubuSilamsi nakwiTestamente Endala, nangona engazange awugqibe. Ngaxeshanye, uTutu waqala ukwenza iimbono zakhe ngokuchasene nocalucalulo zaziwe. Ngethuba abafundi baseSeminary beqhankqalaza ngokuchasene nemfundo yocalucalulo, uTutu wachaza isizathu sabo.
Wayemiselwe ukuba abe yiNqununu yexesha elizayo yeSeminari kwaye, ngo-1970, ngenxa yokuba abe yi-Vice-Principal. Noko ke, ngeemvakalelo ezahlukahlukeneyo wasamkela isimemo sokuba ngumhlohli kwiYunivesithi yaseBotswana, eLesotho naseSwazini, ezinze eRoma eLesotho. Ngeli xesha, "i-Black Theology" yafikelela eMzantsi Afrika kwaye uTutu wayixhasa le njongo ngomdla omkhulu.
Ngo-Agasti 1971, uGq Walter Carson, uMlawuli obambeleyo weTheological Education Fund (TEF), eyaqalwa ngo-1960 ukuphucula imfundo yezakwalizwi kumazwe asakhasayo,
ucele uTutu ukuba afakwe kuluhlu olukhethiweyo kwisikhundla sokuba nguMlawuli oManyeneyo weAfrika. Ngaloo ndlela usapho lakwaTutu lwafika eNgilane ngoJanyuwari ka-1972, apho bahlala khona kumazantsi mpuma eLondon. Umsebenzi wakhe wawuquka ukusebenza neqela labalawuli bamazwe ngamazwe kunye neqela leTEF. UTutu uchithe phantse iinyanga ezintandathu ehamba kumazwe eHlabathi leSithathu kwaye wayenomdla kakhulu ekukwazini ukuhamba e-Afrika. Kwangaxeshanye, wanikwa ilayisenisi njengeLungelo eliHloniphekileyo kwiCawa yaseSt Augustine eBromley apho, kwakhona, wawachukumisa kakhulu amarhamente akhe.
Ngo-1974 uLeslie Stradling, uBhishophu we Rhawutini, wadla umhlala-phantsi kwaza kwaqaliswa iphulo lokufuna umntu oza kungena ezihlangwini zakhe. Nangona kunjalo, uTimothy Bavin, owayesoloko wavotela uTutu ngexesha lenkqubo yonyulo, wonyulwa njengoBhishophu. Emva koko wamema uTutu ukuba abe yiDini yakhe. UTutu ngoko wabuyela eMzantsi Afrika ngo-1975 ukuze athathe isikhundla njengeDini yokuqala yaseTshetshi yase-Johannesburg kunye neRector of St Mary's Cathedral Parish e-Johannesburg. Apha wezisa iinguqu ezimandla, edla ngokuwacaphukisa amanye amarhamente akhe aMhlophe.
Ngomhla wesi-6 kuCanzibe ngo-1976, wathumela ileta evulekileyo kulowo wayesakuba yiNkulumbuso, UJohn Vorster emkhumbuza ngendlela amaBhulu ayifumana ngayo inkululeko yawo, kwaye, phakathi kwezinye izinto, watsalela ingqalelo yakhe kwinto yokuba abaNtsundu abanakuyifumana inkululeko kumazwe abo; amasikizi emithetho yamapasi; nocalucalulo olusekelwe kubuhlanga. Ucele ukuba kubizwe iNgqungquthela yeSizwe yeenkokheli ezaziwayo kwaye acebise ngeendlela uRhulumente anokuthi abonakalise ngazo ukunyaniseka kwakhe ekungavumini kwakhe ukuba kubekho utshintsho olunoxolo. Kwiiveki ezintathu kamva, uRhulumente waphendula ngelithi injongo yakhe yokubhala le leta yayikukusasaza ubuxoki bezobupolitika.
On 16 Juni 1976, abafundi baseSoweto baqalisa imvukelo ebanzi nxamnye nokunyanzelwa ukuba bamkele isiBhulu njengolwimi lokufundisa kwakunye nemfundo ephantsi abanyanzelwa ukuba bayinyamezele. UTutu wayenguVicar General ngethuba efumana iindaba zendyikityha yamapolisa kunye nokubulawa kwabafundi. Uchithe imini ethetha nabafundi kunye nabazali, kwaye emva koko wadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiKomiti ye-Soweto Parents Crisis Committee eyasekwa emva kokubulawa kwabantu.
Emva koku, uTutu wacengwa ukuba amkele isikhundla sokuba nguBhishophu waseLesotho. Emva kokubonisana kakhulu nosapho lwakhe kunye noogxa bakhe becawa, wavuma, kwaye ngomhla we-11 kaJulayi 1976 wazingcwalisa. Ebudeni botyelelo lwakhe kumarhamente asemaphandleni, wayedla ngokuhamba ngehashe, maxa wambi kangangeeyure ezisibhozo. Ngethuba eseLesotho, akazange alibazise ukugxeka uRhulumente welo xesha onganyulwanga. Kwangaxeshanye, uqeqeshe ummi waseLesotho, uPhilip Mokuku ukuba angene ezihlangwini zakhe. Kukwalapho wayeseseLesotho apho wamenywa khona ukuba enze umngcwabo wakhe kumlweli wenkululeko. EkaSteve Biko umngcwabo. UBiko wabulawa eluvalelweni ngamaPolisa oMzantsi Afrika.
Emva kweenyanga ezimbalwa kwisikhundla sakhe esitsha, uTutu wamenywa ukuba abe nguNobhala Jikelele we IBhunga leeNkonzo zaseMzantsi Afrika (SACC), awathi wayithabatha ngomhla woku-1 kweyoKwindla ka-1978. Ngo-1981, uTutu waba nguMlawuli weCawa yase-St Augustine e-Orlando West, e-Soweto kwaye kwangoko ngo-1982 wabhalela iNkulumbuso yakwa-Israel emcela ukuba ayeke ukuqhushumbisa i-Beirut; Kwangaxeshanye wayebhalela inkokeli yasePalestine uYasser Arafat, emcela ukuba asebenzise 'inyani enkulu malunga nobukho bukaSirayeli'. Ukwabhalele iNkulumbuso yaseZimbabwe, iLesotho neSwaziland kunye nooMongameli baseBotswana naseMozambique ebulela ngokwamkela iimbacu zaseMzantsi Afrika kwaye ebabongoza ukuba bangabuyi nakuphi na imbacu ebuyela eMzantsi Afrika.
Konke oku kwazisa iimpendulo ezigxekayo nezinomsindo ezivela kwabaMhlophe baseMzantsi Afrika kwaye ngamanye amaxesha namajelo osasazo aqhelekileyo, kodwa akazange nakanye uTutu alulibale ubizo lwakhe njengomfundisi. Ngelixa ekwiSACC, wabuza Sheena Duncan, uMongameli we Black Sash ukuqalisa iiOfisi zeeNgcebiso. Ukwaqale ibhunga lamaThuba eMfundo ukukhuthaza abemi boMzantsi Afrika ukuba bafunde phesheya kolwandle. Ewe kunjalo, waphinda wagcina ukugxeka kwakhe ngokungqongqo umgaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente wokususwa ngenkani kwabaNtsundu kunye nenkqubo yamazwe asekhaya.
Ngowe-1983, xa abantu Mogopa, ilali encinane eyayikwiNtshona yeTransvaal ngoko, yayiza kushenxiswa kwimihlaba yookhokho babo isiwe kwilizwe labo lokuzalwa. Bophuthatswana yaye amakhaya abo atshatyalaliswa, wafowunela iinkokeli zecawa waza walungiselela umlindo wobusuku bonke apho UGqr Allan Boesak nabanye ababingeleli bathabatha inxaxheba.
Ngamanye amaxesha uTutu wayegxekwa ngexesha alichitha ehambela phesheya kolwandle. Nangona kunjalo, olu hambo lwaluyimfuneko ukunyusa imali yeeprojekthi ze-SACC. Ngelixa wayemgxeka ngokuphandle uRhulumente, wayemkhulu ngokulinganayo ekudumiseni okanye ekuboniseni umbulelo xa uloyiso lombutho ochasene nocalucalulo lusiza – umzekelo, xa wayevuyisana noMphathiswa wamaPolisa, uLouis le Grange, ngokuvumela amabanjwa ezopolitiko ukuba enze oko. izifundo zasemva kwematriki.
Ngomnyaka ka 1980, uTutu wafumana ingqumbo yabemi boMzantsi Afrika abaMhlophe abanenkathalo xa wayesithi kuzakubakho iNkulumbuso eNtsundu kwiminyaka emihlanu ukuya kwelishumi ezayo. Ukwahlabe ikhwelo kubazali ukuba baxhase uqhankqalazo lwezikolo, watsho elumkisa urhulumente ngelithi kungaphinda kubekho udushe luka-1976 ukuba uyaqhubeka evalela abaqhankqalazi. UTutu uphinde waligxeka iBhunga likaMongameli apho kukho isindululo sekholeji yonyulo abeLungu, abeBala namaIndiya yayiza kusekwa. Kwelinye icala, kwinkomfa eyayikwiDyunivesithi yaseWitwatersrand ngo-1985, eyayibizwe yi-Soweto Parents Crisis Committee, uTutu walumkisa ngesizukulwana esingafundanga esingayi kuba nezakhono ezifunekayo zokuthatha izikhundla kwisikhundla socalucalulo loMzantsi Afrika.
Ngomhla wesi-7 kuAgasti 1980, uBhishophu Tutu kunye negqiza leenkokheli zecawe kunye neSACC badibana Inkulumbuso uPW Botha kunye negqiza lakhe leKhabhinethi. Yayiyindibano yembali kuba yayiqala ngqa ukuba inkokeli eNtsundu, ngaphandle kwenkqubo, ithethe nenkokeli yoRhulumente oMhlophe. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nto yavela kwiingxoxo, njengoko uRhulumente wagcina isikhundla sakhe sokungaguquki.
Ngomnyaka ka 1980, uTutu naye wathatha inxaxheba kumngcelele kunye nezinye iinkokheli zecawe eRhawutini, esithi makakhululwe uJohn Thorne, umfundisi wecawe owayevalelwe. Abefundisi babanjwa phantsi koMthetho weAssemblies Act waze uTutu wachitha ubusuku bakhe bokuqala eluvalelweni. Yayingamava ahlasimlis’ umzimba, aphumela kwizisongelo zokufa, izoyikiso zokuqhushumba, namarhe ayingozi awayesasazwa ngobhishophu. Ngeli xesha, uTutu wayesoloko enyeliswa ngurhulumente. Ngaphaya koko, uRhulumente waxhasa ngemali imibutho efana neChristian League, eyamkele imali yokuqhuba amaphulo achasene neSACC kwaye ngaloo ndlela ijongela phantsi impembelelo kaTutu.
UDesmond Tutu usentolongweni. Imvelaphi yomfanekiso
Ngexesha lohambo lwakhe lwaphesheya kweelwandle, uTutu wathetha ngokucengayo ngokuchasene ne-Apartheid; inkqubo yabasebenzi abafudukayo; kunye nezinye iingxaki zentlalo nezopolitiko. Ngo March 1980, uRhulumente wayirhoxisa ipaspoti kaTutu. Oku kwamthintela ekubeni aye phesheya ukuya kwamkela iimbasa awayezinikwa. Ngokomzekelo, waba ngumntu wokuqala ukuwongwa ngesidanga sembeko sobugqirha yiYunivesithi yaseRuhr, eNtshona Jamani, kodwa akazange akwazi ukuhamba kuba engazange afumane incwadi yokundwendwela. Ekugqibeleni uRhulumente wayibuyisela ipasi yakhe ngoJanyuwari ka-1981, kwaye ngenxa yoko wakwazi ukuhamba kakhulu ukuya eYurophu naseMelika ngeshishini le-SACC, kwaye ngo-1983 uTutu waba nesihlwele sabucala kunye noPope apho wayexoxa ngemeko yaseMzantsi Afrika.
UPopu John Paul II udibana noBhishophu Omkhulu waseTshetshi uDesmond Tutu, embindini wasekunene, ngowe-1983 eVatican. (Ifoto ye-CNS/Giancarlo Giuliani, Iifoto zamaCatholic Press) Imvelaphi yomfanekiso
Khuphela uluhlu lwawo onke amabhaso kunye neewonga zikaDesmond Tutu apha (pdf)
URhulumente waqhubeka nokutshutshisa uTutu kuyo yonke iminyaka yoo-1980. I-SACC yatyholwa ngokuphandle ngurhulumente ngokufumana izigidi zeerandi phesheya kweelwandle ukuvusa uqhushululu. Ukubonisa ukuba akukho nyaniso kwibango, uTutu wacela umngeni kurhulumente ukuba makamangalele i-SACC kwinkundla evulekileyo kodwa uRhulumente wonyula i-SACC. IKomishoni yoPhando ka-Eloff ukuphanda i-SACC. Ekugqibeleni ikhomishini ayizange ifumane bungqina bokuba i-SACC yayiphenjelelwe phesheya kolwandle.
NgoSeptemba ka-1982, emva kweenyanga ezilishumi elinesibhozo engenayo incwadana yokundwendwela, uTutu wanikwa 'ixwebhu lokuhamba' elilinganiselweyo. Kwakhona, yena nomfazi wakhe baya eMelika. Ngaxeshanye abantu abaninzi baye bacela ukubuyiswa kwepaspoti kaTutu, kuquka noGeorge Bush, owayesakuba nguSekela Mongameli wase-United States of America. EMelika, uTutu wakwazi ukufundisa abantu baseMelika ngoNelson Mandela kunye no-Oliver Tambo, uninzi lwabantu baseMelika lwalungazi nto. Kwangaxeshanye, wakwazi ukuqokelela imali yeeprojekthi ezininzi awayebandakanyeke kuzo. Kutyelelo lwakhe, ukwathethe neBhunga loKhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo ngemeko yoMzantsi Afrika.
Ngomnyaka ka-1983, waya kuphehlelelwa iQonga leSizwe, iqumrhu elisambrela le Black Conciousness amaqela kunye ne I-Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). Ngo-Agasti 1983, wonyulwa njengoMphathi we Umanyano lweDemocratic Front (UDF). Umzabalazo kaTutu wokuchasa ucalucalulo kunye noluntu lwancediswa yinkosikazi yakhe, uLeah. Uye walwela unobangela weemeko ezingcono zokusebenza kubasebenzi basemakhitshini eMzantsi Afrika. Ngo-1983, wancedisa ekusekweni koMbutho wabaSebenzi baseKhaya eMzantsi Afrika.
Liya Tutu Imvelaphi yomfanekiso
Ngomhla we-18 ku-Okthobha ka-1984, ngelixa eMelika, uTutu wafumanisa ukuba wawongwa ngembasa yeNobel Peace Prize ngenxa yeenzame zakhe zokubiza ukuphela kolawulo lwabaMhlophe abambalwa eMzantsi Afrika; ukuvalwa umlomo kwemibutho yenkululeko; kunye nokukhululwa kwawo onke amabanjwa ezopolitiko. Eyona mbasa yenzeke kwiYunivesithi yase-Oslo, eNorway ngomhla we-10 kweyoMnga ngowe-1984. Ngelixa abantu abaNtsundu baseMzantsi Afrika babebhiyozela eli wonga lizukileyo, uRhulumente wayethule cwaka, engavuyisani nokuvuyisana noTutu ngempumelelo yakhe. Kubekho ukusabela okwahlukileyo eluntwini abanye bemncoma bemncoma abanye bekhetha ukumthoba isidima. NgoNovemba ka-1984, uTutu wafumanisa ukuba wonyulwa njengoBhishophu wase-Rhawutini. Kwangaxeshanye abagxeki bakhe, ingakumbi abaMhlophe (kunye nabaNtsundu abambalwa, umzekelo, uLennox Sebe, inkokeli yamaCiskei) abaluvuyelanga unyulo lwakhe. Uchithe iinyanga ezilishumi elinesibhozo kwesi sikhundla phambi kokuba ekugqibeleni wonyulelwe kwisikhundla sokuba nguBhishophu waseKapa ngo-1985. Wayengumntu wokuqala oNtsundu ukuthatha kwesi sikhundla.
Kolunye utyelelo eMelika ngo 1984, uTutu kunye no Dr Allan Boesak badibana no Senator Edward Kennedy kwaye wamema ukuba atyelele uMzantsi Afrika. UKennedy wamkela isicelo kwaye ngo-1985 wafika, ndwendwela UWinnie Mandela eBrandfort, eOrange Free State apho waye wagxothwa khona wachitha ubusuku nosapho lakwaTutu ngokuchaseneyo nomthetho. UMthetho weMimandla yeQela. Nangona kunjalo, olu tyelelo lwalugcwele impikiswano kwaye Umbutho wabantu base-Azanian (I-AZAPO) yenza uqhanqalazo oluchasene notyelelo lukaKennedy.
UBhishophu waseMzantsi Afrika uDesmond Tutu, ekunene, wamkela iSenator yase-US u-Edward Kennedy ekufikeni kwakhe eRhawutini, nge-5 kaJanuwari, ngo-1985 Umfanekiso: REUTERS Imvelaphi yomfanekiso
EDuduza eMpuma Randi ngo-1985, uTutu, encediswa nguBhishophu uSimeon Nkoane kunye noKenneth Oram bangenelela ukusindisa ubomi bepolisa eliNtsundu, elalityholwa ngokuba yintlola yamapolisa linginginya elalifuna ukumbulala. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva, kwi umngcwabo omkhulu KwaThema, i-East Rand, uTutu wagxeka ubundlobongela kunye nenkohlakalo ngazo zonke iindlela; nokuba yaqhutywa nguRhulumente okanye ngabantu bebala.
Ngo-1985, uRhulumente wamisela a Imeko yeNgxakeko kwizithili zoomantyi ezingama-36. Izithintelo eziqatha zabekwa kwimingcwabo 'yezopolitiko'. UTutu ucele uMphathiswa wamaPolisa ukuba aphinde ayithathele ingqalelo le migaqo kwaye wathi uzakuyigatya. UTutu emva koko wathumela ucingo kuNkulumbuso uBotha ecela intlanganiso engxamisekileyo ukuze kuxoxwe ngale meko. Wafumana umnxeba omxelela ukuba uBotha wala ukumbona. Phantse unyaka emva koko wadibana noBotha, kodwa akukho nto yavelayo kule ntlanganiso.
UTutu naye waba nentlanganiso engenaziqhamo kunye neNkulumbuso yaseBritane, uMargaret Thatcher, owayengumxhasi woRhulumente woMzantsi Afrika kwaye kamva wala ukudibana noNobhala waseBritane waNgaphandle, uGeoffrey Howe, kutyelelo lwakhe eMzantsi Afrika. Ukhenketho lwakhe lokunyusa ingxowa-mali ngo-1986 eMelika lwachazwa ngokubanzi ngamajelo eendaba aseMzantsi Afrika, amaxesha amaninzi ngaphandle kwemeko, ingakumbi ikhwelo lakhe kuRhulumente waseNtshona ukuba baxhase umsebenzi owawuvaliwe. Umbutho ophethe ilizwe (ANC), ngelo xesha, yayiyinto enobungozi ukuyenza.
NgoFebruwari 1986 ilokishi yase-Alexandra eGoli yatsha. Tutu kunye Umfundisi uBeyers Naude, uGqr Boesak kunye nezinye iinkokheli zecawe baya kwilokishi yase-Alexandra kwaye bancedisa ukuthomalalisa imeko apho. Waya eKapa esiya kubona uBotha, kodwa waphinda wathiywa. Kunoko, wadibana Adrian Vlok, uSekela Mphathiswa wezoMthetho, ucwangco noKhuseleko. Wanikela ingxelo kubahlali baseAlexandra ukuba akukho nanye kwiimfuno zabo eyaphunyezwayo yaye uRhulumente wathi kuphela uza kuziqwalasela izicelo zabo. Nangona kunjalo, isihlwele asizange siqiniseke kwaye abanye baba nomsindo ngelixa abanye abantu abatsha bamtyhola ngokumnyanzela ukuba ahambe.
Ngomhla we-7 Septemba 1986, uTutu wamiselwa njengoBhishophu Omkhulu waseKapa, waba ngumntu wokuqala oNtsundu ukukhokela iBandla lamaTshetshi kwiPhondo laseMazantsi eAfrika. Kwakhona, kwabakho uvuyo olukhulu ekukhethweni kwakhe njengoBhishophu Omkhulu, kodwa abagxeki babegxeka. KwiBala Lemidlalo laseGoodwood abantu abangaphezu kwe-10,000 XNUMX bahlanganisana ukuze kuzukiswe uMthendeleko. UMongameli weANC oselubhacweni Oliver Tambo kwaye iiNtloko zaMazwe angama-45 zathumela umbulelo wazo kuye.
Kunyaka emva konyulo lokuqala lwedemokhrasi olwathi lwaphela ulawulo lwabaMhlophe abambalwa ngo-1994, uTutu wonyulwa njengoSihlalo we. IKomishoni yeNyaniso noXolelwaniso (TRC), ukujongana nenkohlakalo yexesha elidlulileyo. UTutu wathatha umhlala-phantsi njengo-Archbishop waseKapa ngo-1996 ukuze anikele lonke ixesha lakhe kumsebenzi we-TRC. Kamva wabizwa ngokuba ngu-Archbishop Emeritus. Ngomnyaka ka 1997, uTutu kwafunyaniswa ukuba unomhlaza wedlala lobudoda kwaye wafumana unyango oluyimpumelelo eMelika. Nangona esi sigulo, waqhubeka esebenza nekomishini. Emva koko waba ngumxhasi weSouth African Prostate Cancer Foundation, eyasekwa ngo-2007.
Kwi-1998 Desmond Tutu Peace Centre (DTPC) yasekwa nguArchbishop Desmond Tutu kunye noNksk Leah Tutu. Eli Ziko lidlala indima ekhethekileyo ekwakheni nasekusebenziseni ilifa lika-Archbishop Tutu ukuze kubekho uxolo ehlabathini.
Ngomnyaka ka 2004 uTutu wabuyela eUnited Kingdom ukuze asebenze njengo njingalwazi ondwendweleyo eKing's College. Kwakhona wachitha iminyaka emibini, njengoNjingalwazi oNdwendwelo weTheology kwiYunivesithi yase-Emory eAtlanta, eGeorgia, yaye waqhubeka ehamba kakhulu ukuze aphuthume ubulungisa ngezizathu ezifanelekileyo, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwelizwe lakhe. Apha eMzantsi Afrika, enye yezona zinto azigxininise kuzo ibe kwezempilo, ingakumbi umba we-HIV/AIDS kunye nesifo sephepha. NgoJanuwari 2004 i-Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation yasekwa ngokusesikweni phantsi kolawulo lukaNjingalwazi Robin Wood kunye noNjingalwazi oNxibeleleyo uLinda-Gail Bekker. I-Foundation ineziqalo zayo njengeYunithi yoPhando nge-HIV esekwe ku Isibhedlele esitsha saseSomerset ekuqaleni koo-1990 kwaye yaziwa njengenye yeekliniki zokuqala zikawonke-wonke ukunika unyango lwe-anti-retroviral kwabo baphila ne-HIV.
Kutsha nje, isiseko, sixhaswa nguBhishophu Omkhulu Osakhulayo uDesmond kunye noLeah Tutu, sandise imisebenzi yaso ukuze iquke unyango lwe-HIV, uthintelo noqeqesho kunye nokubeka iliso kunyango lwesifo sephepha kwezona ndawo zintlithekileyo eNtshona Koloni.
UTutu usaqhuba ukuthetha phandle ngemiba yokuziphatha nezopolitiko echaphazela uMzantsi Afrika kunye namanye amazwe. Nangona kudala eyixhasa iANC, khange oyike ukugxeka uRhulumente nombutho olawulayo xa ebona ngathi uwile kwiinjongo zedemokhrasi ebeziyilwelwa ngabantu abaninzi. Ubesoloko ecela uxolo eZimbabwe ethelekisa izenzo zorhulumente wowayesakuba ngumongameli waseZimbabwe uRobert Mugabe nezo zorhulumente wengcinezelo yaseMzantsi Afrika. Ukwangumxhasi wenjongo yasePalestina kunye nabantu base-East Timor. Ungumgxeki ngokungafihlisiyo wempatho-mbi yamabanjwa eGuantanamo Bay kwaye uthethe ngokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu eBurma. Ngelixa wayevalelwe endlwini njengebanjwa likarhulumente, uTutu wacela ukukhululwa kuka-Aung San Suu Kyi, owayesakuba yinkokeli yeqela eliphikisayo laseBurma kunye nogxa wakhe owafumana ibhaso leNobel Peace Prize. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokuba u-Suu Kyi ekhululwe, uTutu wayengoyiki ukugxeka esidlangalaleni ukuthula kwakhe phambi kobundlobongela kubantu baseRohingya eMyanmar.
Ngo-2007, uTutu wazibandakanya nowayesakuba nguMongameli uNelson Mandela; owayesakuba nguMongameli wase-US uJimmy Carter; uNobhala Jikelele weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo odla umhlala-phantsi uKofi Annan; kunye nowayesakuba nguMongameli wase-Ireland uMary Robinson ukwenza iThe Elders, inyathelo labucala lokudibanisa amava eenkokeli zehlabathi eziphezulu ngaphandle kwenkqubo yesiqhelo yozakuzo. UTutu wakhethwa ukuba abe ngusihlalo weqela. Emva koku, uCarter noTutu bahamba kunye ukuya eDarfur, eGaza naseCyprus ngenzame yokusombulula iingxabano ezidala. Impumelelo yembali kaTutu kunye neenzame zakhe eziqhubekayo zokukhuthaza uxolo emhlabeni zavunywa ngokusesikweni yi-United States ngo-2009, xa uMongameli u-Barack Obama wathi wamthiya ukuba afumane iwonga eliphezulu loluntu, iMbasa kaMongameli yeNkululeko.
UTutu uye warhoxa ngokusesikweni kubomi boluntu nge-7 ka-Okthobha 2010. Nangona kunjalo, uyaqhubeka nokubandakanyeka kwakhe kunye neQela leLaureate ye-Nobel kunye nenkxaso yakhe ye-Desmond Tutu Peace Centre. Urhoxile, nangona kunjalo, warhoxa kwizikhundla zakhe njengeNgqonyela yeDyunivesithi yaseNtshona Koloni nanjengommeli kwikomiti yeengcebiso ye-UN malunga nokuthintela ukubulawa kwabantu.
Kwiveki ekhokelela kusuku lwakhe lokuzalwa lwe-80th, uTutu waphoswa kwindawo ebonakalayo. Inkokheli yasemoyeni yaseTibet, uDalai Lama, owaya elubhacweni ngo-1959 emva kokukhokela imvukelo echasene nolawulo lwamaTshayina, wamenywa nguTutu ukuba enze intetho yokuqala kaDesmond Tutu yoXolo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe ngexesha lombhiyozo weentsuku ezintathu wokuzalwa kukaTutu iminyaka engama-80 eKapa. URhulumente waseMzantsi Afrika wayebeke amangomso ngexa ethatha isigqibo sokukhupha i-Dalai Lama i-visa, mhlawumbi eqonda ukuba ngokwenza njalo babeka emngciphekweni wokuphazamisa amahlakani abo e-China. Ngomhla we-4 ku-Okthobha ka-2011, uDalai Lama akakayifumani i-visa kwaye ngoko walurhoxisa uhambo lwakhe, esithi akazokuza eMzantsi Afrika emva kwayo yonke into, njengoko urhulumente woMzantsi Afrika wafumanisa 'inzima' kwaye akazange. ufuna ukubeka nawuphi na umntu okanye uRhulumente kwindawo engafanelekanga. Urhulumente wazama ukukhusela ukulibazisa kwakhe. Abemi boMzantsi Afrika abasuka kuzo zonke iinkalo zentlalo nezopolitiko, iinkokeli zezenkolo, izifundiswa kunye nemibutho yoluntu, bamanyene ekukhalimeni izenzo zikaRhulumente. Ngomboniso onqabileyo womsindo uTutu waqalisa uhlaselo oluqhumayo kwiANC kwaye Umongameli uJacob Zuma, ekhuphela umsindo wakhe kwisikhundla sikaRhulumente ngokuphathelele iDalai Lama. I-Dalai Lama yayikhe yalelwa ngaphambili imvume yokundwendwela uMzantsi Afrika ngo-2009. UTutu kunye noDalai Lama baye babhala incwadi kunye nangona kunjalo.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uTutu uye waba neengxaki zempilo ezinxulumene nomhlaza wakhe we-prostate. Nangona kunjalo, nangona impilo yakhe inkenenkene, uTutu usaqhubeka ehlonitshwa kakhulu ngolwazi, iimbono kunye namava akhe, ngakumbi kuxolelwaniso. NgoJulayi 2014 uTutu wachaza ukuba wayekholelwa ukuba umntu kufuneka asweleke ngesidima, uluvo awathetha ngalo ngomhla wakhe wokuzalwa egqiba iminyaka engamashumi asibhozo anesihlanu (85) ngo-2016. Usaqhubeka nokugxeka urhulumente woMzantsi Afrika ngorhwaphilizo kunye nento ayithethayo kukulahlekelwa kwabo. ikhampasi yokuziphatha.
Intombi yakhe, uMpho Tutu-van Furth, watshata neqabane lakhe elibhinqileyo uNjingalwazi uMarceline van Furth ngoMeyi ka-2016, nto leyo yamkhokelela ekubeni athethe nangakumbi kunangaphambili ekuxhaseni amalungelo abantu abathandana besini esifanayo kumazwe ngamazwe nakwiCawa yaseTshetshi. UTutu zange ayeke ukuthetha esidlangalaleni ngokuchasene noko akuthatha kukuziphatha kakubi, nokuba kuse China Europe, okanye eMelika. Yaba nguTutu owayila ibinzana elidumileyo elithi, 'Isizwe soMvula wemvula' ukuchaza ubuhle obahlukileyo obufumaneka kubo bonke abantu abohlukeneyo eMzantsi Afrika. Nangona ukuthandwa kweli gama kuye kwancipha ekuhambeni kweminyaka, uluvo lwesizwe soMzantsi Afrika esimanyeneyo esinemvisiswano iseyeyona ilangazelelayo.
Ngo-2015, ukubhiyozela iminyaka engama-60 betshatile, uTutu noLeah bazihlaziya izibhambathiso zabo.
Ingxelo yeNkokeli yezoKhenketho kwiHlabathi jikelele: Prof. Geoffrey Lipman
Ndadibana noBhishophu omkhulu izihlandlo ezininzi, xa ndandinguMongameli we WTTC ngeminyaka yoo-1990 – ngokukhumbulekayo kakhulu xa sasihamba kunye nowayesakuba nguMongameli wase-Afrika uDe Klerk kunye noNobel Lareatesinto Ramalla ukukhapha ngoko owayeyinkokeli ephikisayo yakwa-Israel, uShimon Peres ukuya kudibana noYasser Arafat kunye nobuNkokheli bePLA.
Uhambo lokuqala inkokeli yakwaSirayeli yalwenza kwikomkhulu. Kwaye kwenzeka kamsinya nje emva kokuhamba ngenqwelomoya enqumla iAtlantiki ukuya kwiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. Yayiliwonga ukuba kwinkampani yakhe ….uncumo olumangalisayo rhoqo kunye nengcinga enobubele.
Noburharha obuqaqambileyo-ibali lakhe alithandayo lalimalunga nomfana owawa eliweni wabamba isebe ukuze asindise ubomi bakhe. uyakhwaza ecela uncedo ekhwaza esithi, "Ngaba kukho nabani na na phaya phezulu" kwaye ilizwi lisithi ndinguYehova uThixo wakho, yeka isebe kwaye uya kudada umva unyuke ukhuseleke. Kwaye lo mfo uyakhwaza "Ngaba kukho omnye umntu phezulu"
Loo nto yamenza umfanekiso wendoda.
Ingxelo kaMongameli woMzantsi Afrika uCyril Ramaphosa
UMongameli woMzantsi Afrika uCyril Ramaphosa uvakalisa, egameni labo bonke abemi boMzantsi Afrika, usizi lwakhe ngokusweleka namhlanje, ngeCawa umhla wama-26 kweyoMnga yowama-2021, kuka-Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Mpilo Tutu.
U-Archbishop Tutu, nowagqibela eMzantsi Afrika owafumana iwonga leNobel Peace Prize, ubhubhele eKapa eneminyaka engama-90.
UMongameli Ramaphosa uvakalisa amazwi ovelwano kuMam Leah Tutu, usapho lakwaTutu, ibhodi kunye nabasebenzi beDesmond and Leah Tutu Legacy Foundation, iQela laBadala kunye neNobel Laureate Group, izihlobo, amaqabane kunye namahlakani esizwe nakwihlabathi jikelele , itshantliziyo elichasene nocalucalulo kunye nomkhankaseli wamalungelo oluntu kwihlabathi jikelele.
UMongameli Ramaphosa uthe: “Ukusweleka kuka-Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu sesinye isahluko sokulila kwisizwe sethu esithi ndlela ntle kwisizukulwana sabemi boMzantsi Afrika ababalaseleyo abathe basinika ilifa loMzantsi Afrika okhululekileyo.
“UDesmond Tutu wayelithandazwe elingenamlinganiso; inkokeli yomgaqo kunye nepragmatism eyanika intsingiselo kwimbono yeBhayibhile yokuba ukholo olungenamisebenzi lufile.
“Indoda ekrelekrele ngokugqithisileyo, ethembekileyo nengenakoyiswa kwimikhosi yocalu-calulo, wayekwanobubele kwaye ebuthathaka kwimfesane yakhe kwabo babebandezeleke kwingcinezelo, intswela-bulungisa nobundlobongela phantsi kocalucalulo, kunye nabantu abacinezelweyo nabacinezelekileyo kwihlabathi jikelele.
“NjengoSihlalo weKomishoni yeNyaniso noXolelwaniso wavakalisa ingqumbo yehlabathi lonke kwintshabalalo yocalucalulo kwaye wabonakalisa ngokuchukumisayo nangokunzulu ubunzulu bentsingiselo yobuntu, uxolelwaniso noxolelo.
“Wabeka impumelelo yakhe ebanzi kwinkonzo yomzabalazo wethu nakwinkonzo yenjongo yobulungisa kwezentlalo noqoqosho kwihlabathi liphela.
“Ukususela kwiindlela zokuchasa eMzantsi Afrika ukuya kwiipulpiti zeecathedrals ezinkulu zehlabathi kunye neendawo zonqulo, kunye nendawo ebalaseleyo yomsitho weBhaso loXolo likaNobel, iArch yazibalula njengentshatsheli engeyonxalenye yamahlelo, equkayo yamalungelo oluntu jikelele.
“Kubomi bakhe obunenkuthazo kodwa obunzima, uDesmond Tutu woyisa isifo sephepha, inkohlakalo yemikhosi yezokhuseleko yengcinezelo kunye nokungathobeli kwemithetho yocalucalulo elandelelanayo. IiCasspirs, i-teargas okanye iiarhente zokhuseleko azinako ukumoyikisa okanye zimthintele kwinkolelo yakhe engagungqiyo kwinkululeko yethu.
“Wahlala enyanisekile kwiinkolelo zakhe ngexesha lolawulo lwethu lwentando yesininzi kwaye wagcina amandla kunye nokuphapha kwakhe njengoko wayebambe ubunkokeli kunye namaziko akhulayo edemokhrasi yethu ukuba aphendule ngendlela yakhe engenakuphepheka, engenakuphepheka nehlala isomeleza.
“Sabelana ngalo mzuzu welahleko enzulu kunye noMam Leah Tutu, iqabane lomphefumlo ka-Archbishop kunye nomthombo wamandla kunye nokuqonda, othe wenza igalelo elikhulu kwilungelo lakhe lenkululeko yethu kunye nophuhliso lwedemokhrasi yethu.
“Sithandazela ukuba umphefumlo ka-Archbishop Tutu uphumle ngoxolo kodwa umoya wakhe ulawule ikamva lesizwe sethu.”
IKHUTSHWE NGUMPHATHISWA KUBONGAMELI MONDLI GUNGUBELE
UMondli Gungubele ngusopolitiki waseMzantsi Afrika, inkokeli yemibutho yabasebenzi kunye nomfundisi-ntsapho nonguMphathiswa ngoku kwi-Ofisi kaMongameli kunye nelungu leNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yoMzantsi Afrika ye-African National Congress.
www.thepresidency.gov.za
