Ubutyebi behlabathi eTanzania obuFanelwe ukuGcinwa

Izityholo zokugxothwa ngenkani kuluntu lwemveli kwi Ummandla woLondolozo lweNgorongoro (NCA) kumantla eTanzania aziyonyani kwaye ziyalahlekisa.

I-NCA inikezela ngenqaku elilumkileyo lokuhlaliswa kwabantu kwiindawo ezikhuselweyo zezilwanyana zasendle ngaphandle kwemigaqo edibeneyo kunye nokunyanzeliswa.

Abasemagunyeni eTanzania basebenzise inyameko engaqhelekanga, uvelwano, kunye nolwazelelelo ekusombululeni ingqubano yolondolozo lwelizwe kunye nokungenisa elizweni jikelele.

I-NCA njengendawo ekhuselweyo, eyaziwa njengeNdawo yeLifa leMveli yeHlabathi, iWorld Biosphere Reserve kunye neGlobal Geopark, ayifani nenye.

Likhaya kwiinkqubo zejoloji ukusuka ePangea ngaphambi kokuba amazwekazi asekwe; iirekhodi paleontological yendaleko yabantu ubuyela umva 4 million iminyaka kubandakanywa iinyawo yokuqala ethe tye ukuhamba hominids; kunye nezona zilwanyana zasendle zibalaseleyo zase-Afrika ezibandakanya ukufuduka kweSerengeti.

Xa kuthelekiswa neMelika, iNCA ibambe imitsalane edibeneyo yeYellowstone, iiLava Beds, Mesa Verde, Petrified Forest, kunye neCrater national parks.

I-NCA, egubungela i-8,292 km2, iboshwe yi-Great Rift Valley ukuya emazantsi kunye namathafa amafutshane engca aseSerengeti ukuya emantla. Ungqameko lwaso olusemazantsi luphawulwe ngoothathathu abadumileyo kwihlabathi lemingxuma yentaba-mlilo etshabaleleyo - iNgorongoro, i-Olmoti, kunye ne-Empakai - kunye namahlathi akhethekileyo asezintabeni.

I-Ngorongoro crater yeyona caldera inkulu engaphazanyiswanga emhlabeni kunye nommandla wesiseko we-250 km2 ejikelezwe ngamadonga aphakathi kwama-600 m. Ngumyezo wokwenyani wase-Eden ozele ziindlovu, imikhombe, iingonyama, amahlosi, iinyathi, iinyamakazi, iiflamingo, iikhreyini, njl.

Umda osemantla we-NCA ecaleni kweLake Ndutu ubambe indawo yokuzala kwe-1.5 yezigidi zeenqu ezenza imfuduko eyoyikekayo yaseSerengeti. Phakathi kulele umwonyo oziikhilomitha ezili-14 ubude apho uRichard noMary Leakey batyhila khona iirekhodi zefosili yembali yendalo kunye nendaleko yomntu emva kweminyaka ezizigidi ezi-4.

Babhala ngenguquko yeentlobo ezine ezahlukeneyo ze-hominids eziquka “i-nutcracker man” i-Australopithecus boisei malunga ne-1.75 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo; Homo habilis, umenzi wezixhobo zamatye zakuqala phakathi kwe-1.8 ukuya kwi-1.6 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo; I-Homo erectus, umzimba omkhulu, i-hominine enkulu yobuchopho eyandulela abantu bokuqala bale mihla iHomo sapiens.

Imbali yoluntu yakutsha nje yeNCA iyamangalisa ngokulinganayo. Malunga neminyaka eyi-10,000 eyadlulayo le ndawo yayizinze abazingeli abafana namaHadzabe, abasebenzisa ulwimi olusekelwe “kokucofa” olufana nolo luka “san” okanye amaBushmen asemazantsi. Ngamakhulu ambalwa kuphela asindileyo ahlala kumda weLake Eyasi, kumazantsi eNCA.

Malunga neminyaka engama-2,000 eyadlulayo ama-agro-pastorists ase-Iraq asuka kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zase-Ethiopia avela kule ndawo. Izizwe zaseCentral African Bantu zafika kwindawo eyi-500 - 400 kwiminyaka edlulileyo.

Amagorha abefundisi uDatooga afika kulo mmandla malunga neminyaka engama-300 eyadlulayo kwaye babagxotha abahlali bangaphambili. AmaMaasai enyuka ngeNayile ukuya kufikelela kwiNCA phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1800, kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba abazingeli nabahloli baseYurophu bafike kwindawo.

AmaMaasai namaDatooga alwa amadabi amanyumnyezi apho amaMaasai oyisa. Namhlanje, amaMaasai zezona zizwe zilawula kwaye zixhaphakile kwi-NCA yonke esebenzisa amandla amakhulu ezopolitiko asekhaya kunye nesizwe encediswa ngamaqela anamandla enkxaso kumakomkhulu aseYurophu.

Ngowe-1959, iGreater Serengeti-Ngorongoro game reserve yohlulwa yangamacandelo amabini. IPaka yeSizwe yaseSerengeti engenazo iindawo zokuhlaliswa kwabantu kunye neNdawo yoLondolozo lweNgorongoro ihlalisa iindawo zokuhlala.

Iingxelo zembali ukususela ngelo xesha zimbalwa kwaye aziphelelanga. Ngo-1959, iirekhodi zamakholoniyali ziqikelela ukuba malunga ne-4,000 yezizwe zamaMaasai ezihlala kwi-NCA kunye nenani elifanayo elisuka e-Serengeti kunye nomhlambi weenkomo ezimalunga ne-40,000 - 60,000.

Uqikelelo lwangoku lweDatooga kunye neHadzabe kule ndawo alukho. Namhlanje uluntu olusandayo lwe-NCA lukhule lwaya kutsho ngaphezulu kwe-110,000 kunye neenkomo, iigusha kunye neebhokhwe ezingaphezulu kwesigidi. I-NCA iphantsi koxinzelelo olumandla lwedemografi yokwanda koluntu oluzinzileyo oluneziseko ezisisigxina ngaphakathi kwendawo ekhuselweyo kunye nokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwezolimo kunye nokukhula kwedolophu okungaphaya komda wayo osemazantsi.

I-NCA yanamhlanje ikude lee koko kwakulindelwe ngumthetho ka-1959 – bambalwa abantu abafuya okwethutyana abahlala ngokulinganayo kwaye befaka igxalaba kukhuselo lobutyebi balo mmandla. Le meko ikhoyo ayisebenzi kakuhle kuluntu kunye nolondolozo.

Isidima se-ikholoji ye-NCA, kunye ne-ecosystem enkulu ye-Serengeti, iphantsi koxinzelelo olunzima oluzinzileyo lokuthotywa komhlaba kunye nophuhliso olungazange lubonwe ngaphambili. Umgangatho wokuphila woluntu ngaphakathi kweNCA ubonakala uhlwempuzekile kunoodade wabo abahlala ngaphandle abanokufikelela kakhulu kwimpilo, imfundo, kunye neemarike.

Ukwandiswa kweendawo zokuhlala kwiNCA kuyaqondakala ukuba kufuna iimeko zokuhlala ezifanayo nezo zonwatyelwa ngabazalwana babo ngaphandle. Ingxaki ekhoyo ngoku yokungangqinelani nokulindela okungafezekiyo, ukunganeliseki okunzulu, kunye nekamva elingaqinisekanga sisiphumo seminyaka engama-60 yolingo kunye neempazamo kunye neengcebiso ezininzi zomgaqo-nkqubo.

Ukukhetha namhlanje kuya kucaca ngakumbi. Ukuvumela uluntu lweNCA izibonelelo ezifanayo njengoko zibonelelwa ngaphandle kweNCA okukhokelela ekukhuleni okukhulu kwabemi kunye nophuhliso lokukhukuliseka okungenakuthintelwa kunye nokupheleleyo kwexabiso lentlango okanye ukubonelela uluntu lweNCA ukhetho lokuzithandela lokuhlaliswa ngokutsha ngaphandle kwemida yendawo yolondolozo.

AmaMaasai, njengeDatooga kunye namaHadzabe aya kuhlala ekonwabela ukufikelela okuthandwayo kwiindawo zawo zenkcubeko kwiNCA. Ubuchule bezopolitiko bukhokelele ekuthotyweni ngoku kwe-NCA ecology kunye noluntu. Isigqibo sezopolitiko siyafuneka ukulungisa ikhondo phambi kokuba kungabikho nto iseleyo yokugcina.

Isenzo esicetywayo sikaMongameli waseTanzania u-Samia sinika ithuba lokubonisa ikamva eliyingenelo ngokufanayo kwi-NCA kunye noluntu lwayo. UMongameli Samia uyalele uMphathiswa wakhe wezoMhlaba, ezeZindlu, kunye noPhuhliso lokuHlaliswa kweZindlu ukuba abonelele ngeehektare ezingama-521,000 zomhlaba ophambili ngaphandle kweNCA ukuze kuhlaliswe abantu ngokuzithandela.

Ngo-2022, bamalunga nama-40,000 abantu abavela kumakhaya angama-8,000 ekulindeleke ukuba bawamkele umnikelo. Urhulumente ubeka kuluhlu lwama-22,000 kubo abangenamfuyo njengabasweleyo. Abongezelelekileyo, abali-18,000 bahlelwa njengabahlwempuzeke kakhulu. Umzi ngamnye uya kufumana ikhaya elinamagumbi amathathu okulala kwiihektare ezi-3 kunye nokongeza iihektare ezi-2.5 zomhlaba wolimo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamadlelo adityanelweyo.

Iindawo ezihlaliswe ngokutsha ziya kubandakanya izikolo, amaziko onyango, iindawo zentengiso kunye neendawo zokuzonwabisa. I-NCA iya kubonelela ngokutya kwiintsapho ezihlaliswe ngokutsha ukuya kutsho kwiinyanga ezili-18 ukuqinisekisa inguqu engenamagingxigingxi. Iinkuthazo ezahlukeneyo zemali kunye neendleko zokufuduka zinikezelwa kwimizi ye-NCA efuna ukufudukela kumhlaba ozikhethele wona.

Ngo-2022, abanye abantu abangama-2,000 abaphuma kumakhaya angama-400 kulindeleke ukuba bafumane ezi zikhuthazi. Ezi kunye nezinye iinkuthazo zokufuduka ngokuzithandela ziya kuqhubeka kude kube ngu-2029. Inkulumbuso yokuqala yaseTanzania uJulius Nyerere, kwinkululeko yesizwe sakhe ngo-1961, wabhengeza i-Arusha Manifesto ethembisa ukuzinikela kwesizwe kulondolozo lwezilwanyana zasendle ukuze kuxhamle amaTanzania kunye nehlabathi jikelele.

Isenzo sikaMongameli Samia sokujonga kude siqhubela phambili elo lifa. Ukuzingisa kule meko ikhoyo kukungakhathali, njengoko ungquzulwano olugqugqisayo, lungasonjululwanga, luya kukhokelela ekubhangiseni okuthile okusemgangathweni kwexabiso lendalo kunye nenkcubeko ye-NCA.

UGq. Freddy Manongi nguMkomishinala woLondolozo weNgorongoro Conservation Area Authority elawula iNCA. UGqr. Kaush Arha ngaphambili wasebenza njengoSekela-Ast. Unobhala. Yezilwanyana zasendle kunye neePaki kunye neGqwetha eliDityanisiweyo kwiSebe lezangaphakathi lase-US.

Inqaku libhalwe ngu: uFreddy Manongi kunye noKaush Arha