Kutheni le nto iiHasidic zamaYuda zihlasela u-Uman eUkraine kwiminyaka emitsha yamaJuda?

Uman sisixeko saseUkraine esiseCherkasy Oblast kumbindi weUkraine, kwimpuma yeVinnytsia. Ifunyenwe kwindawo yembali ye-Podolia esempuma, isixeko siphumla kunxweme loMlambo i-Umanka. Uman usebenza njengeziko lolawulo elinabemi be 85,473. Yongezwe kubemi abajikeleze iiholide zoNyaka oMtsha eziqhubekayo njengamaJuda amashumi amawaka amaJuda Abahambi ngeHasidic.

Ngokwe-State Border Guard Service yaseUkraine, malunga nama-28,000 abahambi sele bewele umda kwiintsuku ezi-3 ngaphambi kweMinyaka eNtsha ngoSeptemba 8. Kulo nyaka, iholide yeRosh Hashanah, okanye uNyaka oMtsha wamaJuda, ibhiyozelwa ngoSeptemba 9-11. Inkoliso yamaYuda angamaHasidi, afikelela kubantu abangama-10,000 6, afika ngoSeptemba XNUMX. Awela eUkraine ikakhulu kwizikhululo zeenqwelo-moya iBoryspil, iZhuliany, iLviv neOdesa, kwanakwindawo yokunqumla umhlaba kumda wePoland, eRomania naseSlovakia.

Rhoqo ngonyaka, amaJuda angamaHasidic aya e-Uman esiya kutyelela amangcwaba amaJuda, apho angcwatywa khona uReb Nachman waseBratslav (1772-1810), umseki wombutho weBreslov Hasidic. Ingcwaba lakhe yenye yeetempile ehlonitshwayo yeHasidim, njengendawo yokuhamba ngobuninzi bonyaka.

Indlela eyaqala ngayo

Indawo yamaYuda yavela e-Uman ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-18th. Ukukhankanywa kokuqala kwamaYuda e-Uman kunxulumene neziganeko zemvukelo zikaHaydamaks. Ngo-1749 iiHaidamacks zabulala uninzi lwamaJuda e-Uman kwaye zatshisa inxenye yedolophu.
Kwi-1761, umnini we-Uman, u-Earl Pototsky, wasakha ngokutsha isixeko kwaye waseka imarike, ngelo xesha ama-450 amaJuda ayehlala esixekweni. Ngeli xesha, i-Uman yaqala ukukhula njengedolophu yamaYuda kunye neziko lezorhwebo.

Ngo-1768 uHaidamacks watshabalalisa ama-Uman, kunye namaJuda avela kwezinye iindawo awayebalekele apho.
Nge-19 kaJuni, ngo-1788, umlweli olwela inkululeko, uMaxim Zheleznyak, wamatsha e-Uman ater waye wabulala amaJuda aseTetiyev. Xa ikampu yaseCossack kunye nomphathi wayo, u-Ivan Gonta, waya e-Zheleznyak (ngaphandle kwemali awayeyifumana kuluntu lwase-Uman kunye nezithembiso awayezenzile), isixeko sawela ku-Zheleznyak, ngaphandle kokuzikhusela ngenkalipho. apho amaYuda adlala indima ebalulekileyo. AmaJuda ke aqokelelana kwizindlu zesikhungu, apho babekhokelwa nguLeib Shargorodski kunye noMoses Menaker ngelinge lokuzikhusela, kodwa batshatyalaliswa ngumlilo wenkanunu. AmaJuda asala esixekweni abulawa. Ukubulawa kwabantu kwaphela iintsuku ezintathu kwaye amadoda amadala, abafazi okanye abantwana abasindiswanga. UGonta usongele ngokufa kuwo onke amaKristu awayenesibindi sokufihla amaJuda. Inani lamaPole kunye namaJuda abulawa "kubulawe u-Uman" aqikelelwa ukuba ngama-20,000 5. Isikhumbuzo sokuqalisa kokubulawa kwabantu, uTammuz XNUMX, emva koko saziwa njenge- "Isigqibo esibi se-Uman," kwaye saqwalaselwa njengokuzila nangokuthandaza okukhethekileyo.

Uman waba yinxalenye yeRussia ngo-1793.
Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XVIII, bekukho indawo eyomeleleyo nenamaYuda amaninzi e-Uman kwaye nge-1806, bekukho ama-1,895 amaJuda abhalwe njengabahlali esixekweni.

URabi Nahman

Kwinkulungwane ye-19 yokuqala, u-Uman waba liziko le-Hasidism, ngakumbi enxulunyaniswa ne-tzadik eyaziwayo, u-Rabbi Nahman wase-Bratzlav (ngo-Epreli 4, 1772-Okthobha 16, 1810) owachitha iminyaka emibini e-Uman. Wahlala e-Uman kwaye ngaphambi kokuba asweleke apho wathi, "imiphefumlo yabafeli-nkolo (ababulawa nguGonta) indilindile." Ingcwaba lakhe emangcwabeni amaJuda liye laba yindawo yokuhambela iBratslav Hasidim evela kwihlabathi lonke. Emva kokufa kukaRabi Nachman, inkokheli yokomoya yeBratzlav Hasidim yayinguRabi Nathan Shternharts.

Uman wayedume ngokuba sisixeko se-klezmerim ("iimvumi zamaJuda"). Utatomkhulu we-violinist uMischa Elman wayeyinto ethandwayo klezmer esixekweni, kwaye iingoma zika-Uman zazisaziwa ngokubanzi.
Yayisaziwa njengelinye lamaziko okuqala ombutho weHaskalah eUkraine. Inkokheli yombutho yayingu-Chaim Hurwitz. Kwi-1822 "isikolo esisekwe kwimigaqo kaMendelssohnian" sasekwa e-Uman nakwiminyaka eliqela ngaphambi kwezikolo zaseOdessa naseKishinev. Umsunguli yayingu-Hirsch Beer, unyana ka-Chaim Hurwitz kunye nomhlobo wembongi uJacob Eichenbaum; isikolo savalwa emva kweminyaka embalwa.
Ngo-1842 kwakukho ama-4,933 amaYuda e-Uman; ngo-1897 - 17,945 (59% yabantu bebonke), kwaye ngo-1910, 28,267. Ngo-1870 kwakukho izindlu zesikhungu ezili-14 kunye nendlu yokuthandazela

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XIX-XX Uman waba liziko elibalulekileyo lezorhwebo. Ngo-1890 isikhululo sikaloliwe savulwa. Oku kulukhulise kakhulu uphuhliso lwamashishini endawo kunye nezorhwebo. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XX, kwakukho izindlu zesikhungu ezi-4, izindlu zokuthandazela ezili-13, izikolo zamakhwenkwe ezizimeleyo ezintathu kunye neTalmud Torah e-Uman.

Kwi-1905, ngenxa yesifo sokufa kwabantu, amaJuda ama-3 abulawa.

Oosomashishini abango-1913 ngamagama amaninzi amaJuda:

Kwicandelo le-Uman kulawulo lweShishini yoBukhosi baseRussia ngo-1913 kukhankanywe amanqaku alandelayo:
- urabi osemthethweni wayenguKontorshik Ber Ioselevich
-Urabi wokomoya uBorochin P., Mats
- IiSynagogues: ”Hahnusas-Kalo”, Novobazarnaya Horal, Starobazarnaya, Talnovskaya
- Izindlu zokuthandaza: "Besgamedrash", Latvatskogo, Tsirulnikova
- Isikolo sabucala sabasetyhini abangamaJuda seminyaka emithathu, intloko yayinguBoguslavskaya Tsesya Avramovna
-Talmud-Torah, intloko nguGershengorn A.
-Ikhankanyiwe imibutho yesisa yama-6

Civil Ngaba pogroms

Ngexesha loQhushululu lweBolshevik, ama-Uman anyamezele ukubandezeleka okukhulu. Ngentwasahlobo nehlobo lowe-1919, inani lemikhosi ladlula esixekweni laza labulala abantu abaninzi; bekukho amaxhoba angama-400 kwipogrom yokuqala nangaphezulu kwama-90 kwinto elandelayo. Ngaphezulu kwamaxhoba angama-400 e-pogrom 12-14 ngoMeyi 1919 angcwatyelwa emangcwabeni amaJuda kumangcwaba amathathu. Ngeli xesha abemi abangamaKristu banceda ukufihla amaJuda. IBhunga loXolo loLuntu, uninzi lwamalungu alo ayengamaKristu adumileyo, kunye neqaqobana lamaJuda adumileyo, asisindisa esi sixeko engozini amatyeli aliqela; ngo-1920, umzekelo, wayeka indyikitya yokufa eyasungulwa yimikhosi ka-General A. Denikin.

Kwincwadi ethi "Sokolievka / Justingrad: Inkulungwane Yomzabalazo kunye nokubandezeleka kwi-Shtetl yaseUkraine", iNew York 1983 ikhankanye ulwazi olulandelayo malunga neli xesha e-Uman:

Emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya

Kwii-1920 kunye nee-30s, uninzi lwamaJuda lwafuduka ukusuka e-Uman laya eKiev nakwamanye amaziko aphambili noluntu lwamaJuda ancitshiswa ngobukhulu ngeepesenti ezilishumi ngo-1926 ukuya kuma-22,179 abantu (49,5%).

Ngo-1936, emva kwexesha elide benzela amaYuda amayelenqe, nasemva kokubekwa irhafu enzima ngokungekho mthethweni eyayibethwa ngurhulumente wamaKomanisi, ixesha lesikhungu lafikelela esiphelweni. Ongasekhoyo uReb Levy Yitzchok Bender, owayephethe indlu yesikhungu ngexesha lokuvalwa kwayo, wakhankanya ukuba yayiyindlu yesikhungu yokugqibela kule ndawo ukuvalwa. Yayiyindawo yokugcina yonke imisongo yeTorah kwizindlu zesikhungu zommandla.

Ngo-1939, ubuncinci ama-13,000 amaJuda (29,8%) e-Uman.

KwiNkohlakalo

Nge-1 ka-Agasti ka-1941, xa u-Uman wayehlala, ama-15,000 amaJuda ayehlala esixekweni kubandakanya ababaleki abavela kwiilali needolophu ezikufutshane.

Ngexesha lokudubula okokuqala, oogqirha abangama-13 abangamaYuda babulawa. Nge-80 ka-Agasti ka-Agasti, amaJamani abulala abantu abangama-XNUMX kwizazi zalapha ekhaya zamaJuda.

Nge-21 kaSeptemba, amawakawaka amaJuda afakwa kwigumbi elingaphantsi kwesakhiwo seentolongo, ngeenkulungwane eziliwaka besifa kukuxinana.

Ngo-Okthobha u-1 1941, kwasekwa i-ghetto kwindawo eyaziwa ngokuba yiRakivka. Kodwa ngo-Okthobha i-10 1941 (Yom Kippur) i-ghetto yapheliswa. Ibutho lama-304 lamapolisa aseKirovograd labulala ama-5,400 amaJuda avela e-Uman kunye nama-600 abanjiweyo. NgamaJuda kuphela anezakhono eziyimfuneko kumzabalazo wemfazwe ahlala kwi-ghetto kunye neentsapho zawo. ISamborskiy kunye neTabachnik babephethe uJudenrat. Amabanjwa e-ghetto angcungcuthekiswa gadalala.

Nge-Epreli 1942, iJamani yacela iNtloko ye-ghetto Chaim Shvartz ukuba inikezele nge-1000 labantwana bamaJuda bokubulala kodwa akavuma. Emva koku amaJamani akhetha ngaphezulu kwe-1000 labantwana kwaye ababulala kufutshane nelali yaseGrodzevo.

Ngexesha le-1941-1942 ngaphezulu kwama-10,000 amaJuda abulawa e-Uman. Inkampu ekusetyenzwa nzima kuyo ngamaJuda asuka eTransnistria, eBessarabia naseBukovina yasekwa emva kokupheliswa kweghetto.
Inkampu ye-POW ebizwa ngokuba yi "Uman Pit" esebenza ngexesha lehlobo-ekwindla i-1941 e-Uman apho amawaka abantu asweleke khona okanye abulawa. Ijelo leendaba laseJamani malunga nenkampu ye "Uman Pit" ngo-1941:

I-80% yelahleko iyonke yabemi e-Uman yayingamaYuda.

Nazi ezinye iiNtlanga eziLungileyo zika-Uman kunye nommandla osindise ubomi bamaJuda ngexesha lokuQothulwa Kwesizwe: UVictor Fedoseevich Kryzhanovskii, uGalina Mikhailovna Zayats, uGalina Andreyevna Zakharova.

Emva kweWWII

Ngo-1959 kwakukho ama-2,200 5 amaJuda (1960% yabemi bebonke). Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1,000 inani lamaJuda laqikelelwa malunga ne-1957 17,000. Indlu yesikhungu yokugqibela yavalwa ngabasemagunyeni ngo-XNUMX, kwaye amangcwaba amaJuda awela kwimeko embi. Isikhumbuzo sokukhumbula abafi-XNUMX abangamaNazi abangamaNazi banombhalo okwiYiddish.

Amanye amaYuda asandwendwela ingcwaba likaNahman waseBratslav. Emva kokuqhekeka kweSoviet Union, uhambo oluya engcwabeni likaRebbe Nahman lwathandwa ngakumbi, amawaka afika evela kwihlabathi lonke eRosh ha-Shanah.

Ividiyo eqhelekileyo yohambo lweHasidim ukuya e-Uman kwiminyaka yokugqibela yeSoviet Union (1989). Ngelo xesha ingcwaba likaRabi likaNahman lalikufuphi nefestile yekhaya lamaJuda kumangcwaba amaJuda atshabalalisiweyo:

uyilo

Inxalenye yesixeko yayimi kwisitrato esikumbindi weNikolaev (ngoku eyiLenin Street). Ikota yamaJuda ibekwe emazantsi embindi wedolophu, ecaleni kwendlela eya kwibhulorho engaphaya komlambo iUmanka. Uphawu olwahlukileyo yayikukuhlala kwabantu abadala. Amahlwempu amaJuda ubukhulu becala ayehlala apho. Iintsapho ezininzi zazihlala kwindlu enye, zihlala yonke imigangatho, kubandakanya nomgangatho ongaphantsi. Ezi zindlu zazifana nezindlwana, zibekwe kufutshane kakhulu, zixinene kufutshane kwithambeka elingaphandle ngaphandle kocingo lokuzahlula. Izitalato ezinamacala amancinci ziyahlangana kwindawo yentengiso.

Amangcwaba ebekhona ukusukela ekusekweni koluntu lwamaJuda ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-18th. Ngokweminye imithombo ye-Hasidic, amaxhoba okubulawa kwabantu e-Uman ngo-1768 angcwatywa apha. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba amangcwaba amadala ayekhe abekwa kwakule ndawo inye. Ngomnyaka we-1811, uRabi Nachman waseBratzlav wangcwatyelwa ecaleni kwamaxhoba okubulawa kuka-Uman. Ngenkulungwane yama-20 amangcwaba yatshatyalaliswa. Akukho matye amangcwaba aphuma emangcwabeni amadala asindileyo.

Imbali kaRabi Nachman wengcwaba laseBratzlav, ngokwemithombo kaBratslaver.
Isiko lokundwendwela ingcwaba likaRabi Nachman lasekwa phakathi kwabafundi bakhe phantse emva kokufa kwakhe (xa esifa, uRabi Nachman wayalela abafundi bakhe ukuba bandwendwele ingcwaba lakhe, ngakumbi eRosh Hashana). Kwiminyaka ye-1920s-30s, abalandeli bakaRabi Nachman abavela kuluntu lwengingqi babekhathalela ingcwaba.

Ngo-1947 abasemagunyeni bagqiba kwelokuba bakhe kumhlaba wamangcwaba amadala amaJuda. URabi Zanvil Lyubarskiy waseLvov wayeyazi eyona ndawo ingcwaba kwaye wathenga esi siqwenga somhlaba kwindawo ekuthiwa nguMikhail. URabi wakha indlu kufutshane nengcwaba ukuze ingcwaba libe phantsi kodonga kunye nefestile. Kodwa uMikhail wayenoloyiko lokuba uza kufunyanwa kwaye wathengisa isiza kusapho lweeNtlanga. Abanini abatsha khange bawenze amaJuda kwaye abavumi ukuba bandwendwele eli ngcwaba lingcwele. Emva kwexesha elithile indlu yathengiswa kwakhona kolunye usapho lweentlanga kwaye umnini omtsha wavumela ukufikelela kwamaHasidim ukuba athandaze kude kube ngo-1996 xa indlu yathengwa nguBreslover Hasidim nge-USD 130,000.
Akukho nelinye ilitye lengcwaba kwimo yentsusa elisindileyo. Amangcwaba aqukethe ingcwaba likaRabbi Nahman waseBratzlav, elakhiwe eludongeni lwendlu, ngokwesiko laseBratslaver. Eli litye lilele nje phezu kwengcwaba likaRabi Nachman, isikhumbuzo sokuqala satshatyalaliswa ngexesha lemfazwe.

Amasinagoge angaphambili

Kwintsimi yomzi-mveliso we "Megaohmmeter" wale mihla izindlu zesikhungu ezibini, enye yekwayala enkulu kunye neye Hasidim. Indlu yesikhungu enkulu yekwayala ngoku ineyunithi yokhetho. Zombini ezi zakhiwo zabuyela kwinkulungwane ye-XIX. Ityala lenkundla lokubuyisela izakhiwo zesikhungu eluntwini liqhubeke ngaphezulu kweminyaka emihlanu. Indlu yesikhungu yeHasidim yavalwa ngo-1957, yayiyindlu yesikhungu yokugqibela esixekweni.

Ingcwaba likaSukhyi Yar

Ehlathini, embindini weSukhyi Yar, kukho i-obelisk yelitye emalunga neemitha ezintathu ukuphakama, ejikelezwe ziintsika kunye nomxokelelwane wentsimbi. I-obelisk ineepleyiti ezintathu ezinemibhalo yesikhumbuzo.
"Nantsi ke uxoke uthuthu lwamaJuda angama-25,000 asuka e-Uman, abulawa ngekwindla ngo-1941. Imiphefumlo yabo mayibotshwe ngobomi bethu ngonaphakade. ISIKHUMBUZO SANGUNAPHAKADE. ”

Ingcwaba elikhulu lase-Tovsta Dubina

NgoFebruwari 1942 ama-Uman angamaJuda abulawa kwindawo yase "Tovsta Dubina" emazantsi esixeko. Isikhumbuzo sakhiwa apho nge-376 kaMeyi ka-9. Olu lwazi lwapapashwa Pha.

Amangcwaba amaJuda amadala

Ngaphezulu kwe-90% yamatye amangcwaba kwinxalenye endala yatshatyalaliswa ngexesha le-WWII.

Ambalwa amangcwaba aziwayo:
URabi Avraham Chazan (? - 1917) wayekhokela uBreslov Hasid ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-XX. Wayengunyana kaRabi Nachman waseTulchin omnye wabafundi abaphambili kunye noluntu olwalungene ezihlangwini zikaRebbe Nathan waseBratslav. Emva kokufudukela eJerushalayim ngo-1894, uRabi Avraham wayehamba minyaka le esiya e-Uman. Ngo-1914 wanyanzelwa ukuba ahlale eRashiya ngenxa yokuqhambuka kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala. Wahlala apho de wadlula ngo-1917 wangcwatywa emangcwabeni ama-Uman amaJuda.

Ngexesha le-pogrom kaMeyi 12-14 kuphela, ukuya kuthi ga kuma-400 amaYuda abulawa. Elona nani lamaxhoba alinakuchazwa. Amaxhoba e-pogrom angcwatyelwe nalapho.
Esi sikhumbuzo sinombhalo olandelayo: "Esi siza ingcwaba elinabantu abangama-3000 abangamaJuda abaselumelwaneni. Ngamana uThixo angaliphindezelela igazi labo, Babulawa ngexesha lokubulawa kwabantu ngonyaka wama-5680 (1920). Ohaley Tzadikiim, Yerusalem ”.

Amangcwaba amatsha amaJuda

Amangcwaba amatsha asasebenza kwaye akwimeko entle. Amangcwaba aqhayisa ngocingo olutsha kunye nesango elitsha. Yahlukana namangcwaba amadala ngocingo.