Kwinqaku lale veki, sivavanya ityala likaBlair v. NCL (Bahamas) Ltd., 2016 WL 5717560 (SD Fla. 2016) isenzo esithi "sivele ngokurhaxwa kunye nokutshona emanzini kwabantwana ababini kwi-Defendant NLC (Bahamas) Ltd Inqanawa. Ummangali, u-Colleen Blair, ngumama wabantwana ababini nomnye umntwana ozibonelayo ezi ziganeko. Ummangali umangalele i-NCL (Bahamas) Ltd. (NCL) kunye nabasebenzi bezonyango benqanawa… Ngelixa ukusweleka kuMthetho weeLwandle eziPhezulu sisisombululo sodwa sokusweleka kukammangali, lo Mthetho awuthinteli mabango ahlukeneyo ommangali. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yezizathu ezichaziweyo apha ngezantsi, ummanqali wokwenza ngabom uxinzelelo lweemvakalelo… bayagxothwa ngaphandle kokukhetha, ukungamkhathaleli ummangali ngokungakhathali kwamabango oxinzelelo lweemvakalelo aziswe yena kunye nomntwana wakhe ongabandakanyekanga ngqo kwisiganeko bayagxothwa benomkhethe ”.
Ukuhlaziywa kweethagethi zohlaselo
Khenya
E-Gettlemen, uKuki Gallmann, "Ndiphuphe ngeAfrika" Umbhali, Ngaba wadutyulwa eKenya, nytimes.com (4/23/2017) kwaqatshelwa ukuba "Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo, UNksk. Gallmann, omnye wabalondolozi abadumileyo baseKenya kwaye umbhali wencwadi ethengiswa kakhulu, 'Ndiphupha ngeAfrika ”undithumelele imiyalezo emininzi ebindayo. Abalusi abaxhobileyo babehlasele ifama yakhe emantla eKenya kwaye babesondela kufutshane nasendlwini yakhe… .NgeCawa kusasa, UNksk. Gallmann, 73, wayeqhuba enqumla kwifama yakhe enkulu esiya kwindawo ekuhlalwa kuyo ngabahlaseli… Wabona Iqela labahlaseli endulini… Iimbumbulu ezininzi zadutyulwa… Nkskz. UGallmann wabethwa esinqeni… wamshiya enzakele kakhulu… Uhlaselo lukaNksk. Gallmann yayiluphawu lwamva nje lwesiphithiphithi nobundlobongela obabusenzeka kumantla eKenya indawo eyayibhiyozelwa ngenxa yezilwanyana zasendle ezimangalisayo kodwa eyayikhathazwa kukungabi namthetho ”.
Mekhsikho
E-Ahmed, eMexico, 'Kulula Ukubulala iNtatheli', nytimes.com (4/29/2017) kwaqatshelwa ukuba “Iifowuni ziza rhoqo ngoku: omnye umzimba wafumanisa, wophukile kwaye ushiywe ngamanikiniki, ugawulwa ziimbumbulu. Ziyavela emini, ezinzulwini zobusuku kunye nasekuseni, ukusweleka kungabanjwanga ... .'Sihlale kwesi sihogo ixesha elithile ngoku 'utshilo uOctavio Bravo, intatheli ejonge ibhokisi yomntu asebenza naye odutyulwe eVeracruz kunyaka ophelileyo… Mexico lelinye lawona mazwe mabi ehlabathini ukuba abe yintatheli namhlanje. Ubuncinane ziintatheli eziyi-104 ezibuleweyo kweli lizwe ukusukela ngo-2000, ngelixa ezingama-25 zanyamalala, kucingelwa ukuba zibhubhile. Kuluhlu lwezona ndawo zibulala umhlaba ukuba ibe yintatheli, iMexico iwela phakathi kwesizwe esidlakazwe yimfazwe eAfghanistan kunye nelizwe elingaphumelelanga laseSomalia ”.
Kuninzi ekufuneka kwenziwe malunga nokuBetha
Kwi-Wise & Smith, iinqwelomoya zase-US zalungisa ukubhukisha ngaphezulu emva kwe-United fiasco, reuters.com (4/28/2017) kwaqatshelwa ukuba “Ukuhlehla ngokuchasene nokususwa okukhweleyo komkhweli we-United Airlines (UAL.N) kuvule indawo yabantu abaninzi Ukuhamba ngenqwelomoya kuvule iyantlukwano kumzi-mveliso wase-US malunga nendlela yokulawula ukubhukisha ngenqwelomoya ngokulahla umkhuba kwaye abanye banikezela ngenkuthazo etyebileyo yokuyeka izihlalo. Ukubhukisha ngaphezulu kunokwenzeka ukuba kube kwi-ajenda xa amalungu eCongress ebambe iindibano zokuziphatha kumzi mveliso kwiiveki ezizayo… UManyano ngoLwesine lonyuse inkuthazo yayo ephezulu ukuya kwi- $ 10,000 kumavolontiya kwiinqwelomoya ezibaleke kakhulu… I-United ngoLwesine ivumile ngesivumelwano kunye nemigaqo engachazwanga noGqirha David. UDao, 69, owarhuqelwa phantsi kuhambo lwenqwelomoya eChicago ngoAprili 9. ISouthwest Airlines ithe ngolwesine ayizukuphinda ibhabhe ngaphezulu. Inkampani inelona qondo liphezulu lokunyanzelwa kwezithuthi phakathi kwezithuthi ezinkulu zaseMelika ngo-2016… I-Delta yonyusa inkuthazo yabakhweli ukuya kwi-9,950 yeedola… I-American Airlines… ihlaziye iimeko zayo zenqwelomoya ukuze ithi ayizukususa umkhweli wengeniso esele ekhwele ukuze nika isihlalo omnye umkhweli ”.
Amaxabiso eSiselo angachazwanga
E-Booth, kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla yokuGqiba ukuba amaXabiso eeNdawo zokutyela angachazwanga anokuba sisiseko seSuit-Action Suit, njlawjoutrnal.com (4/4/2017) kwaqatshelwa ukuba "I $ 9 Mojito okanye i $ 8 Margarita. Amaxabiso ahlukeneyo ebhiya anikezelwa kwindawo yokutyela endaweni yebhiya efanayo etafileni. Xa ezo yantlukwano zamaxabiso zingachazwanga kwimenyu yokutyela, ehlala ingadwelisi amaxabiso esiselo konke konke, ngaba ezo ndawo zingavalwanga zinokuba sisiseko sezixhobo zeklasi? Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaseNew Jersey iza kunika impendulo kungekudala. Inkundla ngolwe-Lwesibini ive iingxoxo zokuba ingaba iivenkile zokutyela ziyaphula na imithetho yokukhuselwa kwabathengi emva koko bayohluleka ukudwelisa amaxabiso eziselo ezixubeneyo okanye ibhiya kwiimenyu zabo. La matyala yi-Dugan v. TGI yangoLwesihlanu kunye neBozzi v. OSI Restaurant Partner ”. Hla umamele.
Iimoto zokuziqhuba zika-Apple
E-Goel, iApple ifumana imvume yokuvavanya iimoto zokuziqhuba eCarlifonia, nytimes.com (4/14/2017) kwaqatshelwa ukuba “I-Apple iceba ukuqala ukuvavanya iimoto ezizisebenzelayo kwiindlela zaseCalifornia, uphawu olucacileyo okwangoku eyona nkampani itekhnoloji enexabiso ifuna ukuyila okanye ukwakha itekhnoloji yezithuthi ezimeleyo. NgoLwesihlanu, iSebe laseCalifornia leZithuthi linike iApple imvume esemthethweni yovavanyo yokuba iarhente ithi izakuvumela inkampani ukuba ivavanye itekhnoloji yokuqhuba ezimeleyo kwiimoto ezintathu zeLexx RX 2015h zohlobo lwezemidlalo. Ipemethe igunyazisa abantu abathandathu ukuba balawule izithuthi xa kukho imfuneko ”.
Ijenali yomthetho wokuhamba kweSpanish
Sinqwenela ukubhengeza ukupapashwa kweJenali yezomthetho yokuHamba eSpain, Revista Internacional De Derechio Del Turismo Ridetur efumanekayo ku-co.es/servios/ucopress/ojs/index.php/ridetur/issue/view/603/showToc. Ndiyakuvuyela.
Uber eIndiya
KwiManjo, u-Uber ufuna ukulawula ilizwe. Kuqala kufanele ukuba yoyise i-India, nytimes.com (4/14/2017) kwaqatshelwa ukuba “Nks. I-Balasubramanva's (i-ofisi e-Bangalore, e-India) yenye yamakhulu e-UberDost (umhlobo ka-Uber) iiofisi u-Uber amise i-India iphela, apho inkampani ekhwela abantu ngoku isebenza njengecandelo lomkhosi elizimisele ukoyisa ilizwekazi. Emva komvandedwa wonyaka ophelileyo ovela e-China, apho inkampani yayidutyulwe ngu-Didi Chuxing, u-Uber uqhuba ngokupheleleyo kweli lizwe labantu abayi-1.3 yezigidigidi, begalela imali, iinjineli kunye nobuchwephesha bokulawula into enokuthi ngenye imini ibe yeyona ntengiso inkulu iinkonzo zothutho. I-Uber idume ngokuba ndlongondlongo, kwaye olo phawu luyakhanya kwiinjongo zalo eIndiya. Bambalwa abantu abanemoto apha, ke injongo ye-Uber yexesha elide kukutsiba isitayile sobunini beemoto zaseNtshona kwaye uhambe ngqo kuluntu apho abantu bangazithengi khona iimoto. Bayabancoma ”. Umnqweno omhle.
I-Uber Tipping Option App
E-Brustein, iZicwangciso zeSixeko saseNew York zokunyanzela i-Uber ukuba yongeze i-Tipping Option kwi-App, msn.com (4/18/2017) kwaqatshelwa ukuba “iteksi kunye nomlawuli weemoto ezimnyama weSixeko saseNew York bafuna u-Uber… kwi-app yayo ngoJulayi. Abaqhubi kudala bekhalaza ukuba u-Uber uyalichasa eli nyathelo, nanjengoko ezinye iinkampani zokukhwela abakhweli zinika indlela abathengi yokongeza inkululeko. U-Uber ujongene notyhilo olufanayo eCalifornia, apho umthetho wezomthetho wazise umthetho oyilwayo ekuqaleni kwalo nyaka owawuza kufuna ukuba iinkampani ezihamba ngenqwelomoya zamkele iingcebiso ngamakhadi etyala. Ukuba u-Uber unyanzelwe ukuba amkele ukurhwebesha kwiimarike ezimbini ezibaluleke kakhulu e-US, ngekhe kube sengqiqweni ukwala ukwenza njalo kwenye indawo. Abaqhubi baka-Uber bebesoloko becela ukhetho lokuthintela iminyaka ”.
Ulawulo kumatyala oMthetho wokuHamba
Kwi-Pounian kunye noGreen, iGunya loBuntu eliQhelekileyo kwiiNdawo zoPhapho emva koDaimler, newyorklawjournal.com (4/10/2017) kwaqatshelwa ukuba “Kwisigqibo sayo sango-2014 uDaimler AG v. Bauman, 134 S. Ct. I-746 (2014) iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-US ibambe ukuba iqumrhu liphantsi kolawulo ngokubanzi xa lisoloko linonxibelelwano oluqhubekayo nolunwenwayo kurhulumente apho kuziswe khona isuti enokuthi ithathwe 'njengekhaya' kuloo meko… UDaimler Iziphumo ezinzulu kumatyala eenqwelomoya kuba zihlala zibandakanya abafowunelwa abaninzi. Iingozi zokuhamba ngenqwelomoya zihlala zenzeka kwiindawo ezintle kwaye zibandakanya abamangali kunye nabamangalelwa abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo okanye izizwe. Ityala eliqhelekileyo linokubandakanya ukwaphuka kolawulo olunye, umqhubi wenqwelomoya ukusuka kwesesibini, abakhweli ukusuka kwesesithathu, impahla yokulungisa inqwelomoya evela kweyesine kunye nomenzi wenqwelomoya owesihlanu. Naphambi kokuba uDaimler angabikho rhoqo ukujoyina bonke abatyholwa kwinto enye, kodwa emva kwe-Daimler iimeko zokuhamba ngenqwelomoya zifuna ukuba abamangali bafake 'amanyathelo okhuselo' amaninzi ukukhusela ukugxothwa ngokomthetho ”. Amatyala akhankanyiweyo abandakanya uBrown v. Lockheed Martin, 914 F. 3d 619 (2d Cir. 2016) (amabango ahambelana ne-asbestos); Siswanto v. I-Airbus SAS, 153 F. Uncedo. 3d 1024 (ND Ill. 2015) (ukufa okungalunganga); UMerritt v. Airbus Americas, 202 F. Supp. I-3d 294 (EDNY 2016) (ukwenzakala komntu); I-Lubin v. Delta Airlines, 2015 WL 4611759 (SD Mich. 2015) (ukulimala kakhulu kwehla ngezitepsi); UMartinez v. Aero Caribbean, 754 F. 3d 1062 (9th Cir 2014) (Ingozi yomoya eCuba ibulala bonke abaphesheya).
Ukuziva Ungonwabanga
E-Glusac, Emoyeni, ukuziva ngokungathandekiyo kuthi ngokuchasene nabo, nytimes.com (4/12/2017) kwaqatshelwa ukuba “Xa umgibeli wayesuswa ngenkani esihlalweni sakhe… ividiyo ethathwe ngababukeli yabonakala ngathi iyayibamba imo yomoya: thina xa sithelekiswa nabo… Indlela ushishino olwafikelela ngayo esibhakabhakeni esingenabuhlobo luhambo olubuyela umva ngomhla we-9/11, olwafaka imigaqo yokhuseleko enkulu kunye nokuthintela ukuthwala. Emva kwe-9/11, 'ukungalandeli imiyalelo yabasebenzi ngokukhawuleza kunokubonwa njengesoyikiso, kwaye bazithatha zonke izoyikiso', utshilo uMnu Leff. 'Abasebenzi beenqwelo-moya bakwizikhundla zamandla nezigunya ezigqithileyo' ”.
Ukuhlawulwa kweDelta
E-Sasso nase-Moritz, i-Delta inyuka intlawulo yokuhlawulwa kweencwadi ezithengiswayo emva kwe-United furor, msn.com (4/15/2017) kwaqatshelwa ukuba “I-Delta Air Lines inyuse intlawulo kwizikhululo zeenqwelo-moya zayo ezinokunika abakhweli kwiinqwelo-moya ezigcweleyo, behamba ukuthintela ubudlelwane bobudlelwane boluntu obufanayo nobukhathaza i-United Continental Holdings, Inc. Iiarhente zeenkonzo zabaThengi ziya kuba nakho ukunikezela; ibonwe nguBloomberg. Abaphathi banokunikezela kangange- $ 2,000 ngaphezulu kwamaxesha asixhenxe ikepisi yangaphambili ye- $ 800 ″.
Imirhumo yeeAmbulensi zomoya
E-Thompson, Ukunyuka kwezikhalazo malunga nemirhumo ye-ambulensi ephezulu yomoya, komonews.com (4/12/2017) kwaqatshelwa ukuba “Kwimeko kaxakeka yokwenyani, ukuba ubiza i-ambulensi yasemhlabeni, inkampani yakho yeinshurensi inakho ukuhlawula uninzi lweendleko , kodwa iinkampani zeinshurensi zithi ii-ambulensi zomoya zibiza iindleko ezinkulu kangaka, bazimisele ukuhlawula iqhekeza leendleko, kwaye oko kuthetha ukuba wena njengomthengi ubambekile ukuhlawula lonke ityala. Kwaye loo ndleko inokuphakama. IiNgxelo zabaThengi zithi umndilili oyilwayo weehelikopta zonyango ungaphezulu kwe- $ 30,000… Qaphela ukuba kumazwe amaninzi, kubandakanya ilizwe laseWashington, abalawuli beinshurensi abanalo igunya kwiinkampani zothutho lomoya. Umthetho wesigqeba owapasiswa ngo-1978 wawuthintela amazwe ekulawuleni amaxabiso, iindlela okanye inkonzo yabaqhubi beenqwelo moya zomoya ”.
Iihotele zokulwa iAirbnb
E-Benner, Ngaphakathi kwisiCwangciso soShishino lweehotele sokulwa i-Airbnb, nytimes.com (4/16/2017) kwaqatshelwa ukuba “Okwangoku akukho nto iphosakeleyo ngokwenza ukuba i-Airbnb ingenelele kwishishini lemveli lehotele. Inkampani esekwe eSan Francisco yasekwa ngonyaka we-2008 njengendlela yabantu yokuluhlu ngokulula kunye nokuqesha amagumbi abo okugcina izinto okanye amakhaya abo kwi-intanethi. Ukusukela ngoko, bamalunga nezigidi ezili-150 abahambi abaye bahlala kwizintlu ze-Airbnb ezizigidi ezintathu kumazwe angaphezu kwe-191, ngokutsho kwenkampani… i-Airbnb yehlise amaxabiso ehotele kwiindawo ezininzi ngexesha leeholide nakweminye imisitho emikhulu xa amaxabiso egumbi kufuneka abe phezulu… Isicwangciso seshishini ngokuchasene ne-Airbnb sibonisa 'ihotele ehotele inenjongo yokushishina abantu abakumgangatho ophakathi ukuze bakwazi ukugcina abathengi abanyusa amaxabiso', uNick Papas, osisithethi se-Airbnb wabhala nge-imeyile… Umbutho wehotele kazwelonke uthe uhlaselo lwayo ngokuchasene ne-Airbnb hayi malunga nefuthe leqonga lezemali kwiihotele. 'I-Airbnb isebenzisa indawo yokulala, kodwa ayidlali ngemithetho efanayo', utshilo uTroy Flanagan, usekela-mongameli we-American Hotel kunye ne-Lodging Association kwimicimbi yaseburhulumenteni neyasekhaya, kudliwanondlebe. Eyona nto iphambili kwisicwangciso sombutho sokunyanzela i-Airbnb kubandakanya ukuphembelela abezopolitiko kunye negqwetha likarhulumente jikelele ukunciphisa inani lababuki zindwendwe be-Airbnb, izifundo ezixhasa ngemali ukubonisa ukuba i-Airbnb igcwele ngabantu abathi cwaka baphume kwiihotele zokuhlala kwaye baqaqambisa indlela i-Airbnb eyamkela ngayo ukuqokelela irhafu yehotele kwaye abaphantsi kwemiqathango efanayo yezokhuseleko neyokhuseleko ekufuneka ilandelwe ngabasebenza kwiihotele ”.
Kule Tyala Ityala Lomthetho Wokuhamba
“Ummangali, u-Colleen Blair, uzisa esi senzo egameni lakhe, umntu ngamnye; njengommeli wobuqu welifa lomntwana oswelekileyo uKAB; nanjengomzali nomgcini wabantwana bakhe ababini abasindileyo, u-KB kunye no-BB. Ngo-Meyi ka-2015, uMmangali kunye nabantwana bakhe abathathu babengabakhweli kwinqanawa ye-NCL, iGem yaseNorway ”.
Ingxowa yezixhobo zezoNyango ezingenakusebenziseka
Ngelixa sasikhwele, uMmangali kunye nabantwana baya kwelinye lamachibi enqanawa. Ummangali ngokufutshane waphulukana nokubona i-KAB kunye ne-BB ngelixa babesechibini. Into elandelayo awayeyazi, abantwana bakaMmangali uKAB kunye no-BB babekhutshwa eziphelweni zedama labanye abagibeli. Umzimba ka-KAB wawungenabomi kwaye abakhweli baqala ukukhwaza ngezixhobo zonyango kunye nabasebenzi. Malunga nemizuzu eli-10 emva kokuntywila, ingxowa yezixhobo zonyango yafika kwindawo yesehlo. Nangona kunjalo, ibhegi yayiswele izixhobo ezifanelekileyo kunye / okanye zokusebenza zonyango ukunceda kwimizamo yokuvuselela i-KAB. Ingxowa yayiqulethe isixhobo sokutsala esingasebenziyo kwaye ngexesha abasebenzi bezonyango be-NCL befika kuloo ndawo, phantse imizuzu eli-15 emva kokuba uKAB ekhutshiwe echibini, kwakusebusuku kakhulu ukusebenzisa isixhobo sokwenza izixhobo esizisebenzelayo sangaphandle ngenxa yokuba uKAB wayengasenayo into yokubetha . Ngenxa yokulibaziseka… abakhweli abaneemvelaphi zonyango baqale ukuzama ukuvuselela i-KAB. Ngelixa uKAB ebhubhile… i-BB khange ibenakho ukonzakala emzimbeni. Ummangali uBB kunye no-KB bazibonele ezinye iinzame zabanye abakhweli zokusindisa iKAB nokusweleka kweKAB ”.
Uhambo lweenqanawa "ezinobuhlobo"?
“Ummangali ugcina ukuba iNCL ibhengeza uhambo lwayo ngenqanawa 'njengelungelolusapho' kwaye 'lulungele abantwana'. Ngaphandle koku, i-NCL ayinabahlanguli abajonga indawo yeephuli. Ngaphaya koko, i-NCL ayigcini izixhobo ezisindisa ubomi kwindawo ekufuphi okanye echibini leephuli kwimeko kaxakeka. Kananjalo abasebenzi be-NCL abayisebenzisi indawo enabantu abaqeqeshelwe ukujongana nemeko zonxunguphalo kwezonyango ”.
Iintlawulo
“Amanani IV zonke zizisiwe ngokuhambelana noMthetho wokuSweleka kwiiLwandle eziPhakamileyo (i-DOHSA). Ubalo lokuqala lommangali lubanga ukungakhathali… U-II ubanga ukungakhathali… esekwe kwithiyori yommangalelwa ongaphezulu kokungakhathali komtyholwa kwezonyango. Ukubala III kubanga ukungakhathali… kwizenzo zabamangalelwa kwezonyango ngokusekwe kwigunya elibonakalayo. Amanqaku IV kunye no-V batyhola ukungakhathali ngokuchasene nabamangalelwa kwezonyango. Inani elili-VI, elijolise kubo bonke abaTyholwa, libango lokufaka ngabom uxinzelelo lweemvakalelo nguMmangali. BB kunye neKB. Ukubala i-IX ibango lommangali nxamnye nabo bonke abatyholwa ngokungakhathali. U-X uziswa egameni le-BB ngenxa yokungakhathali koxinzelelo lweemvakalelo… U-XI uziswe egameni le-KB ngenjongo yokungakhathali koxinzelelo lweemvakalelo… Isindululo se-NCL sifuna ukuchitha onke amabango asichasayo… ”
Ukunyanzelwa ngabom koxinzelelo lweemvakalelo
“Ukufumanisa ukuba ummangalelwa ubandakanyeke kwisenzo esonyanyekayo, ummangali kufuneka athethe iinyani ezibonisa ukuba isenzo sommangalelwa 'sasiyinto eyoyikisayo kwaye enganyamezelekiyo luluntu oluphucukileyo'… Ummangali uxhasa ukuba ezi meko zilandelayo zithathiwe zizonke, zibonakalisa ukugqitha kwaye Ukuziphatha okugwenxa yi-NCL: ukusilela kwe-NCL ukuqesha abagcini-ndawo, ngelixa bezithengisa 'njengosapho olulungileyo' kunye 'nolungele abantwana'; Ukusilela kwe-NCL ukugcina izixhobo ezisindisa ubomi kumgangatho wedama; Ukusilela kwe-NCL ukuba abasebenzi bafakwe kumgangatho wedama abalungele imeko engxamisekileyo yezonyango; kunye nobude bexesha oluthathe ukuba abasebenzi bezonyango be-NCL bafike, malunga nemizuzu eli-15, emva kokuba iKAB ikhutshiwe echibini. Ngelixa umphumo walezi zenzo ubukrakra, isimilo esinjalo asifikeleli kwinqanaba elifunekayo ukuze umntu abangele ngabom uxinzelelo lweemvakalelo. ”
Ukungabikho kwabaLondolozi boBomi okwamkelekileyo
Njengoko i-NCL isitsho, uninzi lwamachibi ehotele awanabo ohlanguli okanye abasebenzi bezonyango kufutshane. Ke ngoko, unikwe indlela ekuqheleke ngayo ukuba kungabikho bahlanguli okanye abasebenzi bezonyango kumadama, ukungabikho kwabo kufuneka kwamkelwe ngokubanzi luluntu. Ke, imeko enjalo ngokucacileyo ayikokuziphatha 'okugqithileyo kwinqanaba, ukuya ngaphaya kwayo yonke imida enesidima, kwaye kuthathwe njengokubi kwaye kunganyamezeleki kwaphela kuluntu oluphucukileyo'. Ngaphaya koko, uMmangali akakhange akhankanye kuyo nayiphi na imimiselo okanye elinye igunya lomthetho elibonisa ukuba umthetho ufuna ubukho babahlanguli okanye abasebenzi bezonyango kufutshane namachibi. Ngenxa yoko, iintshukumo ze-NCL azizenzi izinto ezigwenxa nezigwenxa. Ukumangalela ngabom kukammangali kwamabango oxinzelelo lweemvakalelo… kufuneka kugxothwe… ngaphandle kokukhetha).
Ukungakhathali koxinzelelo lweemvakalelo
“Ukuze kuxelwe ibango lokungakhathali kukwenza uxinzelelo lweemvakalelo ummangali kufuneka atyhole 'ukwenzakala ngokwasemphefumlweni okanye ngokwasemphefumlweni (njengoloyiko okanye ixhala) okubangelwa kukungakhathali komnye kwaye okungabangelwa ngqo kukwenzakala emzimbeni, kodwa ezinokuthi zibonakalise kwiimpawu zomzimba '… Ngelixa imimandla eyahlukeneyo yamkele imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokuba loluphi uhlobo lwengozi ekufuneka ummangali ahlupheke, umthetho waselwandle waseburhulumenteni wamkele uvavanyo' lommandla wengozi 'ovumela ukubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo xa ummangali egcina ifuthe lomzimba okanye ibekwe emngciphekweni wokonzakala emzimbeni ngenxa yokungakhathali kommangalelwa ”.
Umda wengozi
“Ummangali ugcina esithi yena nabantwana bakhe abasaphilayo bonke babekwindawo eyingozi. Ummangali ubongoza ukuba umthetho utshintshwe kwaye iNkundla isebenzise uvavanyo 'lwommeli olindeleyo', hayi indawo yovavanyo lobungozi. Inkundla, nangona kunjalo, ibophelelekile kwizigwebo zeShumi elinanye leSekethe… Ummangali uthi indawo yomngcipheko yayiyiphuli yezifundo kunye nendawo eyayingqonge ichibi ngenxa yokuba Ummangali kunye neKK babekhe babe semngciphekweni wokonzakala ngokwasemzimbeni ngenxa yokunqongophala umsindisi… Ngokutsho koMmangali… nje ukuba babone i-KAB kunye ne-BB zitshona echibini, Ummangali kunye ne-KB kuye kwafuneka bathathe isigqibo malunga nokuba babeke ubomi babo emngciphekweni ukuze kusindiswe i-KAB ne-BB ”.
Iingxaki ezimbini
“Okokuqala, ngokweSikhalazo esiLungisiweyo, uMmangali akabonanga nokuba i-KAB okanye i-BB iyarhaxwa okanye ingene phantsi kwamanzi… akukho nommangali okanye no-KB ekufuneka enze isigqibo sokuba angene na echibini. Okwesibini, ngenxa yokuba uMmangali okanye i-KB bengazange bayishiye indawo enamachibi okuqubha… bebengekho mngciphekweni wokonzakala ngokwasemzimbeni ngenxa yokusilela kwe-NCL ukuqesha abagadi babahlanguli. Ngaphaya koko, ngenxa yokuba uMmangali okanye uKK ebengadingi kunikwa ngonyango, zange boyike ukhuseleko lwabo ngenxa yokungahoywa okunxulumene nolibaziseko nolononophelo lonyango olunikiweyo… Amabango ommangali wokungakhathali koxinzelelo lweemvakalelo… ayachaswa ”.
i Witness
“U-BB owakhutshwa echibini ngaxeshanye ne-KAB ukwisimo esahlukileyo sommangali kunye ne-KB. NgokweSikhalazo esiLungisiweyo, i-BB ayibonanga nje ukuntywila kodade wayo kwaye ayaphumelela kwimizamo yokumhlangula, kodwa naye wabekwa emngciphekweni wokonzakala kwangoko xa wawurhaxwa echibini ngenxa yokusilela kwe-NCL ukuba nomlondolozi. Zithathelwe ingqalelo kakhulu ngummangali, izityholo ezinjalo zomngcipheko wokwenzakala emzimbeni zanele ukuchaza unobangela wesenzo sokungakhathali koxinzelelo lweemvakalelo egameni le-BB kuba bebeka i-BB kwindawo yengozi ".
Ukurhaxwa kufutshane
Isikhalazo esiLungisiweyo sityhola ukuba ukunqongophala komhlanguli kukodwa bekukukungakhathali. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba kummandla wobungozi, iBB khange kufuneke ukuba ifune unyango njengoko kuchaziwe yi-NCL… ngelixa isiKhalazo esiLungisiweyo sathi iBB ihlupheke ngenxa yokubukela ukusweleka kukadadewabo, ikwatyhola uBB ukuba ngenxa yokurhaxwa kufutshane… Ibango lommangali lokungakhathali koxinzelelo lweemvakalelo kwiBB luchaza ngokwaneleyo unobangela wento esekwe kunxunguphalo oluvela kuye ekufuphi nokuntywila, kuphela ”.
Unonophelo lwezoNyango oluCothayo
Isikhalazo esiLungisiweyo sikwatyhola ngelithi u-BB ukhathazekile ngokweemvakalelo 'ngokubona, ukuva nokungqina impatho elityazisiweyo nengonelanga' efunyenwe yi-KAB nokusukela ekufeni kuka-KAB. Nangona kunjalo, iSikhalazo esiLungisiweyo asiqulathanga nasiphi na isityholo sokuba i-BB ifuna okanye ifumene unyango emva kokutsalwa echibini. Yiyo ke loo nto i-BB ibingekho kumngcipheko wengozi owenziwe kukungakhathali okunxulumene nokufumana ukhathalelo lwezonyango… izinto zebango ezisekwe kukungqina ukulibaziseka kunye nokufumana ukhathalelo lonyango yi-KAB ziyakhatywa kukhethwe ".
Umbhali, uThomas A. Dickerson, liLungu leZibheno elidla umhlala-phantsi kwiCandelo leZibheno, kwiSebe lesiBini leNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseNew York kwaye ebhala malunga noMthetho wokuHamba kangangeminyaka engama-41 kubandakanya neencwadi zakhe zomthetho ezihlaziyiweyo minyaka le, uMthetho woKhenketho, iLaw Journal Journal. (2016), Litigating International Torts in US Courts, Thomson Reuters WestLaw (2016), Class Actions: The Law of 50 States, Law Journal Press (2016) nangaphezulu kwamanqaku angama-400 asemthethweni uninzi lwawo afumaneka nycourts.gov/courts/ 9jd / taxcertatd.shtml. Ukufumana iindaba ezongezelelekileyo zomthetho wokuhamba kunye nophuhliso, ngakumbi, kumazwe angamalungu e-EU jonga IFTTA.org
Eli nqaku alinakuphinda liveliswe ngaphandle kwemvume kaThomas A. Dickerson.
Funda ezininzi ze Amanqaku kaJustice Dickerson apha.
