Inkungu yakusasa iyanyamalala xa kubukeka imithi yesundu namahlathi aluhlaza aluhlaza azotywe ziintaba ezingathi hlasi zigqunywe likhephu. Olu hambo luthathwa ngabakhenkethi abangenakubalwa yonke imihla yindlela enye nomhloli wamazwe uHiram Bingham awahamba ngayo ngasekupheleni kowe-1911. Namhlanje sivuyela uloliwe ophambili - olandelwa kukuhamba ngenqwelomoya kwebhasi nokuhambahamba phakathi kwamaLlamas.
UBingham ubhale ngolu hambo kwincwadi yakhe ethi Lost City of the Incas wabhala wathi: “Ibingayi kuba libali elilumkileyo eligcwele ukuphindaphinda nokuphindaphinda ukuba ndingazama ukuchaza iindawo ezingenakubalwa, amawa amade kunye neepanorama ezihlala zitshintsha.
Emva kokuba uloliwe efikile elalini, abakhenkethi bakhwela iibhasi ezincinci ukuqala ukunyuka kokugqibela. Indlela ejijekileyo enamajiko inyuka inyukele kwi-panorama yamawa neentaba de kubonakale umbono omangalisayo. Uthotho lwezakhiwo zamatye kunye nemithamo encotsheni yentaba iyacaca.
Amazwi kaBingham phantse kwiminyaka elikhulu eyadlulayo athi: “Ngenxa yehlathi ngaphambili kunye namakhephu omkhenkce kwindawo ephakamileyo, nditsho nendlela ekuthiwa yeyendlela yayisisithukuthezi - nangona yayihamba ngokungakhathali isihla kwizinyuko zamatye ngamanye amaxesha zinqunyulwa Kweli cala lingentla… Senza inkqubela kancinci, kodwa sasihlala kumhlaba omangalisayo. ”
Kuthatha ukolula kwendalo ukukhulelwa ukuba umntu angaya njani kubude obude njenge-Inca yokwakha ifa apha. Okwangoku ihleli kwindawo ephezulu kwiiAndes zasePeruvia kangangeemitha ezingama-2,500 XNUMX ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle phakathi kwezintaba ezingavumiyo kwaye ngokuchanekileyo ngaphakathi emafini yiMachu Picchu, indawo yokuhlala eyimfihlakalo eshiywe ngabalawuli bexesha elinye kuMzantsi Merika, i-Inca Empire.
Namhlanje uMachu Picchu uyidolophu enesiporho enomtsalane. Phantse kangangekhulu leminyaka iye yamxaka kwaye yabangela umdla umphengululi kunye nomntu oqhelekileyo ngokufanayo, ekubeni bekungumbandela wentsomi, iinyani ezingaphelelanga, iintsomi kunye neentsomi ezinde njengababalisi bamabali besenza iinguqulelo ezikhuphisanayo zento eyakha yakho apha. Ibikade iyiflegi yentshukumo zokomoya, ukusuka kwiihippies ukuya phambili, apho izikhokelo zihamba kubakhenkethi abangalindelanga kwindawo leyo bezondla ngamabali angenakulindeleka.
Iintshukumo zokomoya "Bahlanganise uluhlu lwezinto, ezinye zazo zithathwe kwiinkolelo zanamhlanje ze-Andean, kodwa ezinye zivela eMntla Melika okanye iinkolelo zomthonyama zaseIndiya," utsho uRichard Burger, unjingalwazi weYunivesithi yaseYale nongumphengululi odumileyo waseMachu Picchu, " Eminye ikwathathwe kwiCeltic - kwaye ngubani owaziyo, mhlawumbi iinkolelo zaseTibetan. ”
Njengabantu abanomdla kwizinto zokomoya, izikhokelo zikaMachu Picchu ziye zaba ziishaman okanye ababingeleli bendabuko, utshilo uBurger, ovelise zonke iintlobo zamabali abaziyo ukuba abantu baya konwaba ngawo. Ukanti uBurger ukhala ngelithi uninzi lwezi mabali alunanto yakwenza kangako neMachu Picchu. Izikhokelo zibalisa amabali ngamandla amangalisayo okanye zenze amasiko kunye namasiko.
“Izikhokelo ezisengqondweni yam zifana nabahlekisi beCatskill. Baphuma phambi kwesihlwele esinzima kwaye babone indlela abakhenkethi abasabela ngayo kumabali abawathethayo. Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lokuphendula, oko kuyakulingana nengcebiso abayifumanayo - okanye ubuncinci inani labantu abahlala kulo lonke ukhenketho kwaye bangabhaduli. ”
Nditsho noWalt Disney uxelela inguqulelo yakhe yebali le-Inca kwifilimu yoopopayi Abathetheli abatsha Iingubo. Ngelixa ibali likaDisney lomlawuli uCusco otshintshwe ngomlingo waba llama kugqitywe ukuba kuyintsomi, ngendlela eyahlukileyo yokuba elinye ibali lehlabathi linegalelo kubume beentsomi zamagcisa kunye namagorha eInca.
Imovie kaWalt Disney yoopopayi I-Emperors New Groove, njengoStephen Spielberg's blockbuster wase-Indiana Jones uthotho okanye imizobo kaMel Gibson yempucuko yakudala yama-Mayan e-Apocalypto inegalelo kwinkcubeko eguqukayo yakudala yempucuko kwiimpawu zayo. IMachu Picchu yahlukile.
Kucace gca ukuba iMachu Picchu yayakhelwe i-Inca Pachacuti owayengumlawuli ongaqhelekanga. Wayeyindibaniselwano yomntu oyimfihlakalo nophambili kwezopolitiko, utshilo uJorge A. Flores Ochoa, isazi ngemvelaphi yabantu kwiDyunivesithi yaseCusco, "Wakhetha indawo ekhethekileyo efana neMachu Picchu kuba iyamangalisa ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na enye into."
“Utshintshe inkolo yamaInca ngexeshana elifutshane kakhulu, iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu, kwaye ebezidla ngobuhandiba bamaInca. Urhulumente wayenamandla kakhulu kwaye elawulwa phantse yonke into. Ngale ndlela iiInca zazinobunjineli obomeleleyo nobomeleleyo. Umsebenzi wabo wamatye nawo wawulunge kakhulu. ”
Ukugqitywa kokugqibela kobungqina beInca kucebisa ukuba ukwakhiwa kwesiza saseMachu Picchu kwaqala malunga ne-1450, kwaye kucingelwa ukuba kwayekwa kwiminyaka engama-80 kamva. AbaseSpain baya kuqhubeka boyisa iPeru ngo-1532, kunye nokugqitywa kokugqibela kwe-Inca ngo-1572.
Kuya kufuneka uhambe kuphela kwisikhululo senqwelomoya sedolophu elikomkhulu lasePeru, iLima, kwaye ukhawuleze uqonde ubungakanani obufunyenwe nguMachu Picchu apha. Kwiibhodi zezaziso zeenkampani zamakhadi okuthenga ngetyala kwiifemu zezindlu nomhlaba iMicic Picchu iye yaba ngumbutho obalulekileyo kwilizwe elisaleleyo ngenxa yoloyiso lweSpanish kula mazwe.
"IiInca yayiluluntu olwenzelwe imfazwe," utshilo uRodolfo Florez Usseglio weHidden Treasure Peru, usomashishini wezenkcubeko ovela eCusco ophila ngokuqokelela amabali ezenkcubeko zeli lizwe, "Boyisa iindawo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka eMzantsi weChile IArgentina ukuya ePanama. Babebalasele kwisayensi yemfazwe kwaye babeluluntu olunonxibelelwano olukhulu ”
Uluntu lwaluyinto entle - phakathi kwezona zibalaseleyo emhlabeni. Xa amaSpanish eza apha abangela ukothuka okukhulu. Esingekasoyisi. ”
EPeru, apho ubuhlwempu bunokubonakala, ilifa likaMachu Picchu kunye nehlabathi elinamandla elenziwe yi-Inca sisikhumbuzo sokuba olu hlanga lwalukhe lwaba ligunya lehlabathi.
Ulwazi lwangoku lweMachu Picchu luqala ngobukhulu obungaphezulu kobomi bomhloli wamazwe waseMelika uHiram Bingham III, otyholwa ngokufumanisa kwakhona isiza ngo-1911, kwaye ebeka indawo yokuhlala emephini emehlweni ehlabathi.
IsiXeko esilahlekileyo seIncas iBingham sashicilela iziphumo zaso kwiNational Geographic Magazine saza sabhala isiXeko esithandwayo esilahlekileyo seInca, ibali elalihambahamba ehlabathini; nangona yayikhathazwa yinto eyathi kamva yafunyanwa njengeentsomi kunye nokucinga, njengenkolelo yokuba iMachu Picchu yayisisixeko konke konke. UBurger, othe waphinda wajonga iziphumo zikaBingham, wagqiba kwelokuba yayiyindawo yasebukhosini.
"Ndicinga ukuba uBingham wayephazama," utshilo uBurger, "Enye yeengxaki angakwazanga ukuyilungisa kukuba wayeqeqeshwe ngokukodwa njengombhali-mbali. Kwakunzima kuye ukubona ubungqina bezinto zakudala njengesiseko esomeleleyo sokuthobela. ”
"Indlela awayecinga ngayo njengombhali-mbali yayikukuba kukho ukuqonda okupheleleyo okufumanekayo okuvela kwiirejista kwaye ukuba wayenokulingana nje noko wayekufumene - ezi ntsalela zomzimba - kweso sikhokelo, wayezolunga. Isimanga, ukuba kukho enye, kukuba ufumene indawo ekunzima ukuyenza nayo. Ufumene indawo engakhange ikhankanywe, indawo engenamdla kangako kumaSpanish. ”
U-Bingham uchaze le ndawo njengeziko elihlala abefundisi abanqula ilanga neqela elikhethiweyo leentombi ezingaqhelekanga zelanga. Isiza sathiwa yiBingham ukuba yindawo yokuzalwa ye-Inca. Kuye kwafunyanwa ukutyhubela iminyaka, nangona kunjalo, ukuba akukho nto ixhasa nayiphi na kwezi ngcamango.
Impikiswano malunga nokuqokelelwa kwe-Machu Picchu Eyona mpikiswano ibalulekileyo nge-Machu Picchu lidabi elinyukayo lezinto ezingcwele ezaqokelelwa nguBingham ngexesha lohambo lwakhe lokuqala. Umhloli wazikhupha izinto ukuze zifundwe eMyuziyam yasePeabody yaseYale kwisivumelwano esinempikiswano urhulumente wasePeruvia namhlanje athi ngewayenokubuyela ngokukhawuleza kwezinto emva kokufunda. Sele phantse ikhulu leminyaka, nangona kunjalo, kwaye iPeru ifuna ukuba ibuye. Ngaphandle kwesivumelwano phakathi kweYunivesithi yaseYale kunye noRhulumente wase-Peru wase-Alan Garcia ngo-2007, impikiswano yaqatsela ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka xa kutyhilwa ukuba inani lezinto ezigcinwe eYale-ebekucingelwa ukuba zingabamelwane abangama-3,000 - ngoku kuthiwa ngaphezulu kwama-40,000.
Indlela abanye abantu basePeru abayibona ngayo, uHiram Bingham yayisesinye isahluko kwilizwe elidlulileyo lesikoloniyali apho iinxalenye zembali kunye nenkcubeko yabo zathuthwayo, zabhalwa ngokutsha, zabhalwa ukuze kuzuze omnye umntu nodumo.
"Ingxaki asiyiyo iBingham, ingxaki sisimo sengqondo seDyunivesithi yaseYale malunga nokuqokelelwa kweMachu Picchu," utshilo umphengululi wezinto zakudala uLuis Lumbreras, owayeyintloko ye-Instituto National de Cultura, olazi kakuhle eli tyala, "Ingxaki sisimo ngokunxulumene nelizwe lam, nemithetho yam ePeru kunye nemvume eyenza ukuba sikwazi ukuthumela ingqokelela kumazwe angaphandle."
Ngelixa kwinqununu ivumile ukubuya kwenxalenye elungileyo yengqokelela yeMachu Picchu, iLumbreras iyayikhetha imeko ebekwe nguYale ngokubhekisele kulwakhiwo lwemyuziyam lokugcina izinto ngaphambi kokubona ukubuya kwazo. U-Yale ubiza izithonga, u-Lumbreras uziva, kwaye akayithandi.
“Kwiminyaka engamashumi alithoba kamva isimo sengqondo sikaYale sihambe kakuhle, kodwa… 'siyakubuyisa ingqokelela ukuba unemyuziyam phantsi kwezi meko ndizibuzayo', iYale enkulu. Ngokuqinisekileyo ayinakwenzeka loo nto. ”
Unjingalwazi waseYale uBurger uyabuya, nangona kunjalo, ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo othintelayo malunga nokuthunyelwa kwelinye ilizwe ingqokelela yeMachu Picchu yayisebenza kuphela kuhambo lwakhe lwamva- xa umhloli wamazwe angakhange alonwabele amanqanaba afanayo enkxaso kurhulumente wasePeruvia. Ukuqonda ingqokelela yangaphambili, uBurger uyaphikisana, yayikukuba izinto zisiwe eUnited States, 'ngokungapheliyo'.
Ukungena & Ukufika Uninzi lwabakhenkethi abathatha uhambo oluya eMachu Picchu bazakufika eLima, kulandele iyure enye kunye nekota yokubhabha eCusco, yayileliphi iziko lokwenyani lobukhosi beInca. Apha uya kuthi ubuliswe ngabantu balapha ngecoca-tea iti ekuthiwa ithoba isiphumo sokugula okuphezulu. ICusco kunye neecawe zayo kunye neemyuziyam zenza isixeko esihle esinelifa elilodwa lokwakha kunye nelembali elifanele ukubona. Ngelixa iMachu Picchu iligugu kwisithsaba, kukho iindawo ezininzi kwi-Sacred Valley. Kukho umboniso okhanyayo nesandi kwindawo ye-archaeology yase-Ollantaytambo, kunye nenqaba enkulu yeSucsayhuaman.
Ulwazi ngohambo oluya ePeru lunokufunyanwa ngePromPerú, ibhodi yezokhenketho yelizwe, uCalle Uno Oeste N ° 50 - Urb. ICórpac -Lima 27, ePeru. [51] 1 2243131, http://www.promperu.gob.pe
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