Umdaniso ontsonkothileyo phakathi kwabakhenkethi baseYurophu, abavangeli basemazweni, abahlali, kunye nabemi bomthonyama uphawule ukuqaliswa kokulima imidiliya kulo mmandla wehlabathi.
Ukuhlolwa kukaChristopher Columbus ngo-1498 kwe amazantsi EmelikaUnxweme olusemantla lubangele uphando lwaseYurophu kunye nobukoloniyali ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-16. Abanqobi baseSpain, abaphambili ekwaziseni iintlobo zezityalo zaseYurophu ezifana nomdiliya wewayini, bahlala befika ngendlela esele imisiwe eMexico. Ukusukela ngo-1524, uHernan Cortes wayelima iwayini eMexico, kwaye iHacienda de San Lorenzo eParras Valley ime njengendawo yokuqala yokuthengisa iwayini ngaphandle kweYurophu, isaqhubeka nanamhlanje njengeCasa Madero.
Abavangeli basemazweni, beqhutywa zizinto zobuvangeli nokufuna umhlaba nobuncwane baseSpeyin, bakhuthaza ukukhula kokulima imidiliya.
Ngeminyaka yoo-1540, uFrancisco de Carabantes watyala imidiliya kwi-Ica Valley, ezala iTacama, esinye sezona zidiliya zindala zasePeru. Inkulungwane ye-16 ibone izinto ezibalulekileyo, eziquka ukutyalwa kwemidiliya yiHernando de Montenegro kunye nokusekwa kwendawo yokuqala yokuvelisa iwayini eArgentina nguJuan Cedron.
Embindini wenkulungwane ye-16 wabona umntu oliNgesi wabucala uFrancis Drake ebamba inqanawe ezele yiwayini yaseChile ngo-1578, ephawula ixesha lemfuno yehlabathi yewayini yasePeruvia. Nangona kunjalo, iziganeko kulo mmandla zikhokelele ekwehleni kwemveliso yewayini ekupheleni kwenkulungwane.
Uphando lubonisa ukuba ngo-1554, abanqobi baseSpeyin nabavangeli basemazweni bathutha imidiliya yaseYurophu ebizwa ngokuba yiVitis vinifera ukuya eChile. UJuan Cedron, umvangeli wasemazweni waseSpeyin, waya eSantiago del Estero kumantla eArgentina ngowe-1556, esungula indawo yokuqala yokuvelisa iwayini eArgentina.
IBolivia, ngowe-1560, yaba yindawo elandelayo yokulinywa kweediliya ngabavangeli basemazweni baseSpain, yazisa iindidi zeCriolla yaye ixhamla kwimozulu entle ekwindawo ephakamileyo yaseAndean.
Namhlanje, ishishini lewayini laseMzantsi Melika lilitye lembombo kuqoqosho lwaseArgentina, ePeru naseChile, linegalelo ekuqeshweni, ekuthengiseni kumazwe angaphandle, kukhenketho, nakuhlumo loqoqosho ngokubanzi.
Amazwe aphambili kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ezidumileyo
I-Argentina kunye ne-Chile ziphethe intengiso yewayini yaseMzantsi Melika, ibala ngaphezu kwe-80 yepesenti yemveliso. IBrazil imele malunga neepesenti ezili-10, kunye neColombia, Uruguay, kunye nePeru nayo inegalelo.
Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ezidumileyo:
EArgentina: UMalbec (ipesenti ezingama-22), uCereza (ipesenti ezili-12), kunye noBonarda (ipesenti ezisi-8)
Brazil: eChardonnay, eWhite Moscato, eGlera; iibomvu ezilawulwa yiCabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, kunye nePinot Noir
EChile: Cabernet Sauvignon (29 pesenti), Sauvignon Blanc (11 pesenti), kunye neMerlot, Chardonnay, Carmenere, and Pais (8 ekhulwini ngalinye)
Kholambiya: Iidiliya ezisuka emazantsi eItali kuquka iNebbiolo, iNero D'Avola, kunye neZibibbo
Peru: Imidiliya yewayini ebomvu iquka iMalbec, iCabernet Sauvignon, iTannat, iSyrah, kunye neGrenache; Imidiliya emhlophe iquka iMuscat, Sauvignon Blanc, kunye ne Torrontes
I-Uruguay: Tannat (36 pesenti), Merlot (10 pesenti), Chardonnay (7 pesenti), Cabernet Sauvignon, kunye Sauvignon Blanc (6 ekhulwini ngalinye)
Iimeko ezahlukeneyo zokuKhula kweediliya
Iimeko zokukhula komdiliya zaseMzantsi Melika, ukusuka kwi-15-40 degrees ezantsi kwisibanzi, ukhuphisana neendawo ezidumileyo zoMntla weHemisphere. Iimeko ezingaqhelekanga kwiPhondo lase Mendoza lase Argentina, ezinezidiliya eziku 2,800 ukuya kwi 5,000 iinyawo phezu komphakamo wolwandle, kunye nemimandla yonxweme yase Chile ephenjelelwa yi Humboldt Current, ibonisa ukungafani.
Imiceli mngeni yeMozulu kunye neMpembelelo yoLungiso lweNdlela yoLungiso lweCarbon Border
Ishishini lewayini laseMzantsi Melika lijongene nemingeni yokutshintsha kwemozulu echaphazela ukuvuthwa komdiliya, uxinzelelo lwamanzi, kunye nokuqhambuka kwezifo. I-European Union's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) ibeka isoyikiso esibalulekileyo, esinokuba nefuthe kukhuphiswano kunye nenzuzo.
Abavelisi baziqhelanisa neentlobo zediliya ezikwaziyo ukumelana nokuqina, ulondolozo lwamanzi ngokunkcenkceshela ngamathontsi, kunye nokwamkela imithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo.
Ukunqongophala kwamanzi kunye noTshintsho loMkhenkce
Ukunqongophala kwamanzi, okunxulunyaniswa nenguquko yemozulu kunye nokukhula kwabemi, kubangela umba omkhulu eChile naseArgentina. Ilahleko yomkhenkce ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1950, idityaniswa nokungaqiniseki ngobukho bamanzi, iphakamisa iinkxalabo ngemimandla eyimiqwebedu/eyomileyo.
Owona mthombo wamanzi uvela kwikhephu elinyibilikayo ebusika kunye nee-glaciers ezondla imilambo kunye neetafile zamanzi. Kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka adluleyo, iintaba zomkhenkce kulo lonke elaseAndes ziye zafumana ilahleko ebalulekileyo. Ukususela ngowe-1950 kuye kwaphawulwa ukwanda okuzingileyo okuthe gqolo kwesantya sokuchithwa komkhenkce. Oku kuye kwahambelana nolunye utshintsho lwemozulu olujongwe kwi-regional subtropical troposphere kunye ne-stratosphere esezantsi phakathi kwizide eziphakamileyo. Kuphinde kwakho ukwehla okumandla komkhenkce kunye nokunyamalala ngokupheleleyo komkhenkce ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu nokungaqiniseki kokufumaneka kwamanzi kwiindawo ezininzi ezomileyo/ezibharhileyo ezizinikele ekulimeni idiliya kumazantsi oMzantsi Melika. Imikhenkce isenokude ithi shwaka.
Ukuncipha kwe-ozone kuMazantsi eHemisphere yongeza omnye umaleko wokuntsokotha, okunokuguqula incasa yewayini.
Ekujongeni le mingeni, abavelisi bewayini baseMzantsi Melika banyanzelekile ukuba bamkele iindlela ezizinzileyo, banciphise ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni, kwaye baphonononge intsebenziswano ukunciphisa ifuthe le-CBM.
Ukuthumela ngaphandle
Ukuthumela iwayini kumazwe angaphandle yinkqubo entsonkothileyo kakhulu ngenxa yemimiselo yorhwebo, iirhafu, kunye neemfuno zokuleyibheli. Abenzi bewayini baseMzantsi Melika bahlala bedibana nemiqobo xa bezama ukufikelela kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe, benciphisa amandla abo okuthengisa ngaphandle. Ukongeza, lo mmandla uphawulelwe ukungazinzi kwezoqoqosho okuchaphazela iindleko zemveliso, amaxabiso, kunye nenzuzo yeendawo zewayini. Ukuhla kwexabiso lemali kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso kuchaphazela zombini intengiso yangaphakathi neyamazwe ngamazwe.
mngeni
Iziseko zoncedo nobuchwepheshe zinqongophele kwiindawo ezininzi zewayini nto leyo ekholisa ukukhokelela ekungangqinelani kumgangatho kunye nobungakanani bewayini eziveliswa kweli lizwe. Utshintsho lwemozulu lubeka isoyikiso kubo bonke abenzi bewayini baseMzantsi Melika Abo bamkela umceli mngeni, ukulungelelanisa izenzo kunye neenkqubo ze-ace zonyusa imingcipheko evela kwiziganeko zemozulu ezingalindelekanga.
Izicelo zabaThengi
Abathengi bavotela iwayini eveliswe ngokuzinzileyo kwaye ngelixa abenzi bomdiliya abaninzi basekhaya besebenzisa iindlela ezizinzileyo, kuthatha ixesha kunye nemithombo yemali ukwakha udumo lweendlela zokuvelisa ezilungele indalo.
Abenzi bewayini baseMzantsi Melika ngokwesiko bagxile kwinani eliqingqiweyo leentlobo zediliya, ezifana neMalbec kunye neCarmenere. Nangona ukwahlukana kulukhetho, abaninzi abenzi bewayini bemveli abanaxhala lokwamkela imixube.
Kungumceli mngeni ukwakha amajelo osasazo asebenzayo nasebenzayo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukufumaneka okungaguquguqukiyo kwewayini kwiimarike eziphambili. Imiceli mngeni yokusasaza ifuna utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo kwaye izixhobo zisenokungafumaneki lula kumenzi wewayini waseMzantsi Melika.
Ukongeza ukuntsonkotha ngakumbi kwishishini, izinto ezithandwa ngabathengi kunye nezinto ezikhethwayo zihlala zivela, kwaye ukuziqhelanisa nolu tshintsho kwiimfuno zentengiso kuyabiza, kudla ixesha, kwaye kuhlala kuyingozi.
Ngaphandle kwale miceli mngeni, abenzi bewayini baseMzantsi Melika benze imitsi emikhulu kumashumi eminyaka asandula kutsha nje ngeminye imimandla ifumene ukwamkelwa kumazwe ngamazwe ngewayini yabo ekumgangatho ophezulu. Ngokujongana nemiba, ukutyala imali kubuchwepheshe kunye neziseko ezingundoqo, ukwahluka kweemveliso zabo, kunye nokujolisa kwiindlela ezizinzileyo, abenzi bewayini baseMzantsi Melika banokunyusa izinga labo lempumelelo kushishino lwewayini lwehlabathi.
© UGqirha Elinor Garely. Inqaku lelungelo lokushicilela, kubandakanya iifoto, alinakuphinda liveliswe ngaphandle kwemvume ebhaliweyo evela kumbhali.
INTO ONOKUYITHATHA KWELI NQAKU:
- Kuphinde kwakho ukwehla okumandla komkhenkce kunye nokunyamalala ngokupheleleyo komkhenkce ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu nokungaqiniseki kokufumaneka kwamanzi kwiindawo ezininzi ezomileyo/ezibharhileyo ezizinikele ekulimeni idiliya kumazantsi oMzantsi Melika.
- Nangona kunjalo, iziganeko kulo mmandla zikhokelele ekwehleni kwemveliso yewayini ekupheleni kwenkulungwane.
- Namhlanje, ishishini lewayini laseMzantsi Melika lilitye lembombo kuqoqosho lwaseArgentina, ePeru naseChile, linegalelo ekuqeshweni, ekuthengiseni kumazwe angaphandle, kukhenketho, nakuhlumo loqoqosho ngokubanzi.
