Inyaniso kwityala

Isahluko saseNew York soMbutho woBudlelwane boLuntu eMelika (PRSA) kutshanje siqwalaselwe IQINISO kwaye uyibeka enkundleni. Iphaneli yayiquka oonondaba, ukuthengisa kunye neengcali zemfundo abavakalisa iingcinga zabo kunye namava ngokunxulumene nokusebenza kwabo kunye namava kushishino lobudlelwane boluntu.

Nangona bekukho imvumelwano ngokubanzi yokuba ukubonisa inyaniso bekuhlala kuyinto ebhetele kunokunika enye into, abo bebeze kucweyo babuzwa, "Ngaba ukhe waxoka?" Ubuncinane isinye kwisithathu sabaphulaphuli savunywa ekwenzeni iingxelo ezazingeyonyani ngokupheleleyo.

IZiko lezoNxibelelwano noLuntu libambe inkomfa efanayo ngo-2018, lijonga Ukubola kweNyaniso kunye notyekelo lokudibanisa iinyani kunye neentsomi. Umnyhadala ubujonge iingcali kwezonxibelelwano noluntu kunye nendima yabo "njengabaqambi nabasasazi bolwazi abaxhomekeke kukuthembela kwimeko yolwazi." Imvumelwano? I-PR idlala indima ekuchazeni inyaniso kwaye uTina McCorkindale, umongameli kunye neCEO yeziko wathi, "… ngelixa abadlali abangalunganga bebandakanya inxenye encinci yobungcali ... ndicinga ukuba i-PR inoxanduva lokonakala kwenyaniso." UNorris West, umlawuli wezonxibelelwano ngobuchule, u-Annie E. Casey Foundation, ufumanise ukuba, “[I-PR} bayaphela bayifihla inyani ngothotho lwezigqibo ezincinane…” neziphumo zisibekele inyani.

Ngokuza kwicala leenqobo ezisesikweni, uMcCorkindale wazimisela, ukuba ekupheleni kosuku, “… ukusilela ukunika iinkcukacha eziyinyani, ayisiyonto ilungileyo kuphela, kodwa iphelisa ukuzithemba ngokupheleleyo kubungcali… ukuthembana kungalahleka ngokulula.”

Ukuhlala kwiLizwe likaTrump

Abanye abantu bacinga ukuba uDonald Trump ubeyeyona nto iphambili ekusunguleni nasekukhuthazeni ii-fantasies, iingcinga zelenqe nobuxoki; Nangona kunjalo, uKurt Andersen (umbhali, uFantasyland: Indlela yaseMelika eNtshona Haywire) ifumanisa ukuba ubumnandi buhleli nathi ukusukela ekuqaleni kwiriphabliki kunye nabantu baseMelika bezimisele ukukholelwa oko bafuna ukukukholelwa kangangeenkulungwane.

Ngaba ukhona umahluko?

Ngokuka-Larry Walsh (i-2112group.com) kukho umahluko phakathi kwenyaniso nenyaniso. UWalsh ufumanisa ukuba iinyani azinakuphikiswa, esekwe kuphando olunamandla kunye nokungaqiniseki. Inyani inokuqinisekiswa, ingqinisiswe kwaye ibe nembali.

Inyaniso inokubandakanya iinyani kodwa inokusekwa kwiinkolelo (ngokwe-Walsh). Abanye abantu bakhetha inyani kunenyani kuba bekhululekile ngakumbi ngolwazi, luqondakala ngokulula kwaye banokude babonakalise umbono wabo wobunyani.

UWalsh ufumanisa ukuba ngelixa iinyaniso zingenakuphikiswa; inyaniso yamkelekile. Ingcali yezoqoqosho uCharles Wheelan (Eze zezoQoqosho, ezeNkcukacha eziNqunu) ufumanisa ukuba, “… kulula ukuxoka ngeenkcukacha-manani, kodwa kunzima ukuthetha inyani ngaphandle kwazo.”

UKellyanne Conway, uMcebisi wase-US kuMongameli uTrump wathi, ngexesha lokudibana nodliwanondlebe nooNondaba (nge-22 kaJanuwari ka-2017), xa wayecinezelwa ngexesha lodliwanondlebe no-Chuck Todd, echaza ukuba kutheni uNobhala we-Press u-Sean Spicer "enokuxoka ubuxoki," watsho ukuba u-Spicer ukunika "ezinye iinkcukacha." Kwilinge lokuzama ukukhusela ingxelo yakhe, uConway uthathe isigqibo sokuba "ezinye izinto" zezinyani kunye nolunye ulwazi.

Ngaba Singayifumana Inyaniso?

Ngokufikelela kwihlabathi lonke kulwazi olungenasiphelo kufuneka sikwazi ukufunda okanye ukuva inyaniso; nangona kunjalo, ngokweZiko leRandi, sihlangabezana nokubola kweNyaniso kubomi boluntu baseMelika. UJennifer Kavanagh noMichael D. Rich (2018) ababhali bokubola kweNyaniso, bagqibe kwelokuba kukho iindlela ezine ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe:

1. Iinyani azisajongwa njengeNYANISO; Kukho nokungavumelani malunga nento eyinyani. Idatha iyabuzwa, kubandakanya neendlela eziqokelelwa ngayo, ezihlalutyiweyo nezitolikwa ngazo.
2. Umda phakathi kwezimvo kunye nenyaniso sele ungabonakali.
3. Izimvo kunye namava obuqu athatha indawo yeenyani kunye nenyaniso.
4. Imithombo ehloniphekileyo yenyaniso ayisathembeki.

U-Ari-Elmeri Hyvonen (2018, iYunivesithi yaseJyvaskyla, eFinland) uzimisele ukuba uDonald Trump ubonakalise ukungamkeli ngokupheleleyo kunye nentiyo yenyani. Njengoko uWilliam Connolly (2017) ecebisile, uTrump uyamkele ingcinga "yamanga amakhulu" awaziwa kuthi avela kwi-National Socialism propaganda efumanisa ukuba yayinguAdolf Hitler, eMein Kampf, owaqaphela ukuba abantu bakhohliseka ngokulula ngobuxoki obukhulu kunokuba ezincinci (Hitler, 1943, 231-232). "Ubuxoki obukhulu" busebenza kuba buthethwa ngumntu okanye abantu abasegunyeni; Ubhenela kwiimvakalelo kunokuba aqiqe; iqinisekisa inkathalo ngaphakathi (nokuba ayamkelwa) umkhethe kubaphulaphuli; kwaye iyaphindwa kwaye iyaphindwa kwaye iphindaphindwe.

UHyvonen ukwathetha ngombono weNtetho yokungakhathali ethi "ayinazinkathalo." Olu hlobo lokuthetha alukhathalelanga nenyaniso, lubonisa ukungavumi ukuzibandakanya nezinye iimbono, aluyamkeli inyani yokuba intetho ineziphumo kunye namagama abalulekileyo. Olu hlobo lwentetho lwenza ukungaqiniseki: Ngaba amagama athethwe ngokuvakalayo ayenyani? Inkolelo yeyokuba nantoni na ethethwayo ayinakuchazwa.

Ngaba bubuxoki okanye i-BS?

UHarry Frankfurt, kwincwadi yakhe ethi On Bullshit (iYunivesithi yasePrinceton) ubonakalisa uluvo "lwe-bullshit" efumanisa ukuba "umntu othanda inkunzi yenkomo" akanamdla kwaphela kwindlela izinto eziyiyo ngokwenene. Ixoki lizama ukuyifihla inyani kanti umntu oxhaphaza inkunzi yenkomo ukhathalela kuphela ukufeza injongo yakhe.

UHyvonen ufumanisa ukuba “… intetho engenankathalo ayakheli kwiingxelo eziyilwe ngocoselelo nezingavakali kakuhle kodwa ziphantse azabinantsingiselo. Endaweni yokuzama ukweyisela, intetho engakhathaliyo ifuna ukudala ukubhideka nokuzisa ingxoxo yedemokhrasi. ”

Ngaba Inyaniso Iyazifihla?

I-Kavanagh kunye ne-Rich bazimisele ukuba kukho ukubola kwinyani ngenxa yokuqonda, ukwanda kweendaba zosasazo kunye nolunye ulwazi lweendawo, kunye nabathengi ukungakwazi ukuhamba ngesantya solwazi olufumaneka ngokulula, utshintsho kwimithombo yolwazi, kunye Ukwahlukana phakathi kwezopolitiko kunye noluntu.

Njengoko siphambuka kwiinyani kunye nedatha eluncedo (ukuba ayibalulekanga) kwingxoxo yezopolitiko nakwizigqibo zomgaqo-nkqubo, kuncipha kwintetho yoluntu njengoko singakwazi ukuvuma ukuvuma (okanye ukungavumi). Ukungabikho kwesivumelwano kwiinyani kukwenza buthathaka amaziko enkcubeko, oonozakuzaku kunye nezoqoqosho.

Imithombo yeendaba isukile ekuthembekeni kwiinyani nakwiingxelo zeendaba ezinzima ukuya ekuxhomekekeni kwabahlomli kunye nezimvo ngenxa yokusikelwa umda kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali nakwiimarike ekujoliswe kuzo. Oku kongeza kwiinyani zenyani kunye noluvo, ukwandisa isantya apho inyani ibola.

Izifundo ezizimeleyo kunye nemibutho esekwe kuphando, ejongene nemfuno yokupapasha (ihlala ichaphazeleka kubaxhasi benkampani okanye ezinye ii-ajenda ezisekwe kwinkxaso-mali) zihlala zikhokelela kupapasho lwezigqibo ezinomkhethe, ezilahlekisayo okanye ezingachanekanga, ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabaxhasi, kunye nokuphulukana nendawo umdla womthengi.

I-Kavanagh kunye ne-Rich bakhomba ngeminwe koosopolitiki kunye nabameli bakarhulumente, kubandakanya iarhente zombuso, iCongress, abasemagunyeni nabaphathi bengingqi kunye namaqumrhu ezomthetho anenxaxheba ekujikelezeni ulwazi ukuya kwinqanaba apho kunzima ukwahlula inyani kubuxoki. Izithethi zamazwe aphesheya kunye nabasetyhini bayawuphazamisa umgca phakathi kwezimvo kunye nenyani ukongeza ifuthe labo ekudibaniseni amava kunye noluvo nokwenza ukuba kubonakale kubaluleke ngaphezu kwenyani.

Iindaba zikamabonwakude zenza indibaniselwano

Cinga ngeenkqubo zikamabonwakude eziqhutywa nguRachel Maddow, kunye noSean Hannity, apho kukho umxube wezibakala kunye nezimvo ngaphandle kwemigca ecacileyo eyahlula enye kwenye. Umthamo omkhulu wolwazi ovela kumabonwakude, kwimidiya yoluntu, kwiimagazini zeendaba ezikwi-intanethi kunye neebhlogi zenza i-hodgepodge yolwazi oludinisayo ukwetyisa, makungathethi ke ngokwahlula-hlula kwezimvo, ubuxoki kunye ne-BS.

Nabantwana badidekile

Uphononongo olwenziwe ngo-2016 eStanford lwabafundi bezikolo eziphakathi bafumanisa ukuba ngokubanzi abakwazanga ukwahlula ukuthembeka kolwazi olukwi-Intanethi, ukwahlula amabali ayinyani kwiindaba ezingezizo. Abakwazanga ukwahlula intengiso kunye nomxholo oxhaswayo okanye ukuvavanya ukukhetha komthombo wolwazi xa kusenziwa isigqibo sokuba ingaba ingxelo iyinyani okanye luvo.

IRandi inethemba

Uphando / ingxelo yeRandi inethemba lokuba xa kunikwa ingxelo yophando imeko-bume yolwazi inakho ukuphucula. Bacebisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa ngcono kwedatha kunye notshintsho kumgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente kuya kukhuthaza ukwanda koxanduva lokuphendula kunye nokwenza izinto elubala. Bakwacebisa ngesidingo sokutshintsha amajelo onxibelelwano ngedatha kunye nezibakala-ukubonisa idatha ngendlela engeyoyikisi kunye nenkqubo "yokuphakamisa", ukwazisa abathengi ukuba ulwazi abalufundayo okanye abaluvayo lunokulawulwa okanye lububuxoki.

Ubudlelwane esidlangalaleni - Ngaba Yinyaniso?

Ngokuka-Mark Weiner, iGosa eliyiNtloko loLwazi, uCision kunye ne-CEO, i-Prime Research Americas, ubudlelwane boluntu malunga nenyaniso kunye nenyani. Kwisifundo esapapashwa kwiJenali ye-Mass Media Ethics, iingcali ze-PR zinoxanduva lokuxhasa inyaniso ukuze izuze umbutho. Kukugxila kwe-PR kwinyani kunye nokwenza izinto elubala okwenza ukuba umsebenzi ube yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-c-suite.

Ngokuka-Anthony D'Angelo, uNjingalwazi wokuziqhelanisa noBudlelwane baBantu, iYunivesithi yaseSyrause, “Asiyi kuxoka okanye silahlekise. Sidlala ngokulingeneyo… asenzi nto esingafuni ukuba ixelwe ngokubanzi ngamajelo eendaba. ” Iingcali ze-PR zinoxanduva lokwakha ukuthembana nabathengi, abaqeshi kunye nemithombo yeendaba.

Ngokuka-Leslie Gottlieb, uMongameli NY Isahluko, i-PRSA, "Ngoku kubaluleke kakhulu kunangaphambili ukuba umsebenzi wethu uxhasa imigaqo-nkqubo yethu engundoqo kunye noxanduva lwethu lokusebenzela uluntu."

Inkqubo. Inyaniso kuvavanyo: Indima yeNyaniso kuMbutho wanamhlanje

© UGqirha Elinor Garely. Inqaku lelungelo lokushicilela, kubandakanya iifoto, alinakuphinda liveliswe ngaphandle kwemvume ebhaliweyo evela kumbhali.