EFransi kuphela: IChampagne eneeBhamu zothando zolonwabo

Ukuveliswa kweChampagne kuqale emva kumakhulu eminyaka, kwaye ulwazi oluqokelelweyo kunye nobudlelwane obuninzi boluntu buye benza iFransi kunye neemveliso zaseFransi zaba lelinye lawona mqondiso "amazwe ewayini" emhlabeni.

IFransi kuphela kwendawo ehlabathini apho umntu oselayo onxaniweyo anokufumana iidiliya, kunye nezidiliya ezivelisa iChampagne.

IFransi kunye newayini ziyafana njengoko imveliso iyinxalenye yelizwe kwezolimo, ukutya kunye nembali yenkcubeko kunye nesazisi.

Ngo-2018, i-France yayine-786,000 yeehektare zediliya, enemveliso ephantse ibe yi-46.4 yeehektolitha, nto leyo eyenza i-France ibe leyesibini ngobukhulu ngokuvelisa iwayini ehlabathini ngokomthamo, emva nje kwe-Itali. Imveliso yaseFransi imele i-16.5 yeepesenti yemveliso yewayini yehlabathi. Ngokombono womphezulu, ihektare enye kwezili-10 zediliya ehlabathini ifumaneka eFransi.

Injini yoQoqosho

Icandelo lewayini liqeshe phantse abantu abangama-558,000, kubandakanywa abalimi bewayini abayi-142,000, kwaye malunga nama-84,000 ngamalungu enye yeeseli zentsebenziswano ezingama-690 zaseFransi zidale imisebenzi ethe ngqo engama-300,000, abathengisi abangama-38,000, abathengisi bewayini abangama-3,000, abathengisi bewayini abangama-100,000 kunye nabathengisi bewayini abangama-15,000 . Isibini esithathwini semveliso yewayini yaseFransi ityiwa eFransi kwaye iipesenti ezingama-85 zemizi yaseFransi (izigidi ezingama-23) zisela iwayini ekhaya (2017).

Bamalunga ne-10 lezigidi zabakhenkethi bewayini (ama-42 eepesenti abasuka phesheya) bandwendwela i-10,000 leevenkile zewayini zaseFransi okanye iimyuziyam ezingama-31 ezinikezelwe kwiwayini eFransi. 

Ukuthumela Iwayini kwelinye ilizwe

IFransi lelona lizwe lithengisa iwayini enkulu kumazwe angaphandle (imi phambi kwe-Italiya ne-Spain) kunye ne-29 yepesenti yexabiso lilonke nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yimveliso yobuchule yokuthengisa ngaphandle kwe-French. Ngo-2018, iFransi yathumela ngaphandle kwe-14.9 yeehektolitha malunga ne-8.9 yeebhiliyoni zee-Euro (ezilingana neenqwelo ezingaphezu kwe-100 ze-Airbus). Ukuthunyelwa kweFransi ngokuyinhloko (malunga neepesenti ze-60) ezijoliswe kumazwe aseYurophu, ekhokelwa yiJamani kunye ne-United Kingdom; nangona kunjalo, eyona ndawo iphambili yewayini yaseFransi yi-USA (i-16 yepesenti yexabiso lilonke elithengiswa kumazwe angaphandle, ikakhulu ezibhotileni).

IsiFrentshi Sichaza iWayini

Ngomnyaka ka 1907 iwayini yachazwa ngokusemthethweni eFransi njengesiselo esivundisiweyo apho zonke izinto kufuneka zivele kumdiliya, kuquka namanzi ngakumbi incasa. Injongo: ukuthintela nayiphi na imveliso engekho mthethweni enokuthi inyuse imveliso ngokungekho mthethweni kunye nomngcipheko obangela ukuba amaxabiso ewayini ehle.

Iwayini kumazwe ngamazwe ichazwe (1973) yi-Ofisi yeWayini yaMazwe ngaMazwe (OIV) eyasekwa ngo-1924 “njengesiselo kuphela esibangelwa kukubiliswa okupheleleyo okanye inxalenye yotywala obunxilisayo beidiliya ezintsha, zicudiwe okanye hayi, okanye zediliya kufuneka. Amandla otywala asenokungabi ngaphantsi kwe-8.5 ekhulwini ngokomthamo.”

Icandelo lewayini laseFransi lelokuqala ukuseka uphuhliso lwalo ekutyunjweni kwemvelaphi, ukugcina ukubonakaliswa kwe-terroir yokuba imveliso egqithisileyo inganciphisa. Ngokwembono yezoqoqosho, utyekelo lokukhetha iwayini ezithintelweyo kwimveliso yazo zikhusela imingcipheko yokuvelisa ngokugqithisileyo kunye nokuhla kwexabiso.

Abavelisi bechampagne bayilawula ngokuzimisela inkqubo yokuvelisa, bekhusela isidima sewayini ehlwahlwazayo njengeyona mveliso ikhethekileyo.

I-Champagne yaba ngummandla wokuqala ukuwongwa ngesibizo (ukulawulwa kwemida) ngurhulumente waseFransi. Ingcinga yokucanda yaya ibaluleke kakhulu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 njengoko i-champagne ibalulekile kwisazisi sesizwe saseFransi kwaye inceda ukuseka iindlela apho i-terroir kunye nenkqubo yezibizo ezilawulwayo zigcina umlibo wokuzalwa waseFransi.

Ishampeyini. Isiphumo ebesingacetywanga

Imbali ibonisa ukuba iwayini ehlwahlwazayo "yazalwa" ngengozi - ukuveliswa kwegesi yekhabhoni evela kwisibilini sokubiliswa kwegwele. Iiwayini ezininzi “zinokukhazimla,” nangona kunjalo, abavelisi beChampagne bagxile ekuthengiseni isiselo esihlwahlwazayo, besebenza nzima ukukhuthaza iimpawu ezahlukileyo ezibuyela emva kwimilibo yobukhosi kunye neentsomi zothando, ukudibanisa isiselo, indawo kunye nabavelisi. kwixesha eladlulayo elikhethekileyo neliphezulu.

Ngo-Belle Epoque (1871-80), ukusela i-champagne yayikukubeka ibango lakho kubomi obuphucukileyo. Yaba luphawu lwesizwe kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe, imveliso enophawu olukhulu, kunye nenkunzi yenkcubeko.

IChampagne nguMxube

I-Champagne yiwayini edityanisiweyo, kwaye iindawo ezinkulu zosapho zilawula kunye nabaxoxisana abanoxanduva lokutyumza, ukudibanisa, ukuguga, kunye nokuthengisa iwayini. Iidiliya nomhlaba yayikuphela kwendlela yabalimi yokulawula ulwabiwo lweChampagne. I-phylloxera epidemic ye-1890s yasongela i-vignerons kunye ne-negociants ekhokelela ekuqinisekiseni ingcamango yokuba i-Champagne njengommandla ochaziweyo yayisisiseko kwisazisi se-Champagne njengesiselo selizwe kunye nehlabathi jikelele.

Bekusoloko kukho ukungavisisani phakathi kwabavelisi beediliya kunye nabathengi. Abalimi bathengisa malunga neepesenti ezingama-23 zazo zonke iibhotile zeChampagne, kodwa ngaphezulu kweepesenti ezingama-92 zezi ntengiso zenziwa eFransi. Uninzi lwee-vignerons ngamalungu enye yee-cooperatives ze-137 kwingingqi, kwaye yenzelwe ukubonelela abavelisi abancinci ngokufikelela kwi-capital abangenako ukufikelela kuyo ngabanye kunye nokuqinisa amandla abo okuxoxisana ngokujongene namandla aphezulu oqoqosho lwabarhwebi kunye nabaphakathi. . Zininzi iimanyano ezisebenza ngokubambisana eChampagne kunayo nayiphi na enye indawo yewayini yaseFransi, kwaye zimiselwe ukusetyenzwa kweediliya, kwaye zithengise ijusi okanye iwayini esele ezindlwini.

Kukho iindlela ezine ezisisiseko zokuphatha iidiliya:

1. Cinezela kwaye uthengise ijusi

2. Yenza iwayini epholileyo ethengiswayo

3. Galela iwayini emileyo ngokubiliswa okwesibini ebhotileni emva koko uyithengise

4. Beka iwayini engangxengwanga ngokubiliswa okwesibini ebhotileni kwaye uyithengisele abanye ukuze bayithengise njengemveliso yabo

5. Ukuvelisa iwayini ecocekileyo ethengiswa phantsi kweleyibhile yabo kukhuphiswano nabathengi kunye nabanye abalimi.

Iimveliso zeChampagne

Amaqela amahlanu okwangoku alawula uninzi lweemarike zeChampagne.

1. I-Moet-Hennessy Louis Vuitton (LVMH) (yeyona inkulu kwindawo yobumnandi):

• Moet et Chandon (1743)

• Veuve Clicquot (1772)

• Krug (1843)

• Ruinart (1764)

• Mercier (1858)

Amanye amaqela aquka:

2. UVranken Pommery (1858), BCC ongumnini:

• Lanson (1760)

• Boizel (1834)

• deVenoge (1837)

3. ULaurent Perrier (1812) uquka:

• I-Salon (eyasungulwa ngo-1911). Enye yezona zindlu zidumileyo kwiChampagne. Endaweni yokwenza uluhlu lwezitayile ezibandakanya icuvée yodumo njengezindlu ezininzi zeChampagne, iSalon yenza icuvée enye yodumo, eyenziwe iChardonnay isuka kwilali iLe Mesnil-sur-Oger.

• Delamotte (1760)

4. IPernod Ricard (iqela leziselo zamazwe ngamazwe)

• Umama (1827)

• Perrier Jouet (1811)

5. URemy Contreau

• UCharles noPiper Heidsieck (1851)

I-17 yamashishini aphakathi athatha i-33 yepesenti yexabiso:

• Taittinger (imvelaphi 1734; Taittinger 1931)

• ULouis Roederer (1833)

• Bollinger (1829)

• UPol Roger (1849)

I-Nicolas Feuillatte (yeyona Champagne ithengisa kakhulu kulo lonke i-hyper hyper kunye nevenkile enkulu ngo-2020) ithengisa iibhotile ezizizigidi ezi-4.5, iibhotile ezizigidi ezi-2.6 ngaphezulu kohlobo lwesibini oluthengiswa kakhulu, uAlfred Rothschld. I-brand ye-Feuillatte (eyaqalwa ngo-1976) idibanisa ama-80 amancinci, ookopolotyeni basekuhlaleni abangaphezulu kwishishini elinye, ngokungekho ngqo kumanyaniswe malunga nama-6,000 eevignerons kwingingqi. UNicolas Feuillatte lolona hlobo lwe-4 okanye yesi-5 ngobukhulu ehlabathini ngokomthamo.

IiChampagnes ezimbini zecuvee ezidumileyo ezaqala ukwenzeka ziyaqhubeka zibalulekile kwimarike yodidi: iMoet's Dom Perignon, kunye neRoederer's Cristal. Indlu kaRoederer yaqalisa uCristal ngenkulungwane ye-19 kwiNkundla yasebukhosini yaseRashiya, kunye noCzar Alexander II. I-cuvee ifumene igama layo kwibhotile yekristale engaqhelekanga ecaciswe ngumlawuli ukuba ayisebenzise. I-Moet & Chandon, umvelisi omkhulu kakhulu, yipesenti encinci yemveliso ye-Moet iyonke. Iwayini yaqala ukuthengiswa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, ngokukodwa eNgilane, nase-United States, yafumaneka eFrance phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20.

Eyokugqibela kubuNtofontofo

Abathengi babona i-Champagne njengento yokunethezeka kwaye ngokuzithandela bahlawula amaxabiso eprimiyamu kwimveliso exabisa malunga ne-9 yee-Euro ukuvelisa (i-brut esisiseko, engekho-vintage); kukuthengisa ngobuchule kunye nokuhambelana komgangatho okubeke ngempumelelo njengophawu kunye nentsomi.

Uphononongo lubonisa ukuba iChampagne ayithengelwa imihla ngemihla kwiivenkile ezinkulu.

Kuphela (kwi-avareji) 1.8 ukuthengwa ngomntu ngamnye, ngonyaka kwenziwa, ngokuchasene nokuthengwa kwe-5 ngomntu ngamnye ngonyaka kwiwayini ehlwahlwazayo iyonke (ingabandakanyi iChampagne). Uphando lukwabonisa ukuba iipesenti ze-60 zabathengi basela i-Champagne ngezizathu zentlalo okanye ukuzonwabisa, kwaye umyinge weminyaka yomthengi we-Champagne uphakathi kwe-35-64, kunye nowesifazane onamandla olandela phakathi kweminyaka eyi-17-24.

Ezinye iimarike zijongene nokwehla kwentengiso yeChampagne, kwaye eli inokuba lixesha elifanelekileyo lokwandisa iinzame zokuthengisa ngaphaya kombhiyozo, ukugqithisa kunye nokuhenda ukwandisa ukhetho lwe-aperitif kunye nokutya okunobuhlobo.

I-APVSA-Zisa iChampagne entsha eNew York

Ukuba ungumthengi wewayini, umthengisi, umthengisi, umthengisi, i-arhente, umbhali wewayini / umvandlakanyi, i-sommelier okanye utitshala wewayini, kufuneka udibane noPascal Fernand umseki we-Association pour la Promotion des Vins et Spiritueux (APVSA), umbutho ongenzi ngeniso inxulumanisa abalimi bewayini/abavelisi bewayini kunye neemarike zaseMntla Melika (kuquka i-USA, iMexico neKhanada). Ngokusekwe eMontreal, uFernand uchithe ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-20 esazisa iiwayini zeboutique, kunye nabavelisi bemimoya kwiimarike ezintsha, kunye nabathengi abatsha.

Kumsitho wakutsha nje we-APVSA kwisiXeko saseNew York, ndibe nethamsanqa lokudibana noMathieu Copin, waseChampagne uJacque Copin, ozinze eVerneuil, eFransi. Okwangoku iCopin Champagne ithengiswa kumazwe angaphandle, kwaye isasazwa eCalifornia, ePuerto Rico, eJapan, eNetherlands, eSweden, eDenmark, eSwitzerland, eJamani, eSwitzerland, eMzantsi Afrika naseCambodia.

Usapho olunelifa, elizimeleyo likwintsimi yeehektha ezili-10 kwiNtlambo yaseMarne apho iveliswa khona ezinye zeChampagnes ezinomdla nezikhethekileyo. I-Pinot Meunier, umdiliya oyinzalelwane kule ndawo, ugxile kwiCopin Champagnes.

Elifa laqalwa nguAlfred Copin ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 xa wayethenga izidiliya eVandieres. Umzi wewayini wagqithiselwa kuMaurice Brio, kunye noAuguste Copin owathatha iindima zobunkokeli njengoko babetyala imidiliya yokuqala yaseChardonnay, kunye nePinot Noir. Ukuqala ngo-1963 u-Jacques Copin wandisa ishishini laseVerneuil kunye nomfazi wakhe, u-Anne-Marie, ukwazisa uphawu lweChampagne Jacques Copin.

Ukusukela ngo-1995, uBruno kunye nenkosikazi yakhe, uMarielle kunye nabantwana babo, uMathieu noLucille, bakhokela imisebenzi yohlobo lweCopin yokuxuba isithethe kunye nobuchwepheshe bale mihla. Izidiliya zinyanyekelwa ngesandla kwaye ivinification iyenzeka kwimibhobho ye-oki ngelixa i-thermo-regulated stainless-steel vats kunye ne-micro-vinification ivumela ukuveliswa kweechampagnes ezizodwa.

IiFavorites zeCopin zobuqu

UCopin uvelisa iiChampagnes ezininzi kwaye oku kulandelayo kubonakalisa iimpendulo zam ezinomdla kwabambalwa abakhethiweyo:

1. Iipolyphenols 2012. I-Brut eyongezelelweyo. I-50 yepesenti yeChardonnay, i-50 yepesenti yePinot Noir.

Iipolyphenols (phonelic compound) ziyindalo kwimidiliya. Zikhona eluswini, zinika umbala kunye namavumba kwaye zibonwa njengenzuzo kwimpilo. UNjingalwazi uJeremy Spencer, iSebe lezoKutya kunye neSayensi yeZondlo, iYunivesithi yokuFunda, ufumanisa ukuba i-polyphenols, "amandla okuchaphazela ukusebenza kwengqondo njengememori ... 'Olunye uphando oluvela kwiYunivesithi lubonise ukuba, "iiglasi ezimbini ze-champagne ngosuku zinokuba zilungile. yentliziyo yakho kunye nokujikeleza kwaye inokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuhlaselwa sisifo sentliziyo kunye ne-stroke. "

Iidiliya zePolyphenols Copin zavunwa ngesandla ngoSeptemba 19-20, 2012, kwaye zicinezelwe kwiiyure ezi-6; Ukukhutshwa kwe-digorgement kwenzeka ngokukhenkceka ngejetting kwaye akukho SO2 yongezwayo. Iwayini yafakwa ebhotileni ngoMatshi 8, 2013, ngesiFrentshi yenza iglasi enemibala yesinamoni kumzi-mveliso we-OI SAS France de Reims. Akukho kuphola okanye ukuhluzwa; ukuvutshelwa kwemalolactic; akukho fining. Ukufakwa kwi-alcohol fermentation: Igwele elomileyo elisebenzayo limiselwe ukuya kuthi ga kwi-17 degrees C kwiivathi zentsimbi. I-Cellar ineminyaka engama-108 ubuncinane kwiinyanga ze-11 degrees C kunye ne-capped cork kunye ne-P103 seal.

Le brut, ihalf chardonnay kunye nehalf pinot noir inika umbala oqaqambileyo wegolide emehlweni, iziqhamo ezimhlophe ezivuthiweyo, ama-apile aluhlaza, iiplums, igrapefruit, ubusi, kunye namanqaku athosiweyo empumlweni, kwaye emva koko ikhuphela inkalakahla ngendlela ekhethekileyo nenomtsalane. igxininiswa yi-asidi ephawulweyo. I-Dense, iyinkimbinkimbi kwaye imnandi, le champagne inika ixesha elide kunye nolonwabo. Dibanisa nehagu, isalmon, ityhuna, ishellfish okanye itshizi ethambileyo / ethambileyo.

2. URose Brut. I-60 ipesenti yePinot Noir, i-25 yepesenti ye-Meunier, i-15 yepesenti ye-Chardonnay evela kwiidolophana ezintathu kwi-Marne Valley (eVeneuil, eVincelles, eVandieres).

I-viticulture ezinzileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa okulinganiselweyo kweemveliso zokwenziwa. Ukuvuna okwenziwa ngesandla kulandelwa kukucinezela umoya. Ukuvundiswa okungaphelelanga kuqalwa kwiqondo lobushushu eliphantsi kwiitanki zentsimbi engatyiwayo zihambisa iwayini eyomileyo enesiqulatho sotywala esiphantsi. Iwayini ke ihluzwa kancinci ukugcina igwele. Ukuvubela kuqala ngokwemvelo ubuncinane beenyanga ezi-2; Uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo olwenziwe kwibhotile luthintela ukuvutshelwa okutsha. I-disgorgement yenziwa ngokukhupha ibhotile phantsi koxinzelelo, kunye ne-filtration eyinyumba.

Ipinki yekorale enzulu kwiliso kunye namaqamza adlamkileyo. Impumlo ivuyiswa ngamavumba athambileyo ama-cherries amatsha kunye namaqunube. Inkalakahla iyakonwabela ukufunyanwa kweziqhamo ezibomvu ezilungelelaniswe ngamayeza kunye neasidi ekhanyayo. Yonwabela njenge-aperitif okanye ngamaqebengwana oononkala, idada, intlanzi kunye nezimuncumuncu ezisekelwe kwitshokolethi kunye neziqhamo.

3. Le Beauchet Extra Brut. I-100 yepesenti yePinot Noir eyenziwe ngokuxutywa kwezivuno zonyaka wama-2012, 2013 no-2014 ukusuka kwisiza saseBeauchet. Imidiliya yatyalwa ngo-1981 ine-41B yengcambu.

Iploti ijonge kumzantsi-ntshona, kunye nethambeka eliphantsi kakhulu ezantsi kweenduli, ubukhulu becala umhlaba wodongwe olunodaka olunekalika encinci kwaye utyebe kakhulu ngentsimbi. Iidiliya zivunwa ngesandla kwaye zicinezelwe kwiiyure ezi-6. Ukonakaliswa ngokukhenkceka kunye nejeti ngaphandle kokongeza i-S02.

Ebhotileni ngoMatshi, ngo-Epreli okanye ngoMeyi emva kokukha, kubunzima obulula isiFrentshi senza iibhotile zeglasi ze-champagne kumzi-mveliso we-O1 de Reims. Akukho kuphola okanye ukuhluzwa. Racking emva AF Malolactic fermentation ayenziwanga. Akukho ziphene. Ukubiliswa kotywala. Igwele elomileyo elisebenzayo i-Saccharomyces cerevisiae galactose kwi-18 degrees C kwiivathi zentsimbi. Umhla we-Disgorgement obhalwe kwisiseko sebhotile kunye ne-cork; iphumla kwiinyanga ezi-5-6 ngaphambi kokuthengisa.

Ngolwazi olongezelelweyo kwiiwayini ezifumaneka nge-APVSA, Cofa apha.

© UGqirha Elinor Garely. Inqaku lelungelo lokushicilela, kubandakanya iifoto, alinakuphinda liveliswe ngaphandle kwemvume ebhaliweyo evela kumbhali.

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