Ishishini lewayini laseFransi lisekelwe kwimigaqo: iicepages (iintlobo ngeentlobo zeediliya ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza iwayini), ijografi, izivuno, ukuguga kunye nezinye iinkcukacha "makwenziwe" ezichazwe kwigama ngalinye. Ngenxa yemiceli mngeni abajongene nayo abenzi bewayini baseFransi, kwiinzame zokujongana nemithetho, bayigobe okanye bayiphephe, abavelisi bewayini bafumanisa ukuba “iimanyano” zemizi yewayini zenza indlela esebenzayo yokufikelela kwingeniso esezantsi.
A. Les Cotes de Bordeaux (Les Cotes)
Les Cotes yasekwa (2008) ngokudityaniswa kwezibheno ezine abagqiba ukudibanisa kunye nokuthengisa njengeqela endaweni yezidiliya ezizimeleyo. Iqela langoku liquka uBlaye, uCadillac, iCote de Franc kunye noCastillon kwaye kunye benza igama lesibini ngobukhulu eBordeaux ngeehektare eziyi-12,000 (30,000 yeehektare).
Ukususela ekuqaleni, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kuye kwanda malunga neepesenti ze-29 kumthamo kunye ne-34 +/- ngevolumu. Umbutho ukwazile ukufumana amaxabiso angcono ngeentengiso ezidityanisiweyo kwaye abalimi abancinci abakhoyo e-Les Cotes bayazuza kumkhwa wabathengi wokuthenga ngokuthe ngqo kwiipropathi ezikwicango le-cellar.
Les Cotes de Bordeaux iquka:
– 1000 abavelisi bewayini
- 30,000 yeehektare (i-10 ekhulwini layo yonke i-Bordeaux)
- iibhotile ezizigidi ezingama-65, okanye iimeko ezizigidi ezi-5.5; Ama-97 ekhulwini ewayini ebomvu
– Iindidi zediliya: uninzi lwe wayini zixutywa ne Merlot (5—80 pesenti), kunye ne Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc kunye ne Malbec.
B. Vin de France (VDF). Vinicultural Freedom
Ukusukela ngo 2010, eli qela lemizi mveliso ye wayini liphawuleka nge wayini zetafile kwaye lithathe indawo yodidi lwangaphambili lwe vin de table. IVin de France ingaquka iindidi zediliya (oko kukuthi, iChardonnay okanye iMerlot) kunye nediliya kwileyibhile kodwa azibhalwanga ngokwengingqi okanye isibizo - kuphela isiFrentshi. Intengiso yehlabathi yewayini echongiweyo njenge VDF ngoku ibalelwa kwiibhotile zezigidi ezingama-340 ngonyaka – iibhotile ezili-10 ezithengiswa rhoqo ngesekhondi.
Iwayini ze-VDF ziiwayini ezingafikeleliyo kwimigaqo ebekiweyo yi-AOC okanye i-IGP (Indication Geographique Progegee) imithetho yesibheno-mhlawumbi izidiliya zibekwe ngaphandle kwendawo yemveliso enqunyanyisiweyo okanye iintlobo zediliya okanye iindlela zobuchule bevinification azihambelani nemithetho yezibizo zasekuhlaleni. . Ingcinga (eyayigqalwa njengentsha ngelo xesha), yavumela iivintners ukuba zixube iwayini ezisuka kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo kunye nendibaniselwano emitsha yeendidi zediliya, nto leyo emele utshintsho olubalulekileyo lwelizwe elidityaniswe ngezahlulo zewayini ngokwejografi. I-VDF yenzelwe ukukhulula abenzi bewayini, ivumela ukuveliswa kwewayini ezinokukhuphisana nebrendi zamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokulungelelanisa iwayini yaseFransi, iyenze ifikeleleke kubathengi.
Iinkqubo zewayini ezibotshelelwa kwijografi yaseFransi zibe ngumngeni kubantu baseMelika njengoko abathengisi kunye ne-sommeliers baye bacelwa umngeni ukuba baguqulele inkqubo yokuhlelwa kwe-appellation d'origine controlee (AOC) kunye nobunzima bayo. I-VDF ibonelela ngendlela elula yokubonisa iwayini esemgangathweni kunye neyona ndawo ibalaseleyo yokungena kubathengi abanomdla wokukhangela iwayini zaseFransi eziquka iSauvignon Blanc, iPinot Noir, iChardonnay, iMerlot, kunye neCabernet Sauvignon. Ukuthengiswa kwe-VDF ngo-2019 kubalelwa kwi-1.6 yezigidi zeemeko kunye noMntla Melika intengiso yesine enkulu, emele i-12 yeepesenti yomthamo kunye ne-16 yeepesenti yexabiso elithengisiweyo.
C. Counseil Interprofessional du Vin de Bordeaux (iBhunga leWayini laseBordeaux, CIVB)
Ngo-1948 iBhunga laseBordeaux Wine laziswa ngoMthetho waseFransi kwaye lidibanisa abalimi bewayini, abarhwebi kunye nabarhwebi ababelana ngomsebenzi omnye:
1. Ukuthengisa. Vuselela imfuno, funa abathengi abatsha, kwaye uqinisekise ukunyaniseka kwabo kuhlobo.
2. Imfundo. Kurhwebo kunye nokuqinisa ubudlelwane.
3. Ubugcisa. Yakha ulwazi; khusela umgangatho wewayini zeBordeaux; ukulindela iimfuno ezintsha ezinxulumene nokusingqongileyo, i-CSR kunye nemimiselo yokhuseleko lokutya.
4. Ezoqoqosho. Ukubonelela ngobukrelekrele ngemveliso, imarike, indalo kunye nokuthengiswa kwewayini zeBordeaux kwihlabathi jikelele.
5. Izinto ezinomdla. Khusela ii-terroirs, ulwe ubuqhophololo, uphuhlise ukhenketho lwewayini.
6. Ukuhlelwa. Inceda ukwazisa umthengi ngokunciphisa umngcipheko xa ulwahlulo lukhuphisana, ngamaxesha athile kwaye lunikezela ngovavanyo olubalulekileyo lwewayini ngabagxeki bamazwe ngamazwe.
Ngomhla wama-28 kuJuni ka-2019, i-CIVD, ijonge iminyaka emibini yophando, yacebisa ukongezwa kweentlobo ezintandathu zediliya ezikwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu ebezingatyalwa ngaphambili kulo mmandla, ukuba zivunyelwe ngokusemthethweni ukuba zisetyenziswe kwimixube yeBordeaux. Olu tshintsho lwavunywa ngenxa yokoyika ukufudumala kwehlabathi kutshabalalisa lonke ishishini. Njengoko imozulu isiya ishushu, abenzi bewayini bazama ukusebenza ngokuchasene nemozulu ebangele utshintsho kwincasa besebenzisa iindlela ezininzi zokufumana izisombululo.
NgoJanuwari 26, 2021, i-Institut National de l'Origne et de la Qualite (INAO), umbutho ulawula ukhetho lwediliya, wavuma ngokusesikweni ukusetyenziswa kweentlobo ezine ezintsha zemidiliya ebomvu kunye nembini emitsha emhlophe kwingingqi yeBordeaux kubandakanya:
Bomvu:
I-Arinarnoa
Iicastets
UMarselan
Ilizwe laseTouriga
Mhlophe:
UAlvarinho
Liliorila
Ezi ntlobo zezongezo kwiidiliya ezivunyiweyo ngoku kwiinkcukacha zesibizo ezikhoyo.
Imidiliya esemngciphekweni omkhulu yiMerlot kunye ne Sauvignon Blanc ezibumba isambuku semidiliya ebomvu namhlophe kwingingqi ye Bordeaux. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1990, isivuno sezidiliya ezivuthwa kwangoko zaya kutsho kuAgasti ngomhla we-10 kuSeptemba ukuya ku-Okthobha we-10 njengesiqhelo sokuvuna. Uphando lucebisa ukuba ezi ndidi zimbini zediliya njengoko zikhoyo ngoku, zingaphela ngo-2050.
D. Syndicate des Crus Bourgeois
Ngo-1907, kwawiswa umthetho owawuxelela abalimi ukuba kufuneka bachaze ubungakanani besivuno sabo kwaye banokuvelisa kuphela iwayini eninzi njengoko isivuno sabo esichaziweyo sinokusenza. Nangona kunjalo, abanye abalimi baye bagqithisa ubungakanani besivuno sabo (1907-08) ngoko - banokunyusa iintengiso zabo ngewayini enexabiso eliphantsi evela eMidi okanye bazise iwayini ezivela ngaphandle kwengingqi.
Rhoqo amaFrentshi aye azama ukudidiyela umgangatho. Ngo-1932 amaFrentshi azama ukubeka ii-chateaux ezaziwa kakhulu kwinkqubo yokuhlelwa equka iindawo zewayini ezingama-444, ezi-6 kumgangatho ophezulu wecrus bourgeois unique, 99 crus bourgeois superior kunye nama-339 plain crus bourgeois.
Ngo-1966, umgangatho wachazwa ngokutsha yiSyndicate des Crus Bourgeois kwaye ngo-1978 kwakukho i-128 chateaux edwelisiweyo. Ngowe-1978 uMbutho waseYurophu (ngoku oyi-EU) wafumanisa ukuba amagama athi GRAND nelithi EXCEPTIONAL ayengenantsingiselo yaye ayengenakuphinda asetyenziswe. Ukusukela ngoko, bonke oohlohlesakhe becrus yayingoohlohlesakhe becrus. Oku kwavula amasango ukuba abantu abangaphandle kweMedoki basebenzise eli gama.
Indlela iSyndicate esebenza ngayo ngoku:
I-Chateaux abafuna ukusebenzisa igama elithi cru bourgeois bafake isicelo kwi-Syndicat (ixabiso le-$435). Ipropati ingenisa ulwazi malunga nokusebenza (iirekhodi zembali, iindlela ze-vinification, njl.)
Imigaqo yokubandakanywa iya kuba:
– Terroir
-Umgangatho (iisampulu zewayini ezivela kwiivintage ezi-6 eziza kungcamla yikomiti)
– Imigangatho yokulima umdiliya kunye nevinification
– Ukuhambelana komgangatho
– Udumo
Ngaba i-chateaux ngoku isebenzisa igama elithi cru bourgeois kwiwayini yabo yesibini iya kuvunyelwa ukuba iqhubeke?
Ngaba i-chateaux nganye iya kuba negumbi layo elingaphantsi komhlaba?
Ingaba oku kushiya phi ookopolotyeni?
IKomiti inamalungu ali-18 (ubuncinci ilungu lefaculty elinye elivela kwiSikolo saseBordeaux se-Enology, iibroker, ii-negociants, amalungu e-cru bourgeois Syndicat). Iindawo ezithengisa iwayini ziya kujongwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka eli-10-12. Abafaki-zicelo ababonwa njengabangafanelekanga abayi kuvunyelwa ukuba basebenzise igama elithi cru bourgeois kwiileyibhile zabo kwaye kuya kufuneka balinde de kube kuphononongo olulandelayo ukuze bafake isicelo kwakhona.
Kutshanje, i-Syndicat ibuyisele "ekhethekileyo" kunye "nephezulu" kunye nenkqubo enemigangatho emithathu ukukhuthaza abavelisi ukuba bagxile kumgangatho kwaye basebenze ngendlela yabo kwinkqubo. Inkqubo ye-tiered ilawulwa ngokungqongqo ukwenzela ukuba imimiselo ephezulu kunye neyodwa ibe nexabiso. Ingozi ekhoyo kwinkqubo yeyokuba uluhlu luya kuba nzima kakhulu kwaye uninzi luthathwa njengolukhethekileyo kwaye lumbalwa kakhulu njengoohlohlesakhe becrus abaqhelekileyo nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukugcina isakhelo sephiramidi.
Ilebheli yeBhotile yewayini
Iileyibhile zewayini zaseFrench zinegama lelali hayi iintlobo zediliya. Sisiqinisekiso sokuba imidiliya yewayini eneneni iphuma kwilali okanye ingingqi ethile njengoko ingingqi nganye yewayini ineseti yemithetho eyodwa elawula ukuba zeziphi iintlobo zediliya ezinokulinywa, isivuno esivumelekileyo kunye nendlela iwayini eveliswa ngayo. Iwayini zaseFransi ezithi AOC, AC, kunye ne-AOP ziqinisekisa ukuba iwayini iveliswa ngokwendlela engqongqo yeviticultural kunye ne-winemaking styles.
Inkqubo ye-AOC yemigangatho yemveliso ehlanganisiweyo ibandakanya:
1. Igama lomvelisi
2. Iidiliya ezikhuliswe kwigama ngalinye
3. Umxholo wotywala
4. Umthamo
5. Iipasile
6. Izithintelo kwiintlobo zomhlaba
7. Iimetrics ezijolise kwiziphumo ezifana nezivuno eziphezulu okanye umxholo wotywala.
Wine Futures
Kukho izizathu zokuba nethemba phakathi kwabalandeli bewayini baseBordeaux njengoko inani leendawo zokuthengisa iwayini ezizinzileyo eBordeaux likhule malunga neshumi leminyaka njengoko abavelisi beqonda okusingqongileyo kunye norhwebo oluluncedo lokuguqula imveliso. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ngo-2030, i-100 lepesenti yemizi-mveliso yewayini iya kuba nenqanaba elithile leenkqubo zokulima/zemveliso eziqinisekisiweyo.
Ngo-2014, umyinge wama-34 epesenti yeendawo zewayini zizonke e-Bordeaux zalima ngokwendalo, uzinzo phantsi kwe-HEV (ixabiso eliphezulu lokusingqongileyo) kunye nesiqinisekiso se-HEV esigxile ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane kunye nokwandisa i-biodiversity, i-Terra Vitis, okanye yaqinisekiswa nge-biodynamic. Okwangoku inani lintinga kuma-65 epesenti (malunga).
NgokukaJeremy Noye, uMongameli kunye ne-CEO yeMorrell & Co yaseNew York, "iBordeaux eneneni ibonelela ngexabiso elingcono ngoku kuneNapa." Ngexabiso, abathandi bewayini baseBordeaux banokuthi bashiye iileyibhile zokuKhula kokuQala ezithengisa ngeedola ezingama-600 ibhotile kunye nohlumo lwesibini kwi-300 yeedola, kwaye bahambise umgca wabo wokubonwa kwi-petits-chateaux esukela kwi-$20-$70 i-750-ml. I-Bordeaux isanda kubeka iNombolo yoku-1 phakathi kwezona ndawo zithengisa kakhulu iwayini eFransi, iDisplace Provence.
Olu luthotho olugxile kwiwayini yaseBordeaux.
Funda iCandelo 1 Apha: Iiwayini zeBordeaux: Zaqalwa ngobukhoboka
Funda iCandelo 2 Apha: Iwayini yaseBordeaux: I-Pivot esuka ebantwini ukuya emhlabeni
Funda iCandelo 3 Apha: IBordeaux kunye neWayini zayo ziyatshintsha… Kancinci
© UGqirha Elinor Garely. Inqaku lelungelo lokushicilela, kubandakanya iifoto, alinakuphinda liveliswe ngaphandle kwemvume ebhaliweyo evela kumbhali.
#isiselo somdiliya
INTO ONOKUYITHATHA KWELI NQAKU:
- VDF wines are wines that do not meet the criteria stipulated by AOC or IGP (Indication Geographique Progegee) appellation laws – perhaps the vineyards are located outside the delimited production area or the grape varieties or vinification techniques do not conform to the rules of the local appellations.
- Because of the challenges facing French wine makers, in an attempt to either address the rules, bend them or avoid them, marketing conscious wine makers are finding that “associations” of wineries create a viable pathway to bottom line profitability.
- On June 28, 2019, the CIVD, looking at two years of research, recommended the addition of six heat-resistance grape varieties not previously planted in the region, to be officially permitted for use in Bordeaux blends.