Ukusuka kumaFama ukuya kubaqhankqalazi ukuya kwabenzi bewayini

I-Sud De France luphawu lwewayini olwalungekho phezulu kuluhlu lwewayini endiyithandayo, enyanisweni, lwalungekho nakuluhlu. Ifumaneka phakathi kweLanguedoc-Roussillon kunye neMidi-Pyrenees, iSud De France yiprojekthi efuna ukuqaqambisa iyantlukwano kunye nobuhle balo mmandla. Igama elitsha lale ndawo yiOccitanie, ekhethwe ngenxa yembali yokubaluleka kolwimi kunye neziyelelane zesiOccitan.

The Occitan iquka ummandla ofana nommandla olawulwa yi-Counts of Toulouse kwi-12th - 13th inkulungwane kunye nomnqamlezo we-Occitan (osetyenziswa yi-Counts of Toulouse) okwangoku uphawu lwenkcubeko eyaziwayo.

I-Occitanie ibe ligosa nge-24 kaJuni ngo-2016, kwaye ibandakanya ezi ndawo zilandelayo kunye nabemi:

• elixhonywayo (479,553)
• Montpellier (285,121)
• Nimes (150,610)
• Perpignan (120,158)
• Béziers (77,177)
• I-Montauban (60,810)
• INarbonne (54,700)
• Albi (50,759)
• ICarcassonne (47,365)

Lo mmandla uphakathi kweentaba ezimbini, uMbindi weMassif emantla, neenduli zePyrenean emazantsi, naphakathi kweMeditera noLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki.

Uninzi lwewayini ezikwingingqi yase Languedoc-Roussillon ziyimixube yeentlobo ezibalulekileyo ezibomvu zemveli eziquka iCarignan, iCinsault, iGrenache Noir kunye ne Mourvedre. Ukutyalwa ngoku kubandakanya iCabernet Sauvignon, iMerlot, kunye neSyrah. Ezona ndidi zimhlophe zibalulekileyo yi Grenache Blanc, Marsanne, Rousanne Viognier kunye ne Ugni Blanc ezinomdla okhulayo kwi Chardonnay.

Imbali ephawulekayo

Nangona le nxalenye yeFransi ineempumelelo eziphawulekayo zewayini, imbali yayo ayicacanga, ngaphandle kwababhali bembali kunye nezifundiswa ezigxile kuqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko neziseko zeshishini lewayini.

Uphando lucebisa ukuba ummandla waseLanguedoc-Roussillon waqala wazinziswa ngamaGreki atyala izidiliya kule ndawo ngenkulungwane ye-5 BC. Ukusukela kwinkulungwane yesi-4 ukuya kwinkulungwane ye-19, iLanguedoc yayigqalwa ngokuvelisa iwayini ezikumgangatho ophezulu kodwa oku kwatshintsha ngokufika kwexesha lemizi-mveliso xa imveliso yayijonge phambili. le gros rouge, kuveliswa iwayini ebomvu ngexabiso eliphantsi esetyenziselwa ukwanelisa abasebenzi abakhulayo. ILanguedoc yaziwa ngokuvelisa intaphane yeeplonk ezihlwempuzekileyo ezathi zanikezelwa ngobuninzi kumajoni aseFransi ngexesha leWWI. Ngethamsanqa, le ngqwalasela idlulile kwimbali, kwaye indawo ngoku ivelisa iwayini ezisemgangathweni. Okwangoku abenzi be wayini basekhaya bavelisa iwayini ukusuka kwiBordeaux style reds ukuya kwiProvence ephefumlelweyo yerozi.

Kwiminyaka edlulileyo, ndibe nethamsanqa lokuphonononga le nxalenye yeplanethi kwaye ndaziswa kwindlela ye-biodynamic yokukhula kweediliya kunye ne-winemaking kwimbono kaGerard Bertrand. Into ebendingayazi, yayiyimbali enesiphithiphithi salo mmandla kunye nendlela izenzo kunye nemisebenzi yabathathi-nxaxheba kwishishini lewayini ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 kunye norhulumente waseFransi udale isiseko semeko yangoku yeshishini lewayini kwingingqi ye-Occitanie.

Ixesha Leziphithiphithi

Asidli ngokucinga ngabantu abakwishishini lewayini njengabavukeli kwaye ngokuqinisekileyo abangalwi; nangona kunjalo, ngomnyaka ka 1907 abalimi bewayini baseFransi abavela eLanguedoc-Roussillon bakhokela uqhanqalazo olukhulu oluqikelelwa ukuba lumalunga nama-600,000 - 800,000 abantu. Ngo-1908 iLanguedoc esezantsi yayinabemi abasisigidi esinye, ngoko ke, umntu omnye kwababini baseLanguedocan wabonisa, ekhubaza ummandla kwaye ecela umngeni kurhulumente.

Umba weWinemakers yaseFransi

Kwakutheni ukuze amaFrentshi “abambene ngezandla”? Basongelwa ziiwayini ezazithengwe kumazwe angaphandle zisuka kwikoloni yaseFransi eAlgeria ngezibuko laseSete, kunye ne-chaptalization (ukongeza iswekile ngaphambi kokuvundiswa ukunyusa umthamo wotywala). Amalungu oshishino lwewayini akreqa, kwaye imiboniso ibandakanya onke amanqanaba oshishino – ukusukela kubalimi beediliya kunye nabasebenzi basezifama ukuya kubanini bezindlu kunye nabenzi bewayini. Ishishini lewayini alizange libe nangxaki enje ukusukela oko kwaqhambuka iphylloxera (1870-1880). Imeko yayimaxongo: abenzi bewayini babengakwazi ukuthengisa imveliso yabo eyakhokelela ekubeni abantu bangaqeshwanga ibe wonke umntu wayenoloyiko lokuba izinto zaziya kuba mbi ngakumbi.

Ngeloxesha, urhulumente wase France wayecinga ukuba ukuthengwa kwe wayini yase Algeria yayilicebo elihle njengendlela yokulungisa ukwehla kwemveliso ye wayini yase French eyayisisiphumo se phylloxera. Ukusukela ngo 1875 ukuya ku 1889, isinye kwisithathu somdiliya we French sisonke satshatyalaliswa sesi sinambuzane esitya iingcambu kwaye imveliso ye wayini yase French yehla nge 70 pesenti.

Njengoko i-phylloxera isanda, abalimi abaninzi baseFransi bafudukela e-Algeria baza bazisa ubuchwepheshe babo nobuchule kwindawo apho imidiliya yayikhula ukusukela kwinkulungwane yokuqala ye-BC; nangona kunjalo, iinkulungwane zolawulo lwamaSilamsi zadala abantu basekuhlaleni abangabutyi utywala. Iindaba ezilungileyo? Ukusetyenziswa kwewayini eFransi yahlala injalo! Ngelinge lokuzama ukujongana nomba wokunqongophala, urhulumente wase-France uye wakhuthaza ukuveliswa kwewayini kwindawo yakhe yase-Algeria ngelixa enciphisa ukuthengwa kwewayini evela eSpain okanye e-Italy.

Yathi yakusonjululwa ingxaki ye phylloxera ngokufakela iingcambu zaseMelika kwi wayini zase French, ishishini le wayini lase France laqala ukuchacha kwaye imveliso kancinane yabuyela kwinqanaba le 65 yezigidi zeehektolitha. Nangona kunjalo, iiwayini zase-Algeria ziqhubekile nokukhukulisa imarike ngexabiso eliphantsi (ukwehla ngepesenti ezingama-60 kwisithuba seminyaka engama-25), kube nefuthe elibi kubalimi baseFransi.

Protests

Abavelisi bewayini baseFransi bafuna ukuba kubekwe imida kwiwayini evela kumazwe angaphandle kwaye baqala ukubonisa ngoqhanqalazo lwasesitratweni kunye nobundlobongela (izenzo ziyalathisa) kuquka uvukelo-mbuso, ukuphangwa, nokutshiswa kwezakhiwo zikawonke-wonke. ngoJuni 9, 1907, i Imvukelo (Grande Revolte, Imvukelo yabalimi bewayini baseLanguedoc; ekwaziwa njengePaupers Revolt of the Midi) ibandakanya uqhanqalazo lwerhafu, ubundlobongela, kunye nokukreqa kwemikhosi emininzi edala imeko yonxunguphalo eyayicinezelwe ngurhulumente waseGeorge Clemenceau.

Nangona loo mvukelo yayiyeyommandla, iNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yayinoloyiko lokuba lo mbutho wasemazantsi wawuhlasela iRiphabliki yaseFransi. Ukusabela kuqhanqalazo, urhulumente waseFransi wonyuse amaxabiso okuthengwa kwewayini evela e-Italiya nase-Spain eyenye impazamo njengoko uye wanyusa usetyenziso lwempahla esuka e-Algeria engahlawulelwayo.

Kwakhona, abavelisi baseFransi (kuquka iBordeaux, iChampagne kunye neBurgundy) baye emva korhulumente "ebakhuthaza" ukuba bayeke ukungena kwewayini zase Algeria nanjengoko babefuna ukukhusela iimarike zabo "zewayini ekumgangatho ophezulu". Banyanzela ukuba kuwiswe umthetho omtsha, bexhasa abameli bezobupolitika abavela kwimimandla evumelana nembono yabo. Olu loyiko lwabonakala luyinkohliso kwaye intshukumo ekugqibeleni yaphela ngokulalanisa, ukuphoxeka kunye nento ebonakala ngathi luloyiso lwelizwe eliphakathi.

Izibuko laseSete lisebenze njengonobangela wale ngxaki. Esi sixeko sasiliziko lendawo enkulu yemveliso kwaye sonyusa umngcipheko wokuveliswa ngokugqithisileyo ngokukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweediliya ze-Aramon ezisuka kwizidiliya ezinkulu-ukwenza umthamo. Iwayini zase-Algeria kunye nemveliso zonyukile ukusuka kwi-500,000,000 yeelitha ngo-1900 ukuya kwi-800,000,0000 ngo-1904. Ukwanda kwemveliso kunye nokufumaneka kwewayini zomgunyathi kunye nemixube yewayini yase-algeria yahlutha urhwebo lwabathengi kunye nokuthengwa kwempahla kumazwe angaphandle kwanda ngo-1907 kunye nokunyuka kwemfuno phakathi kokungabikho kokulungelelaniswa. kwixabiso kwaye ekugqibeleni kubangele ubunzima bezoqoqosho.

Ngowe-1905 urhulumente waseFransi wawisa umthetho “wobuqhetseba nobuxoki,” ebeka isiseko sokuveliswa kwewayini “yendalo”. Inqaku lama-431 lifuna ukuba iwayini ethengisiweyo kufuneka ichaze ngokucacileyo imvelaphi yewayini ukunqanda, “izenzo zorhwebo ezilahlekisayo,” kwaye yatsho ngokucacileyo ukuba umthetho wawusebenza naseAlgeria. Eminye imithetho yokukhusela abavelisi bewayini yazisa ikhonkco elithile phakathi “komgangatho” wewayini, ummandla apho yaveliswa khona (terroir), kunye nendlela yemveli yokuvelisa, ukuseka imida yengingqi ye Bordeaux, Cognac, Armagnac kunye ne Champagne ( 1908-1912) kwaye ibhengezwe njengezibheno.

Ngelishwa, abavelisi bewayini kuMazantsi eFransi abakwazanga ukuxhamla kule mithetho nangona babephenjelelwa ngokuchasene newayini zase-Algeria. Urhulumente ebengazimiselanga ukumisela imirhumo kwiiwayini zase-Algeria kuba oko bekuya kuba nefuthe elibi kumdla wabemi baseFrance phesheya kweelwandle kwaye ebengahambelani nokudityaniswa kweAlgeria njengommandla waseFrance.

Ekugqibeleni, imithetho emitsha yayinempembelelo encinci kwiimarike zewayini zaseFransi kwaye iwayini zase-Algeria ziqhubekile ziphuphuma kwiimarike ze-French kunye nemveliso yewayini yase-Algeria yonyuka, incediswa ngumthetho ovumela iibhanki zetyala lezolimo ukuba zibonelele ngemali-mboleko yexesha eliphakathi kunye nexesha elide kubavelisi bewayini. Abemi baseYurophu eAlgeria baboleka imali eninzi yemali kwaye baqhubeleka nokwandisa izidiliya zabo kunye nemveliso. Kwade kwade kwabakho ukwehla kwemveliso ye wayini yase Algeria de urhulumente wase France wayeka ukuba isetyenziswe kwimixube ye wayini engeyo French. Ukongeza, ukusuka ngo-1970 ukuya ku-1888, abavelisi bewayini bakwa-Midi baqalisa iphulo lokushicilela elipheleleyo ngokuchasene newayini zase-algeria bebanga ukuba iiwayini zase-Algeria ezixutywa newayini zase-Bordeaux zinetyhefu. Izazi ngenzululwazi ngenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi azikwazanga ukulingqina eli bango; nangona kunjalo, amahemuhemu aqhubeka de kwaba ngoo-1893.

Urhulumente wase Algeria wajikela kwiSoviet Union njengeyona ndlela yokuthengisa iwayini kwaye baseka ikontraka yeminyaka esi-7 yeehektholitha ezizizigidi ezi-5 zewayini ngonyaka – kodwa ixabiso laliphantsi kakhulu kubenzi bewayini baseAlgeria ukuba benze inzuzo; ngaphandle kweemarike zokuthumela ngaphandle ezikhoyo, imveliso iye yawa. Kwakungekho ntengiso yasekhaya kuba iAlgeria yayikhona kwaye isaqhubeka ngokuba lilizwe laseMuslin.

Nangona imithetho yayiqhutywa yimeko yokungeniswa kwewayini yase-Algeria kunye namaxabiso aphantsi, ifuthe lide. Ngowe-1919, umthetho wachaza ukuba ukuba isibheno sisetyenziswe ngabavelisi abangagunyaziswanga, kwakunokuqaliswa amanyathelo asemthethweni nxamnye nabo. Ngomnyaka ka 1927, umthetho wabeka izithintelo kwiindidi zediliya kunye neendlela zokulima umdiliya ezisetyenziselwa iappellation wines. Ngomnyaka ka 1935, iAppellations d'Origine Controllees (AOC) yanqanda imveliso hayi kuphela kwimvelaphi ethile yengingqi kodwa nakwindlela ethile yemveliso equka iindidi zediliya, isiqulatho sotywala esincinci, kunye nezivuno eziphezulu zegadi. Lo mthetho wenze isiseko se-AOC kunye nemigaqo ye-DOC ebalulekileyo kwiimarike zewayini zeManyano yaseYurophu (EU).

© UGqirha Elinor Garely. Inqaku lelungelo lokushicilela, kubandakanya iifoto, alinakuphinda liveliswe ngaphandle kwemvume ebhaliweyo evela kumbhali.

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