IRiphabhlikhi yaseGeorgia: Imbali yenza iProfayili yeWayini eyohlukileyo

Bandwendwela bonke IRiphabhlikhi yaseGeorgia kwaye bachukumiseke kakhulu ngokuhlukileyo iwayini (phakathi kwezinye iimpawu ezizodwa) ukuba xa bebuyela ekhaya, babhala ngabo.

I-Georgia Ichitha Imbali

Ukuba uhlala eGeorgia, kunokwenzeka ukuba ubize ilizwe lakho iSakartvelo. Olunye uphando lubonisa ukuba igama elithi "Georgia" lavela kumaXesha Aphakathi xa iimfazwe zomnqamlezo zamaKristu zazidlula kulo mmandla zisendleleni eya kwiLizwe eliNgcwele. Ngelo xesha yayiyinxalenye yoBukhosi basePersi kwaye abantu basekuhlaleni babebizwa ngokuba yiGuri ababezinikele eSt. George ingcwele engumxhasi kumaXesha Aphakathi evunyiweyo yiNgilani, iCatalonia, iVenice, iGenoa, nePortugal kuba wayengumntwiso weembono. yobubele bobuKristu. Amajoni oMnqamlezo aqhagamshelene nawo aza abiza elo lizwe ngokuthi yiGeorgia.

Ukwenziwa kwewayini kwaseGeorgia kwasekuqaleni kwabhalwa kwiculo lamaxesha aphakathi, “Usisidiliya” elanikezelwa nguKumkani uDemetrius (1093-1156AD) kuBukumkani bakhe obutsha baseGeorgia. Ingoma iqala, “Usisidiliya esisandul’ ukuntshula iintyatyambo, umtsha umhle, ukhula e-Eden.”

Iwayini yaseGeorgia yayixatyiswa kakhulu ngookumkani baseAsiriya abalungisa imithetho yabo eyayivumela abemi balapho ukuba bahlawule amatyala abo ngewayini endaweni yegolide.

Kwelinye icala lembali nguJoseph Stalin. Wazalelwa eGeorgia waza wafumana igama elibi njengomvukeli kuBukhosi baseRussia waba yinkokeli yezopolitiko yeSoviet Union ukusuka ngo-1924 – 1953. Abanye basaqhubeka nokumhlonela kuba woyisa uHitler; noko ke, inkoliso imgqala njengozwilakhe obangele ukubulawa ngenkohlakalo kwabantu bakowabo.

Indawo, Indawo, Indawo

Ezona ntaba ziphakamileyo eYurophu ziiNtaba zeCaucasus, ezidala umda ophakathi kweGeorgia neRashiya. Eyona ncopho iphakamileyo isenokuba seRashiya; kunjalo, incopho yesibini ephakamileyo, Shkara, e Georgia (17,040 ft) ebetha Mount Blanc phantse 1312 iinyawo.

Ifumaneka kumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-600 empuma yeBosporus, iGeorgia ikwimpuma ye-Asiya, ijikelezwe luLwandle oluMnyama ngasentshona, iRussia ukuya emantla nakumantla-mpuma, iTurkey ukuya kumzantsi-ntshona, iArmenia ukuya emazantsi, kunye neAzerbaijan ukuya kumzantsi-mpuma. Ilizwe ligubungela i-26,900 square miles kunye nabemi be-3.7 yezigidi zabantu. Isithathu sabemi sihlala eTbilisi - ikomkhulu kunye nesixeko esikhulu esinabemi abazizigidi ezi-3.7.

Inxalenye yeWayini yeMbali

Ukwenziwa kwewayini eGeorgia yinxalenye yembali yayo njengoko inkqubo yaqala kwiminyaka engama-8,000 eyadlulayo kwaye abaninzi bathatha iRiphabhlikhi "njengendawo yokulala yewayini." Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, iGeorgia iye yahlaselwa, ikhupha abenzi bewayini bamandulo ngaphandle kwezidiliya zabo. Ngethamsanqa, kwakukho isithethe sokugcina izithole zokulima okwexeshana nto leyo eyenza ukuba i-viticulture kunye nokwenza iwayini ziphile.

Intsomi ithi uSaint Nino, umshumayeli wokuqala wobuKrestu eGeorgia, wadala umnqamlezo wakhe kwiziqu zomdiliya kwaye wafaka iziqu ngeenwele zakhe. Kukwakholelwa ukuba iimonki ze-monastery yase-Alaverdi zibe negalelo ekugcinweni kwendlela ye-qvevri (aka kvevri kunye ne-tchuri).

Abavelisi bewayini baseGeorgia banda kakhulu kumaXesha Aphakathi, njengoko ummandla osempuma yeMeditera wawugutyungelwe ziiMfazwe Zomnqamlezo. Njengelizwe lamaKristu, iGeorgia ayizange ikhathazwe ziiMfazwe Zomnqamlezo ibe yakwazi ukuphuhlisa ezolimo norhwebo ngoxolo. Emva kwexesha, yahlala ngaphandle koBukhosi base-Ottoman, umthetho wayo weSharia yamaSilamsi walela ukusetyenziswa kwewayini.

Imveliso yewayini iye yanda kakhulu eGeorgia de kwafika iphylloxera kunye nokungunda zisuka eMelika ekupheleni kwe 19th Century. Isitshabalalisi sitshabalalise phantse i-150,000 yeehektare (60,700ha) yezidiliya.

Xa iGeorgia yaba phantsi kolawulo lweSoviet kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka kamva, izidiliya zaphinda zatyalwa ngamawaka azo ukuze zihlangabezane nemfuno eyandisiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1980 yabona imeko emangazayo yobuso kwiSoviet Union kwiwayini. Iphulo elibukhali likaMikhail Gorbachev lokuchasa utywala lithintele ukuthengiswa kwewayini yaseGeorgia kumazwe angaphandle.

Ilizwe lifumene uzinzo lwezopolitiko okoko lathi lafumana inkululeko kwiUSSR ngo-1991. Ingxabano phakathi kweGeorgia neRussia isaqhubeka nanamhlanje, njengoko kungqinwe sisithintelo saseRussia sokungeniswa kwewayini yaseGeorgia ngo-2006, nengazange isuswe de kwangoJuni ka-2013.

Indlela yaseGeorgia'a Qvevri

I-Qvevri zizitya zodongwe ezinkulu ze-terracotta ezisetyenziselwa ukubilisa, ukugcinwa, kunye nokuguga kwewayini yesiNtu yaseGeorgia. Isikhongozelo sifana ne-amphorae enkulu emile okweqanda engenamiqheba kwaye ingangcwatywa ngaphantsi komhlaba okanye ibekwe kwimigangatho yeeseli ezinkulu zewayini.

I-Amphorae zenziwe ngeziphatho kwaye i-qvevri ayinazo iziphatho, ukwahlula imisebenzi nganye. KwiGrisi yamandulo kunye neRoma, i-amphorae yayisetyenziselwa ukuthutha kunye nokugcinwa kwezinto ezidliwayo ezifana newayini kunye neoli yomnquma kwaye kungekhona ukuveliswa kwewayini.

I-Qvevri isoloko iyinxalenye yenkqubo yokwenza iwayini kwaye ayifanelekanga ukuthutha ngenxa yobukhulu bayo kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, ingcwatywe emhlabeni.

Ngexesha lokugqibela lokwakhiwa kwe-qvevri, i-insides yesitya ngasinye sigqunywe nge-bewax (iimbiza zihlala zine-porous kwaye zivumela umoya ukuba udlule ngexesha lokuvutshelwa); i-bewax inceda ekukhuseleni amanzi kunye nokucoca isitya esivumela ukwenziwa kwewayini ukuba kube yinkqubo ecocekileyo kwaye izitya kulula ukuzicoca emva kokusetyenziswa ngakunye. Emva kokuba zifakwe ngaphantsi komhlaba, xa zicocwa kwaye zigcinwe ngokuchanekileyo, i-qvevri ingasetyenziselwa iinkulungwane.

Ekuqaleni, iiqvevri zaseGeorgia zamandulo zazinkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba zikwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zentsapho. Njengoko imfuno isanda i-qvevri iye yandiswa ivumela ukuveliswa komthamo ophezulu wewayini kwisitya ngasinye. Njengoko ubungakanani benyuka izinto zodongwe ziye zangazinzi phantsi kobunzima bazo obuninzi kunye nokwakhiwa koxinzelelo ngexesha lokuvundiswa. Ukunceda kuzinziso ngexesha lenkqubo, abenzi bewayini baqalise ukungcwaba i-qvevri phantsi komhlaba. Eli yaba linyathelo elimangalisayo ngokuhambisa imveliso phantsi komhlaba bafumanisa uhlobo lwakudala lwefriji (amaqondo obushushu apholile ngaphantsi komhlaba). Oku kuvumela ixesha elide lokuvundiswa kweediliya xa zivundiswa, nto leyo ingenza ukuba iwayini yonakale ngaphezulu komhlaba. Ixesha elongeziweyo lemaceration liphuhlisa ukwanda kwevumba nencasa kwiprofayili zewayini zeqvevri. I-UNESCO yathiya indlela ye-qvevri indawo yeLifa leMveli yeNkcubeko engaphathekiyo ngo-2013.

Inkqubo

Iidiliya zicinezelwe kancinane phambi kokuba zingene kwiqvevri ukuze zivundiswe. Kweminye imimandla, izikhumba kunye neziqu zingabandakanywa; nangona kunjalo, kwiindawo ezibandayo le nkqubo ithathwa njengenganqwenelekiyo kuba iwayini inokuvelisa iimpawu “eziluhlaza”.

Ukuvubela kuqala emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa kwaye kuqhubeka iiveki ezi-2-4. Njengoko inyambalala yezikhumba, izikhondo, okanye ikepusi ikhula, izika ngaphantsi komphezulu wencindi ebilayo. Ikepusi inika incasa, amavumba, kunye neetannins kumdiliya kufuneka. Ngexesha lokuvundiswa, le cap ibethelwa phantsi kabini yonke imihla ukunyusa ifuthe layo kwi wayini.

Xa i-cap ekugqibeleni iwela, amaxolo kunye neziqu ziyasuswa kwiwayini ezibomvu, ngelixa ezimhlophe zishiywe n contact. Isinyathelo esilandelayo kukugubungela i-qvevri ngeziciko zamatye kunye nokuvutshelwa kwe-malolactic kuqala. Iwayini ziyekwa ukuba zivuthwe malunga neenyanga ezi-6, ngelo xesha iileyi kunye nezinto eziqinileyo ziwela kwicandelo elisezantsi kwenqanawa apho ukudibana kunye neempembelelo zincinci.

Ekupheleni kwenkqubo, iwayini idluliselwa kwi-qvevri esanda kuhlanjululwa okanye enye isitya sokugcina kude kube yibhotile; ngamanye amaxesha iwayini ifakwa ebhotileni kwangoko.

I-Kvevris ibamba iilitha ezili-10 ukuya kwi-10,000 (i-800 iqhelekile) kwaye iyatyebisa iwayini ngodongwe oluvunduvundu. Iwayini ayinasulungeki kwaye ivelisa i-orenji yewayini ene-oxidative kancinane kwaye i-tannic.

Iintlobo ngeentlobo zeediliya

IGeorgia ineehektare ezimalunga ne-50,000 zediliya, kwaye i-75 pesenti ityalwe kumdiliya omhlophe kunye nama-25 ekhulwini kumdiliya obomvu. Inxalenye enkulu yezidiliya zelizwe zityalwe kwingingqi yaseKakheti kwimpuma yeGeorgia, eyona ndawo iphambili yokwenza iwayini. Imidiliya emibini ebalaseleyo yiRkatsiteli (emhlophe) kunye neSaperavi (ebomvu).

I-Georgia ibala malunga nama-500 eentlobo zediliya zemveli kodwa kude kube mva nje, imveliso yorhwebo igxile kwezimbalwa kakhulu eziye zatshatyalaliswa ngexesha leSoviet xa ugxininiso lwalusekwe ekuzinziseni nasekusebenzeni kakuhle. Namhlanje, malunga neendidi ezingama-45 ziveliswa ngokurhweba; nangona kunjalo, urhulumente waseGeorgia ukwiphulo lokugcina nokubuyisela iidiliya ezindala kunye nokwandisa iinketho. Ehlotyeni ngo-2014, i-Arhente yeSizwe yeWayini iqale ukuphinda ivelise imveliso yewayini ngokunika izityalo ezingaphezu kwama-7000 “zezityalo ezifihlakeleyo” kunye neentlobo zemveli kubalimi kwilizwe jikelele. 

Uphando lucebisa ukuba umdiliya omhlophe we Rkatsiteli uqale ukuvela empuma Georgia (kwinkulungwane yoku-1), uvelisa iwayini emhlophe ecacileyo kodwa elungeleleneyo enencasa epheleleyo kunye nomzimba opheleleyo. Iveza incasa yeapile eluhlaza ekrwadayo eneengcebiso zequince kunye nepesika emhlophe. Amava enkalakahla antsonkothile ngenxa yendlela yokuvelisa yaseGeorgia qvevri.

Umdiliya obomvu ophambili, iSaperavi, yinzalelwane yaseGeorgia (ithetha: indawo yombala). Yenye yeentlobo ezimbalwa zeteinturier (French: idayi okanye ibala) indidi yomdiliya ehlabathini enenyama ebomvu kunye nolusu olubomvu. Ibonisa umbala onzulu, o-inky, ohlala u-opaque ngokupheleleyo kunye namavumba kunye neencasa zamaqunube amnyama, i-licorice, inyama eyosiweyo, icuba, itshokolethi, kunye neziqholo.

Uqikelelo Olunenkqubela. Mhlawumbi

Uphando lucebisa ukuba iGeorgia inengxaki enkulu ye "wine fever" kwaye wonke umntu unexhala lokuthatha inxaxheba. Abantu baseGeorgia baqeqeshelwa ukuba ziingcali zommeli, abenzi bewayini, kunye nabakhenkethi bewayini, kwaye kukho ukwanda kwamanani eeklasi zabathengi.

Namhlanje iwayini zaseGeorgia zifumaneka kumazwe angama-53 kuquka iPoland, kunye neKazakhstan. I-China, iFransi, i-Israel, i-Netherlands, i-US, ne-Canada. Ishishini ngoku likwixesha lokufunyanwa kwakhona, uhlaziyo, kunye nokukhula - kwaye abathengi bewayini kwihlabathi jikelele bakulungele ukwamkela ezi wayini kwindawo yorhwebo ekhuphisanayo ye-e-commerce, iivenkile zewayini, kunye neepaseji zewayini kwiivenkile ezinkulu kunye nodederhu lweevenkile zesikhululo seenqwelomoya. Amashumi asibhozo amashishini ewayini ayesebenza ngo-2006, ngo-2018 bekukho phantse i-1,000 leendawo zewayini.

Baza kwenza ntoni abavelisi bewayini baseGeorgia ngokulandelayo? Basenokuxhamla kwiintlobo zediliya zamazwe ngamazwe kwaye ngenxa yemozulu, baqhubele phambili ekwenzeni izitayile zewayini ezivuthwe kakhulu. Kungenjalo, banokukhetha ukuzoba kwiindidi zembali, ekudala zikho kunye nezimbo zewayini. Olona luhlala luhleli lunokwenzeka ukuba lube ngumxube wezo zimbini. 

Georgia Wine Association

Ngo-2010, amalungu oshishino lwewayini yaseGeorgia aseka iGeorgian Wine Association (GWA) njengeqonga lenkxaso, uphuhliso, kunye notshintshiselwano ngezimvo. Umbutho onamalungu angama-30 lilizwi lecandelo lewayini laseGeorgia ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwaye lijolise ekwandiseni ulwazi loluntu kunye nombulelo ngeewayini zaseGeorgia. Lo mbutho ukwanikwe uxanduva lokugcina nokuphuhlisa izithethe zewayini zasekuhlaleni kunye neendlela zokwenza iwayini, ukutyala kunye nokuqinisekiswa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zewayini, ukuxhasa uphando lwezenzululwazi kunye nemfundo yediliya kunye nophuhliso lwecandelo lokhenketho lwewayini. 

Iingcebiso zeWayini eziKhethekileyo

1. Teliani Tsolikouri 2021. Indawo: Orbeli, isithili saseLechkhumi

I-Teliani Valley luphawu lokuqala lwaseGeorgia olungena kwimarike yaseMelika kunye neyona ndawo inkulu yewayini yelizwe ivelisa ngaphezulu kwamatyala angama-500,000 ngonyaka kunye neepesenti ezingama-70 ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Idibanisa ubuchule bemveli kunye nobugcisa bale mihla ukuvelisa iwayini kwiindidi zediliya zemveli zaseGeorgia.

Isidiliya sikwilifa leNkosana uAlexander Chavchavadze (1786-1846), imbongi yaseGeorgia, umxhasi woluntu, kunye nelungu lomkhosi elithathwa ngokuba "nguyise wothando lwaseGeorgia." Kulapha apho iwayini yaqala ukufakwa ebhotileni eGeorgia kwaye ingqokelela yewayini yakudala ibamba eyona bhotile indala yango-1814.

•         Amanqaku.

Cinga i-Chablis enombala okhanyayo we-lemon, oveliswe kwi-varietal ye-Tsalikouri, eneminerali kunye neengcebiso ze-lemon, kunye ne-limestone; esitsha kunye neziqhamo (cinga ipere, i-apula eluhlaza, i-grapefruit, i-ananas) kunye nobusi). Dibanisa nenkukhu egcadiweyo.

2. Gvantsa Aladasturi Red 2021. Indawo: Ummandla we-Imereti; Iintlobo zeediliya ze-Aladasturi; igwele elinegwele lasendle; iidiliya zityalwa kwiindawo eziphakamileyo. Organic. Yenziwe nguGvantsa Abuladze, kunye nosisi Baia.

•         Amanqaku.

I-ruby ebomvu ebomvu kwiso, i-raspberries entsha, i-currants ebomvu, amanqaku eentyatyambo kwiimpumlo; i-tannins elinganayo kunye nethambileyo; iingcebiso zeziqhamo ezibomvu, iziqholo ezifihlakeleyo emlonyeni, ezikhokelela ekugqityweni kwexesha elide. Dibanisa nemvana eyosiweyo okanye inyama yehagu.

3. Tevza Chinuri 2021. Indawo: Ummandla weKartli (iilali zaseBebris naseVazian); I-100 yeepesenti iintlobo zeediliya zeChinuri; 14-y/o imidiliya evunwe ngesandla, ithuthwa isiwe kwindawo yewayini, kwaye yacolwa ngokuthe ngqo kwiqvevri; ukubila kuqala kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi. Ukuvubela okuzenzekelayo kuyeka xa iwayini yomile kwaye oku kulandelwa yindalo ye-MLF fermentation.

Igama lithatyathwe kumbala othile wegolide, ophawulwe kwileyibhile. I-Chinuri luhlobo olucekethekileyo lomdiliya olulusu olunentlama ecacileyo ecacileyo kunye nejusi. UGoga Tevazdze ngumenzi wewayini (owasekwa ngo-2018). Ayihluzwanga; isebenzisa igwele lemveli ukubilisa; iimacerates ezimhlophe iiveki ezi-4-6 kwizikhumba ze-qvevri ezinobuncinci be-SO2.

•         Amanqaku.

Mthubi ophakathi ukuya kwi-amber kwiliso; iminerali, i-citrus, i-creamy, i-textured enobunzima obukhulu

ulwazi

Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo eyongezelelweyo kwi Wines of Georgia: i Umbutho weWayini waseGeorgia (GWA).

© UGqirha Elinor Garely. Inqaku lelungelo lokushicilela, kubandakanya iifoto, alinakuphinda liveliswe ngaphandle kwemvume ebhaliweyo evela kumbhali.