Amatye anqabileyo eGrand Canyon: Ihotele yase-El Tovar kunye nevenkile yezipho yaseHopi

Intsebenziswano yakhe kunye ne-Atchison, i-Topeka kunye ne-Sante Fe Railway yazisa abakhenkethi abaninzi abatsha kwi-American Southwest ngokwenza uhambo lukaloliwe kunye nokutya okukhululekile kunye nokuzonwabisa. Isebenzisa amagcisa amaninzi oMthonyama waseMelika, iNkampani kaFred Harvey nayo yaqokelela imizekelo yezinto zemveli zebhaskithi, amaso, oonodoli bakachina, izinto zomdongwe kunye nezalukiweyo. UHarvey wayesaziwa ngokuba yi "Civilizer of the West."

Kwakudala ngaphambi kokuba iNkongolo yase-US yonyule Ipaki yeSizwe yaseGrand Canyon ngo-1919, abakhenkethi bokuqala beza nge-stagecoach baza balala ezintenteni, kwiikhabhinethi, okanye kwiihotele zorhwebo zamandulo. Nangona kunjalo, xa i-Atchison, i-Topeka kunye ne-Sante Fe Railway yavula i-spur phantse ngqo kwi-South Rim ye-Grand Canyon, yadala ukunqongophala kweendawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo. Ngomnyaka we-1902, iSante Fe Railway yagunyazisa ukwakhiwa kwe-El Tovar, ihotele yodidi lokuqala enemigangatho emine eyilwe ngumzobi waseChicago uCharles Whittlesey enamagumbi amalunga nekhulu. Ihotele ixabisa i-250,000 yeedola ukuyakha kwaye yayiyeyona hotele intle kwintshona yoMlambo iMississippi. Yathiywa igama elithi "El Tovar" ngembeko kaPedro de Tovar weCoronado Expedition. Phezu kwazo nje izinto zayo ezithandekayo, le hotele yayinejenereyitha ebaselwa ngamalahle esebenza kwizibane zombane, ubushushu bomphunga, amanzi ashushu nabandayo kunye nemibhobho yamanzi angaphakathi. Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni kungekho nalinye kumagumbi eendwendwe elinegumbi lokuhlambela labucala, iindwendwe zazisebenzisa igumbi lokuhlambela likawonke-wonke kumgangatho ngamnye kule migangatho mine.

Kwakhona le hotele yayinendlu yokukhulisela izityalo ezisandul’ ukulinywa iziqhamo nemifuno, indlu yeenkukhu nomhlambi wobisi wokuvelisa ubisi olutsha. Ezinye izinto bezibandakanya indawo yokucheba iinwele, isolarium, igadi ephezulu eluphahleni, igumbi lebhiliyoni, amagumbi obugcisa kunye nomculo kunye nenkonzo yocingo yaseWestern Union kwindawo yokwamkela iindwendwe.

Ihotele entsha yakhiwa phambi kokuba iGrand Canyon ibe yipaki yesizwe ekhuselweyo emva kotyelelo lukaMongameli Theodore Roosevelt ngo-1903 kwiCanyon. Roosevelt wathi, “Ndifuna ukunicela ukuba nenze into enye ngokunxulumene noko ngokwentando yenu kunye nomdla welizwe-ukugcina lo mmangaliso mkhulu wendalo njengoko unjalo ngoku… Ndiyathemba ukuba awuzukuba nesakhiwo naluphi na uhlobo, hayi indlwana yasehlotyeni, ihotele okanye nantoni na eyenye, ukumosha ubungangamsha obumangalisayo, ubungangamsha, ukuthandeka okukhulu kunye nobuhle beCanyon. Yiyeke njengoko injalo. Awunakukwazi ukuphucula kuyo.”

Iindawo zokutyela zikaFred Harvey zazakhiwe phantse zonke iimayile ezili-100 ecaleni kweSante Fe Railway edlula eKansas, Colorado, Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico naseCalifornia. Wayesebenza kwiindawo zokutyela kunye neehotele kunye "neHarvey Girls", amabhinqa aselula aqeshwe kulo lonke elase-US "enokuziphatha okuhle, ubuncinane imfundo yebanga lesibhozo, isimilo esihle, intetho ecacileyo kunye nenkangeleko ecocekileyo." Abaninzi babo kamva batshata nabalimi kunye namakhwenkwe eenkomo kwaye babiza abantwana babo "Fred" okanye "Harvey". Umculi uWill Rogers uthe ngoFred Harvey, "Wagcina intshona ekutyeni nakubafazi."

I-El Tovar yafakwa kwiRejista yeSizwe yeeNdawo zeMbali ngoSeptemba 6, 1974. Yabhengezwa njengeMbali yeSizwe yeMbali ngoMeyi 28, 1987 kwaye ililungu leeHotele zeMbali zaseMelika ukususela ngo-2012. Ihotele ibambe izikhanyiso ezifana no-Albert Einstein, uZane Grey, uMongameli uBill Clinton, uPaul McCartney, phakathi kwabanye abaninzi.

IHopi House Gift Shop (1905) yakhiwe ukuze idibane nemekobume eselumelwaneni yaze yamodelwa emva kwezindlu zokuhlala zaseHopi pueblo ezazisebenzisa izinto zendalo zasekuhlaleni ezifana nelitye lentlabathi kunye nejunipha ekwakhiweni kwazo. Ngelixa u-El Tovar elungiselela izinto ezinqwenelekayo, iHopi House imele umdla okhulayo kubugcisa kunye nemisebenzi yezandla yaseIndiya ekhuthazwa yiNkampani kaFred Harvey kunye neSante Fe Railway.

IHopi House yenzelwe ngumyili wezakhiwo uMary Jane Elizabeth Colter eqala umanyano kunye neNkampani kaFred Harvey kunye neNkonzo yePaki yeSizwe eyahlala iminyaka engaphezu kwama-40. Yayilwa kwaye yakhiwa njengendawo yokuthengisa imizobo yaseIndiya. Wacela uncedo kumagcisa amaHopi asuka kwiilali ezikufutshane ukuba ancedise ekwakheni eso sakhiwo. U-Colter waqinisekisa ukuba ingaphakathi libonisa izitayile zesakhiwo sasePueblo. Iifestile ezincinci kunye neesilingi eziphantsi zinciphisa ukukhanya kwelanga lasentlango kwaye ziboleka umoya opholileyo kunye nopholileyo ngaphakathi. Esi sakhiwo siquka i-niches eludongeni, i-fireplaces, iindonga ze-adobe, umzobo wesanti ye-Hopi kunye nesibingelelo somkhosi. Iitshimini zenziwe ngeengqayi zomdongwe ezaphukileyo ezipakishwe zadityaniswa.

Ekuvulweni kwesakhiwo, umgangatho wesibini wawubonisa ingqokelela yeengubo ezindala zamaNavajo, ezaziphumelele ibhaso elikhulu kuMbono weHlabathi waseSt. Lo mboniso ekugqibeleni waba nguFred Harvey Fine Arts Collection, equka phantse ama-1904 amaqhekeza obugcisa boMdabu baseMelika. Ingqokelela yeHarvey yayikhenketha eUnited States, kuquka iindawo ezihloniphekileyo ezifana neMyuziyam yaseChicago kunye neCarnegie Museum ePittsburgh, kunye neendawo zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana neMyuziyam yaseBerlin.

IHopi House, ngoko kwaye ngoku, ibonelela ngoluhlu olubanzi lwezobugcisa kunye nemisebenzi yezandla yaseMelika ethengiswayo: izinto zomdongwe kunye nemikrolo eyenziwe kwiikhawunta ezilotywe ngeengubo ezilukwe ngesandla zamaNavajo kunye neeragi, iingobozi ezixhonywe kwimiqadi exotshiweyo, oonodoli bakachina, iimaski zomsitho, kunye nemikrolo eyenziwe ngamaplanga ekhanyiswe kukukhanya okuthotyiweyo kweefestile ezincinci zesakhiwo. Imizobo yaseHopi ihombisa iindonga zezinyuko, kwaye izinto zakudala zonqulo ziyinxalenye yegumbi lengcwele.

Inkampani kaFred Harvey yamema amagcisa eHopi ukuba abonise indlela abenza ngayo ubucwebe, izinto zomdongwe, iingubo kunye nezinye izinto eziza kuthengiswa. Utshintshiselwano, bafumana umvuzo kunye nendawo yokuhlala eHopi House, kodwa abazange babe nabunini beHopi House kwaye babengavumelekanga ukuba bathengise iimpahla zabo ngokuthe ngqo kubakhenkethi. Ngasekupheleni kwee-1920s, iNkampani kaFred Harvey yaqalisa ukuvumela amanye amaIndiya angamaHopi ukuba athathe uxanduva kwishishini. UPorter Timeche wayeqeshelwe ukubonisa ukuluka ingubo kodwa wayekuthanda kakhulu ukuncokola neendwendwe kangangokuba wayengafane agqibezele ingubo yokuthengisa, ngelo xesha wanikwa umsebenzi wokuthengisa kwivenkile yezipho yakwaHopi House. Kamva wasebenza njengomthengi wemvume kaFred Harvey eGrand Canyon. UFred Kabotie, igcisa elidumileyo elapeyinta iHopi Snake Legend mural ngaphakathi kwiDesert View Watchtower, wayelawula ivenkile yezipho eHopi House phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1930.

Ukususela ekuveleni kweHopi House iindwendwe ezininzi zinokucinga ukuba amaHopi kuphela kwesizwe esizalelwa kwiGrand Canyon, kodwa oku kukude nenyaniso. Enyanisweni, namhlanje izizwe ezahlukahlukeneyo ezili-12 ziqondwa njengezinamaqhina enkcubeko kwiCanyon, kwaye iNkonzo yePaki yeSizwe ibisebenza ukuze ihlangabezane neemfuno zenkcubeko zala maqela nawo.

I-Hopi House yatyunjwa njengeMbali yeSizwe yeMbali ngo-1987. Ngethuba lokulungiswa ngokupheleleyo kwi-1995, abacebisi be-Hopi bathathe inxaxheba kumzamo wokubuyisela kwaye bancedisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho nanye yezinto zokuqala zokwakha okanye ukuyila eziye zatshintshwa. Indlu yeHopi kunye neSitudiyo sokuLondoloza zizakhiwo ezinegalelo elikhulu kwisithili saseGrand Canyon Village yeSizwe.

I-PIC KA-STANLEY

UStanley Turkel waqeshwa njengoMbali ka2020 woNyaka ziiMbali iihotele zaseMelika, inkqubo esemthethweni yeNational Trust yoLondolozo lweMbali, awayethe wabizwa ngalo ngaphambili ngo-2015 nango-2014. UTurkel ngoyena mcebisi wehotele upapashwe ngokubanzi eMelika. Usebenza indawo yakhe yokubonisana ehotele esebenza njengengqina lengcali kumatyala anxulumene neehotele, ebonelela ngolawulo lweeasethi kunye nokubonisana ngokuthengisa imali ehotele. Uqinisekisiwe njenge-Master Hotel Supplier Emeritus yiZiko leMfundo le-American Hotel kunye ne-Lodging Association. [imeyile ikhuselwe] 917-628-8549

Incwadi yakhe entsha ethi "Great American Hotel Architects Volume 2" isandula kupapashwa.

Ezinye iincwadi zeehotele ezipapashiweyo:

• Abanini beehotele abakhulu baseMelika: Oovulindlela beshishini leehotele (2009)

Yakhelwe ukuGqibela: Iihotele ezili-100 + zeNdala eNew York (ngo-2011)

Yakhelwe Ukugqibela: I-100 + i-Old-Old Hotels kwi-East ye-Mississippi (ngo-2013)

• Ihotele iMavens: uLucius M. Boomer, uGeorge C. Boldt, uOscar waseWaldorf (2014)

• Abanini beehotele abakhulu baseMelika uMqulu 2: Oovulindlela beshishini leehotele (2016)

Yakhelwe Ukugqibela: Ii-100 + zeMinyaka eliDala kwiihotele zaseNtshona eMississippi (2017)

Ihotele Mavens Umqulu 2: Henry Morrison Flagler, Henry Bradley Plant, Carl Graham Fisher (2018)

• I-Great American American Architects Umqulu I (2019)

• Ihotele iMavens: Umqulu 3: Bob kunye noLarry Tisch, uRalph Hitz, uCesar Ritz, Curt Strand

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