Konke kuqalwe ngeprojekthi yale nkulungwane: uthumo lokudibanisa amazwekazi amabini ngetonela ye-2.6bn kaloliwe ehamba nzulu ngaphantsi kwe-Bosphorus Straits. Kodwa inguqulelo yanamhlanje yalo mbono iye yaba ngumqobo wembali.
Xa amakhaya ayecocwa kwaye kwaqaliswa ukugrunjwa kwesikhululo esingundoqo se-Istanbul metro kwiprojekthi kaloliwe yaseMarmaray exabisa izigidi ngezigidi zeedola. Abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumana ubuncwane obungaphantsi kohlobo obungazange bufunyanwe apha ngaphambili. Kwiimitha nje ezimbalwa ngaphantsi komhlaba, bafumana elona zibuko lamandulo laseByzantium. Bafumene iindawo zokuhlala kunye neendawo zokungcwaba ezisusela kwiminyaka engama-8000 ukusuka kumaxesha ethu. Ababhali-mbali ukuza kuthi ga ngoku babekholelwa ukuba i-Istanbul yanamhlanje yazinziswa okokuqala malunga ne-700 BC. Iintsalela ze-Neolithic zafunyanwa kwiindawo ezimbini zase-Istanbul kwixesha elidlulileyo kodwa esi sesokuqala sifunyenwe kwimbali yedolophu.
Ukugrunjwa ngodaka olungqindilili kunye nodongwe olumnyama lwe-archaeologists yamandulo e-Istanbul baye bafumanisa iindawo zokungcwaba kunye nendawo yokuhlala ebonisa ukuba isixeko sineminyaka engama-6,000 ubudala kunokuba babecinga ngaphambili. Uninzi lwe-8,000 yeminyaka ubudala yokutshisa izidumbu ukusuka kwi-Neolithic Age kunye nengcwaba elinamathambo abantu abadala ababini kunye nabantwana ababini balala begobile. Kunye nemibhobho kwafunyanwa zonke izinto zomntu ofileyo, iimpahla, ubucwebe, izitya, kwanotolo lowo wayebulewe ngalo ufunyenwe ungcwatywe nomninizo ngaphakathi kwimibhobho. Omnye umchamo wawunamathambo omntwana.
Kwakwindawo enye kwakhona kufunyenwe iintsalela zokuhlaliswa kwangoko kunye neempawu zezindlu ezenziwe ngamasebe omthi kunye nezixhobo ezincinci, iziqwenga zamaplanga kunye namathambo.
Ulwakhiwo lwetheminali lwalucwangciselwe ukuhlala malunga neenyanga ezintandathu, enkosi ngokufunyanwa kwezinto zakudala zokwemba kusenamandla kwiminyaka emine kamva. I-Marmaray ngoku kulindeleke ukuba ivule ngo-2011 kwangoko.
Bephantsi kwengcinezelo yokugqiba ukugrumba kwabo baze bangenise abasebenzi bokwakha, abembi bezinto zakudala abangama-50 kunye nabasebenzi abangama-750 abemba ngokutshintshana iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku, iintsuku ezisi-7 ngeveki, kummandla olingana nezitena ezili-10 zesixeko. IYenikapi dig ekugqibeleni ide yafikelela kwinqaba kwezinye iindawo, ngoko abembi bezinto zakudala abalindelanga ukuba kufunyanwe nto ibalulekileyo kwezo ndawo. Basasebenza kwiimfumba zodaka lwakudala lomgxobhozo, olugcine ezinye zezinto zakudala kunye neentsalela zeenqanawa zaseByzantine.
I-Archaeologist, uNjingalwazi Necmi Karul, uye wachaza okufunyenweyo "njengokuchukumisayo" kwaye uthi indawo ngokuqinisekileyo yindawo yokungcwaba esusela kwi-5800-6000 BC, yokugqibela ye-Neolithic okanye i-New Stone Age, ixesha eliphambili ekuphuhlisweni komntu. ubuchwepheshe buqala malunga ne-10,000 BC kuMbindi Mpuma.
Apha ngokuthe ngcembe bathwala iziseko zobomi "obuphucukileyo" entshona, ukuya eYurophu. Ukufumana okutsha e-Istanbul kunceda imephu yolo tshintsho. Inkcubeko yeNeolithic yatshintsha njengoko yayisiya ngasentshona. Izilwanyana zasekhaya kunye nezinye izityalo ze-cereal zafika, kodwa izitena zodaka zaba yizakhiwo zokhuni, iindawo zokuhlala zahlengahlengiswa.
UNjingalwazi Ozdogan ukholelwa ukuba indawo yokuhlala yaseYenikapi yaqala phakathi ko-6400BC kunye no-5800BC-kudala phambi kokuba i-Bosphorus Strait yenziwe kwaye nangeentsuku apho uLwandle lwe-Marmara yayilichibi elincinci, elingaphakathi kwelizwe. Kubonakala ngathi abemi bokuqala baseIstanbul babehlala macala omabini omlambo owawuqukuqela unqumla eYenikapi.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, isiza sivelise iintsalela zelitye lechweba kunye ne-43m. I-pier yomthi kunye neyona ndawo indala yokuhlala e-Istanbul. Bafumene iimbadada zesikhumba ezineentambo kwiinzwane kwaye zijikeleze iwaka-candle-holders kunye ne-hairbrush, iiankile zamandulo kunye nobude bentambo. Balindele ukufumana ulwazi kubomi bamandulo bezorhwebo kwisixeko, esasikhe sabizwa ngokuba yiConstantinople, eyayilikomkhulu lempuma yaseRoma, iByzantine kunye ne-Ottoman.
Eyona nto ixabisekileyo ifunyenwe kule ndawo igcinwe ngaphantsi kweentente ezinkulu ezikhuselayo. Ngaphakathi, iijethi zamanzi zitshiza amanzi ukugcina izikhephe zokhuni zazingaphezu kweminyaka eyi-1,000 ubudala. Ukugrumba kuye kwatyhila izikhephe ezingama-22 ezibandakanya iinqanawa zokuqala zaseByzantine ezakhe zafunyanwa. Isenokuba, abanye bathi, yeyona ndawo ikwi-nautical archaeological site of all times. Iinqanawa zatshatyalaliswa ngaxeshanye kwisiphango esikhulu okanye itsunami emva kokuba inyikima enamandla yabetha izibuko. Ezi zikhephe zenza "ikhonkco elilahlekileyo" kwimbali yokwakhiwa kweenqanawa ngenxa yokudityaniswa kobuchule obudala kunye obutsha kwisikhephe esinye. Bafumana iphenyane elinye elinendawo esezantsi eyakhiwe ngendlela yamandulo, kwaye inxalenye ephezulu yindlela yanamhlanje.
Kukufunyanwa kwamaphupha kwi-archeologist, kodwa iphupha elibi kulawulo lweMarmaray. Umphathi weProjekthi yaseMarmaray uHaluk Ozmen uthe: “Ukugrumba kuphela kwento enokulibazisa iprojekthi yeMarmaray. Yiyo loo nto sisebenza iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku ukuhlangabezana nomhla wethu obekiweyo. Yonke into isezandleni zabembi bezinto zakudala ngoku.”
Amagosa athi aceba ukwakha imyuziyam inxalenye yesiza kwaye ayifake kwisimo esikhulu sesikhululo se-hub esiphantsi komhlaba.
