Olu ngcelele lwezikhokelo ezinje nge-AAA zabahambi abantsundu lwapapashwa nguVictor H. Green ukusuka ngo-1936 ukuya kutsho ngo-1966. Ludwelise iihotele, iimotele, izikhululo zenkonzo, izindlu zokuhlala, iivenkile zokutyela, kunye neevenkile zobuhle kunye neevenkile zokucheba. Yayisetyenziswa kakhulu xa abahambi base-Afrika baseMelika babejongene nomgxobhozo wemithetho kaJim Crow kunye nezimo zengqondo zobuhlanga ezazisenza ukuhamba kube nzima kwaye ngamanye amaxesha kube yingozi.
Iqweqwe lohlelo lowe-1949 lacebisa umhambi ontsundu, “Hamba nawe iNcwadi eluhlaza. Unokuyidinga.” Kwaye phantsi kwalo myalelo kwakukho isicatshulwa esivela kuMark Twain esibuhlungu kulo mxholo: "Ukuhamba kubulala ucalucalulo." Incwadi eluhlaza yaduma kakhulu ngeekopi ezili-15,000 ezithengisiweyo ngohlelo ngalunye ngexesha layo. Yayiyinxalenye eyimfuneko yohambo lwendlela kwiintsapho zabantsundu.
Nangona ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kunye nentlupheko iyancipha ubunini bemoto ngabantu abamnyama abaninzi, abasakhulayo base-Afrika baseMelika abaphakathi bathenga iimoto ngokukhawuleza njengoko babenako. Sekunjalo, baye bajamelana neengozi neengozi ezahlukahlukeneyo endleleni, ukususela kokwala ukutya nendawo yokulala ukusa ekubanjweni ngokungekho mthethweni. Ezinye izikhululo zepetroli zazithengisa igesi kubaqhubi beemoto ezimnyama kodwa zingabavumeli ukuba basebenzise izindlu zangasese.
Ukuphendula, uVictor H. Green udale isikhokelo sakhe seenkonzo kunye neendawo ezinobungane kubantu base-Afrika baseMelika, ekugqibeleni wandisa ukhuseleko lwalo ukusuka kwindawo yaseNew York ukuya kuninzi lweNorth America. Ilungelelaniswe ngamaphondo, uhlelo ngalunye ludwelise amashishini angacalulanga ngokobuhlanga. Ngowama-2010 kudliwano-ndlebe neNew York Times uLonnie Bunch, uMalathisi weNational Museum of African American History and Culture, wachaza eli nqaku le<em>Green Book njengesixhobo “esivumela iintsapho ukuba zikhusele abantwana bazo, ukubanceda bagxothe abo bamanyumnyezi. amanqaku asenokulahlelwa ngaphandle okanye angavunyelwa ukuba ahlale ndaweni ithile.”
Uhlelo lokuqala lwesikhokelo ngo-1936 luqulathe amaphepha ali-16 kwaye lugxile kwiindawo zabakhenkethi kwisiXeko saseNew York nakwiziphaluka. Ngokungena kwe-US kwiMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, yanda yaya kutsho kumaphepha angama-48 kwaye yagubungela phantse onke amazwe akuManyano. Kumashumi amabini eminyaka emva koko, isikhokelo sandise kumaphepha ali-100 kwaye sanika iingcebiso kubakhenkethi abantsundu abandwendwela eCanada, eMexico, eYurophu, eLatin America, eAfrika naseCaribbean. Incwadi eluhlaza yayinezivumelwano zokusabalalisa kunye ne-Standard Oil kunye ne-Esso eyathengisa iikopi zezigidi ezibini ngo-1962. Ukongezelela, uGreen wakha i-arhente yokuhamba.
Ngelixa iiNcwadi eziHlaza zibonisa ubunyani obuphazamisayo bocalucalulo lobuhlanga lwaseMelika, ziye zenza ukuba abantu base-Afrika baseMelika bahambe nenqanaba elithile lokuthuthuzela kunye nokhuseleko.
UVictor H. Green, umsebenzi weposi wase-US ose-Harlem, wapapasha isikhokelo sokuqala ngo-1936 esinamaphepha angama-14 oluhlu kwidolophu yaseNew York ekhutshwe yinethiwekhi yabasebenzi beposi. Ngeminyaka yee-1960, yayikhule yaya kutsho phantse kumaphepha ali-100, igubungela imimandla engama-50. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, zazisetyenziswa ngabaqhubi abamnyama ababefuna ukuphepha ukucalulwa kokuhamba kwabantu abaninzi, abafuna umsebenzi abafudukela emantla ngexesha lokuFuduka okukhulu, amajoni asandul’ ukuqulunqwa abhekisa emazantsi ukuya kwiziseko zomkhosi weMfazwe Yehlabathi II, oosomashishini abahambahambayo kunye neentsapho zeholide.
Sisikhumbuzo sokuba oohola bendlela babephakathi kweendawo ezimbalwa zelizwe ezingacalulwanga kwaye, njengokuba iimoto zazifikeleleka ngakumbi ngeminyaka yoo-1920, abantu base-Afrika baseMelika bahamba kakhulu kunangaphambili. Ngowe-1934, urhwebo oluninzi ecaleni kwendlela lwalungavumelekanga kubahambi abantsundu. I-Esso yayikuphela kwekhonkco lezikhululo zenkonzo ezazinceda abahambi abantsundu. Noko ke, emva kokuba umqhubi wemoto omnyama ephumile kuhola wendlela, inkululeko yendlela evulekileyo yabonakala ibubudenge. UJim Crow usathintele abahambi abantsundu ukuba batsalele kwiimotele ezininzi ezisecaleni kwendlela kwaye bafumane amagumbi obusuku. Iintsapho zabantsundu xa besekhefini kwakufuneka zilungele nayiphi na imeko ukuba zazinokungavunyelwa ukuba zithole indawo yokuhlala okanye ukutya kwindawo yokutyela okanye kwindlu yangasese. Bahlohla umboko weenqwelo-mafutha zabo ngokutya, iingubo kunye nemiqamelo, kwanetoti yekofu endala ngaloo maxesha apho abaqhubi beemoto abamnyama babengavunyelwa ukuba basebenzise indlu yangasese.
Inkokeli edumileyo yamalungelo oluntu, iNkongolo uJohn Lewis, yakhumbula indlela intsapho yakhe eyayilungiselela ngayo uhambo ngowe-1951:
“Ibingayi kubakho indawo yokutyela esinokumisa kuyo de sibe siphumile eMazantsi, ngoko ke sathatha indawo yethu yokutyela kanye emotweni kunye nathi… Ukumisa igesi kunye nokusebenzisa igumbi lokuhlambela kwathabatha ucwangciso olululo. UMalume uOtis wayekhe waluthabatha olu hambo ngaphambili, yaye wayesazi ukuba zeziphi iindawo apha endleleni ezinamagumbi okuhlambela “anemibala” yaye zeziphi ezilunge ngakumbi ukudlula nje. Imaphu yethu yayiphawulwe, yaye indlela yethu yayicwangciswe ngolo hlobo, ngomgama ophakathi kwezikhululo zeenqwelo-mafutha apho bekuya kukhuseleka ukuba simise.”
Ukufumana indawo yokuhlala yenye yeengxaki ezinkulu abahambi abantsundu abajamelana nazo. Akuzange kuphelele nje ekubeni iihotele ezininzi, iimotele, nezindlu zokuhlala zale ukunceda abathengi abantsundu, kodwa amawakawaka eedolophu kulo lonke elaseUnited States azichaza “njengeedolophu ezitshona ilanga,” ekuye kwafuneka ukuba bonke abantu abangengobamhlophe bazishiye ukutshona kwelanga. Amanani amakhulu eedolophu kwilizwe liphela ayengavumelekanga ngokufanelekileyo kubantu base-Afrika baseMelika. Ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1960, bekukho ubuncinane iidolophu ezili-10,000 zokutshona kwelanga kulo lonke elase-US – kuqukwa neendawo zasedolophini ezinkulu ezifana neGlendale, eCalifornia (abemi abangama-60,000 ngelo xesha); Levittown, eNew York (80,000); naseWarren, eMichigan (180,000). Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha soluntu oluhlanganisiweyo e-Illinois yayizidolophu zase-sundown. Isilogeni esingekho semthethweni sika-Anna, e-Illinois, esasigxothe ngobundlobongela abemi base-Afrika-baseMelika ngo-1909, sasisithi “Ayikho iNiggers evunyelweyo”. Kwanakwiidolophu ezazingabandakanyi ukulaliswa kwabantu abantsundu ubusuku bonke, ngokufuthi iindawo zokulala zazinqongophele kakhulu. Abantu base-Afrika baseMelika abafudukela eCalifornia ukuya kufuna umsebenzi ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1940 babedla ngokuzifumana bemise inkampu ecaleni kwendlela ubusuku bonke ngenxa yokungabi nayo nayiphi na indawo yokuhlala ehotele endleleni. Babeluqonda kakuhle ucalucalulo ababelufumana.
Abakhenkethi base-Afrika-baseMelika bajongana nemingcipheko yokwenyani ngenxa yemithetho eyahluka kakhulu yocalucalulo ekhoyo ukusuka kwindawo ngeendawo, kunye nokuba nokwenzeka kobundlobongela obungaphaya kwabo. Izenzo ezamkelwa kwindawo enye zinokuxhokonxa ugonyamelo kwiikhilomitha ezimbalwa ezantsi kwendlela. Ukwaphula imithetho yobuhlanga esemthethweni okanye engabhalwanga, nokuba ungaqondanga, kunokubeka abahambi engozini enkulu. Kwanesimilo sokuqhuba sasichatshazelwa lubuhlanga; kwingingqi yeDelta yaseMississippi, isiko lendawo lalibalela abantu abantsundu ukuba bagqithise abamhlophe, ukuthintela uthuli lwabo lokuphakamisa kwiindlela ezingagangathwanga ukugquma iimoto zabamhlophe. Kwavela ipateni yabamhlophe yonakalisa ngabom iimoto zabantu abamnyama ukuze babeke abanini bazo “endaweni yabo”. Ukumisa naphi na apho kungaziwa ukuba kukhuselekile, kwanokuvumela abantwana emotweni ukuba bazikhulule, kubeka umngcipheko; abazali babeya kubongoza abantwana babo ukuba bayilawule imfuneko yabo yokusebenzisa indlu yangasese de bafumane indawo ekhuselekileyo yokumisa, njengoko “ezo ndlela zingasemva zaziyingozi gqitha ukuba abazali bayeke ukubayeka abantwana babo abancinane abantsundu bachame.”
Ngokutsho kwenkokeli yamalungelo oluntu, uJulian Bond, ekhumbula abazali bakhe besebenzisa iNcwadi eluhlaza, “Yayiyincwadi yesikhokelo eyayingakuxeleli ukuba zezona ndawo zilungileyo zokutyela phi, kodwa apho kukho nayiphi na indawo yokutya. Ucinga ngezinto abakhenkethi abaninzi abazithabatha lula, okanye abantu abaninzi namhlanje bazithatha lula. Ukuba ndiya kwisiXeko saseNew York kwaye ndifuna ukucheba iinwele, kulula kakhulu kum ukufumana indawo apho inokwenzeka khona, kodwa kwakungekho lula ngoko. Abachebi abamhlophe babengazichebi iinwele zabantu abantsundu. Iivenkile zobuhle ezimhlophe azinakuthatha abafazi abamnyama njengabathengi - iihotele njalo njalo, phantsi komgca. Ubufuna iNcwadi eluhlaza ukuze ikuxelele apho unokuya khona ngaphandle kokuba neengcango zimbakrazelwe ebusweni bakho.”
Njengoko uVictor Green wabhalayo kuhlelo lowe-1949, “kuya kubakho imini kwixesha elizayo elingekude xa esi sikhokelo singasayi kupapashwa. Kulapho thina njengogqatso siya kuba namathuba alinganayo kunye namalungelo e-United States. Iya kuba lusuku oluhle kuthi ukulunqumamisa olu papasho kuba sinako ukuya naphi na apho sithanda, kwaye ngaphandle kweentloni…. Kulapho thina njengogqatso siya kuba namathuba alinganayo kunye namalungelo eUnited States. ”
Loo mini yade yafika xa uMthetho wamaLungelo oLuntu ngowe-1964 waba ngumthetho welizwe. Incwadi yokugqibela ye-Negro Motorist Green yapapashwa ngo-1966. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu ananye, ngelixa iinkonzo zendlela ye-Americas yeendlela zedemokhrasi kakhulu kunangaphambili, kusekho iindawo apho ama-Afrika aseMelika angamkelekanga.
Umbhali, uStanley Turkel, ligunya elaziwayo kunye nomcebisi kwishishini lehotele. Uqhuba ihotele yakhe, ukubuk 'iindwendwe kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokubonisana ngokukodwa kulawulo lweeasethi, uphicotho-zincwadi olusebenzayo kunye nokusebenza kwezivumelwano zokuthengisa ngokuthengisa kunye nokunikezelwa kwenkxaso yesimangalo. Abathengi ngabanini behotele, abatyali mali kunye namaziko abolekisa ngemali. Iincwadi zakhe zibandakanya: Iihotele ezinkulu zaseMelika: Oovulindlela beshishini lehotele (2009), eyakhelwe ukuGcina: iihotele ezineminyaka eli-100 ubudala eNew York (ngo-2011), eyakhelwe ukuGcina: iihotele ezineminyaka eli-100 ubudala eMpuma eMississippi (ngo-2013) ), Ihotele Mavens: uLucius M. Boomer, uGeorge C. Boldt no-Oscar weWaldorf (2014), iGreat American Hoteliers uMqulu 2: Oovulindlela beshishini lehotele (2016), kunye nencwadi yakhe entsha, eyakhelwe ukuGcina: 100+ Unyaka -Old Hotels West of the Mississippi (2017) - ifumaneka kwi-hardback, iphepha elibhaliweyo, kunye nefomathi ye-Ebook- apho u-Ian Schrager abhale khona kwisandulela: “Le ncwadi igqibezela i-trilogy ye-182 yeembali zehotele zeepropathi zakudala zamagumbi angama-50 okanye nangaphezulu… Ndivakalelwa kukuba zonke ihotele zifanele zibe neencwadi zazo kwaye zenze ukuba zifundelwe abafundi nabaqeshwa bazo. ”
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