Impembelelo yoKhenketho: Awunakuyeka okanye uye

Ihotele, ukhenketho kunye nezokhenketho ziye zanegalelo ekusasazeni ubhubhane we-COVID-19, ngakumbi iinqanawa zokuhamba ngenqwelomoya kunye neenqwelo moya; nokuba indima yawo inkulu kangakanani, la mashishini awanakubekwa uxanduva ngemvelaphi yawo okanye ngendlela engenankathalo yoorhulumente kunye neearhente zezempilo zehlabathi. Ukuchonga, ukunciphisa, ukulawula kunye nokuphelisa intsholongwane.

Fihla Okokuqala, wandule ukukhubeka

Ukusuka ekuchongeni okokuqala intsholongwane zizazinzulu zase China, ukuya ekuvunyweni (kodwa emfihlakalweni) ngurhulumente wase China ukuya kwizenzo ezigwenxa zoMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi, le ntsholongwane idale iingxaki zezempilo kunye nezoqoqosho ezingazange zibekho ngaphezulu kweminyaka eli-100. Iinkokheli zamazwe amaninzi zithathe, kwaye ziyaqhubeka nokuthatha, ukujonga nje ngokungakhathali kuphando lwentsholongwane kunye nezibalo. Iinkokheli zehlabathi, njengoDonald Trump, bakhetha ukungayinaki le ntsholongwane, bekholelwa ukuba iza kuzimela ngokwabo. Ukususela ngoJanuwari ukuya ekuqaleni kuka-Matshi, uTrump waphindaphinda esithi intsholongwane "ilawulwa" kwaye "iya kunyamalala" kwiinyanga ezifudumeleyo kwaye uyaqhubeka nokukholelwa ukuba iya kunyamalala kwaye / okanye sele iphelile.

playht_player ububanzi = "100%" ubude = "175" ilizwi = "uNowa"]

UTrump akayedwa ekusebenziseni ubugcisa beMagical Thinking. E-Brazil, uMongameli Jair Bolsonaro uthelekise intsholongwane nengqele, kwaye wakucela umngeni ukunyaniseka kokuhamba kude ekuhlaleni. Umongameli waseIran, uHassan Rouhani, uxelele ilizwe lakhe ukuba lingazikhathazi ngentsholongwane ebanga ukuba ingxaki ihleli kumaTshayina kwaye akazukubosulela ukuya kwinqanaba lokuqhayisa ngokuthumela iimaski zobuso ukunceda iChina. Inkulumbuso yase-Itali, u-Giuseppe Conte, wayinciphisa le ntsholongwane ngo-Februwari kwaye umphathiswa wezangaphandle wase-Itali, u-Luigi Di Maio, watyhola amajelo eendaba ngokusasaza ulwazi olungeyonyani malunga nale ntsholongwane. I-Italiya yaba lilizwe lesithathu elosulelekileyo kunye neyona ndawo ibalaseleyo yokuqhambuka komhlaba (ngo-Epreli 10, 2020). UMongameli wase-Mexico, u-Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador, wasityeshela isilumkiso kwaye wakhuthaza abemi bakhe ukuba bangayeki "uloyiko okanye i-psychosis," etyhola amajelo eendaba ngokuvuselela izidubedube ngokusasazwa kweendaba ezingezizo. Ukongeza ukonzakala, uMongameli waqinisekisa abemi baseMexico ukuba ilizwe linazo zonke izinto zonyango kunye neebhedi zesibhedlele ezifunekayo; Nangona kunjalo, ingxelo yafumanisa ukuba iMexico yayinabongikazi abambalwa kunye neebhedi ze-ICU ngomntu ngamnye kunase-Italiya, South Korea nase-US. Kwakungekho ngo-Epreli uLopez Obrador evala ilizwe kwaye wavala imida. Inkulumbuso yaseSpain, uPedro Sanchez, wazinyelisa iindaba kwaye wavumela iindibano ezinkulu ukuba ziqhubeke kumabala emidlalo nakwiindibano ukuya kuthi ga apho i-120,000 yavumeleka ukuba iqokelele kwirali yabasetyhini eMadrid ngoMatshi. Inkulumbuso u-Boris Johnson kunye neqela lakhe bakholelwa ukuba intsholongwane "yayingumngcipheko ophakathi" ngasekupheleni kukaFebruwari kwaye bashiyeka kwisigqibo sabo sokunyanzela ukuvalwa kwelizwe.

Ukungabikho kobunkokeli kudale iingxaki zehlabathi ezibonakala ngathi azilawuleki ngaphandle kwezisombululo ezifanelekileyo okanye izisombululo ezikhoyo (Iinkcukacha: ukusukela nge-25 ka-Okthobha ka-2020; www.google.com/search)

IiSinki zoKhenketho

Nangona intsholongwane yachongwa e-China ngo-Novemba / Disemba ka-2019, izithintelo kuhambo azange zibekwe de kube ngu-Matshi 2020, ngohambo lwamanye amazwe lwaye lwaphela ngo-Epreli nango-Meyi. Isiphumo? Umbutho wezoKhenketho weHlabathi (i-WTO) uqikelela ukuba iirisithi zokhenketho zamanye amazwe (okt, inkcitho kubakhenkethi bamanye amazwe) ziyakwehla phakathi kwe- $ 910 yezigidi- $ 1.2 trillion (2020), kumisela ishishini lezokhenketho kwihlabathi emva kweminyaka engama-20 (weforum.org). Impembelelo yokhenketho eluntwini, inegalelo kwiziphumo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga ngeziphumo ezingathandekiyo eziqinisiweyo ngexesha leengxaki kunye nobunzima. Kuba isarar enkulu kuqoqosho lwehlabathi isekwe kukhenketho, ubhubhane kunye nezinye iimeko ezingxamisekileyo kwezempilo ziphazamisa intlalontle noqoqosho lwabemi bengingqi kunye nabalingane behlabathi.

I-COVID-19 inqumle iplanethi ngoncedo nangoncedo lokuhamba ngenqanawa, iinqwelomoya, izikhululo zeenqwelo moya, izithuthi zikawonkewonke kunye neehotele, amaziko endibano, iivenkile zokutyela namanye amacandelo eshishini lokhenketho. Ngelixa amazwe exhamla kukhenketho olungena ngaphakathi, bakwathwele uxanduva lokujongana nokusasazeka kwe-COVID-19 kubakhenkethi abanxibelelana nabemi bengingqi kunye nabanini bamashishini. Iindwendwe ezigulayo kunye / okanye ezosulela abanye zibeka uxinzelelo kukhathalelo lwempilo lwasekhaya, ukhuseleko loluntu kunye neenkqubo zokhuselo, ukonyusa iindleko (ezomntu kunye nezemali) eluntwini.

I-America ayilinganisi

Xa urhulumente wase-US wamisa abantu bamanye amazwe abasuka e-China besiya e-USA nge-31 kaJanuwari 2020, impendulo yayingonelisi kuba yayisisenzo nje kwaye yayingeyonxalenye yesicwangciso sehlabathi. Umyalelo wawulingana kwaye uqala ukwenza ukuba abantu abangama-381,000 bangene e-USA besuka e-China ngoJanuwari, kubandakanya ne-4,000 ifomu iWuhan. Abakhweli baqhubekile nokuhamba bengathintelwa beya e-USA besuka kumazwe ajongene nokuqhambuka okunzima (okt, i-Itali neSpain) ngoFebruwari nasekuqaleni kuka-Matshi. Ukuvavanywa kwezempilo kwizikhululo zeenqwelo moya ubukhulu becala yimizamo yobudlelwane noluntu ngeenkonzo ezimbalwa (ukuba zikhona) ezikhoyo.

Ayothusi

Abaphathi becandelo likarhulumente nelabucala baphendule kwi-coronavirus ngokungathi iyothusa, ngaphandle kwesilumkiso esimalunga nenyanga ezi-2 ukusukela oko yavela okokuqala e-China kwaye yahamba ngokukhawuleza kwihlabathi liphela; Nangona kunjalo, ukuba siza kuchukumisa isiseko ngokwenyani, ubhubhane wayeqikelelwe kwiminyaka ngaphambi kwale ngxaki ka-2019/2020.

Ngo-Meyi ka-2003, i-Ofisi yoXanduva lukaRhulumente (i-GAO) yaxela ukuba, ngokubhekisele kwi-SARS kunye nobhubhane wexesha elizayo bekukho izikhewu kwiinkqubo zokujonga izifo nakwiindawo zelebhu kunye nokunqongophala kwabasebenzi, kwaye "zimbalwa izibhedlele ezinezixhobo zonyango ezoneleyo, ezinje ngee-ventilator … Ukujongana nokonyuka okukhulu kwenani lezigulana… ”

 Ngo-2005 iSebe lezeMpilo kunye neNkonzo zoLuntu (HHS) lapapasha isiCwangciso soMkhuhlane esiMaphepha angama-400. Ukuphonononga iimodeli ezisekwe kubhubhane womkhuhlane (1957, 1968) kwaye kubalwe ukuba kuya kubakho ngaphezulu kwe-900,000 ezibhedlele phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo. I-HHS igqibe kwelokuba kuya kubakho ukonyuka kwemfuno yezigulana zonyango kunye neenkonzo zononophelo olunzulu kunye noncedo lweenkonzo zokungenisa umoya ngaphezulu kweepesenti ezingama-25. Le ngxelo ilandelwe zezinye iingxelo zeGAO (2005/2006) ezilumkisa ngelithi, "zimbalwa izibhedlele ezichaze ukuba zinezixhobo kunye nezinto ezifunekayo ukusombulula isifo esikhulu esosulelayo."

Ngo-2006, iOfisi yoHlahlo-lwabiwo mali ye-Ofisi yoHlahlo-lwabiwo mali ifumanise ukuba i-US inezinto zokuphefumla eziyi-100,000 kuphela, ezisetyenziswa nangaluphi na usuku kwaye i-HHS ibalwe ukuba, "sisifo esiqatha somkhuhlane… njengo… 1918..esingafuna i-750,00 yokuphefumla ukunyanga amaxhoba . ”

I-White House kaMongameli uGeorge W. Bush (2001-2009) igqibe kwelokuba ubhubhane obukrakra uza kubeka uxinzelelo kwinkqubo yokhathalelo lwempilo kwaye ngo-2007, iSebe leNgaphakathi lakhupha isiCwangciso soMkhuhlane wesiFu kwakhona esibonisa ukunqongophala kwemitshini yokuphefumla. Ngo-2009, i-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (i-OSHA) yaxela kwangaphambili ukuba, xa kuthe kwakho ubhubhane, izibonelelo zononophelo lwempilo ziya kuba nzima, zikhankanya ukunqongophala kwabasebenzi basesibhedlele, iibhedi, izixhobo zokuphefumla nezinye izinto.

UMongameli u-Barack Obama weBhunga labaCebisi ngezeNzululwazi neTekhnoloji (2009) wafumanisa ukuba ngexesha lokuphakama komkhuhlane we-H1N1, i-1 kwaba-2 baseMelika banokulaliswa esibhedlele kunye nezigulana ezifuna ukungena komoya kwaye ke ama-50 - 100 eepesenti (okanye nangaphezulu) yayifuneka (amanyathelo ezonyango. gov).

Iinkokheli zecandelo labucala kunye necandelo likarhulumente ziyaqhubeka nokucinga kweMagical, zikwandisa ukwala ukuhlela iimaski, iiglavu kunye nezokucoca izandla kubanikezeli bezempilo kunye namaqela ezonyango, ukuxelela iingcali, amagosa aseburhulumenteni kunye nezixeko kunye noluntu, ukuba akukho mfuneko ixhala, intsholongwane iyakunyamalala; Nangona kunjalo, nokuba ayitshabalali, kukho izinto ezaneleyo zokujongana nomcimbi. Kutshanje, uMark Meadows, oyiNtloko ye-White House yabasebenzi uxele, ukuba i-US "ayizukulawula" ubhubhane we-coronavirus njengoko iimeko zilima e-US (nge-25 ka-Okthobha ka-2020). Abaphathi abakhoyo ngoku bayaqhubeka nokungahoyi iingcebiso ezivela kubaqeqeshi bezempilo bakarhulumente ukuba banxibe iimaski, umgama ekuhlaleni kwaye bathintele amaqela amakhulu ngeenzame zokuthintela ukwanda kwendlela yokugula nokufa.

Ezokhenketho? Isingxi

Uphando lubonisa ukuba ukusasazeka kwezifo ezosulelayo (okt, i-SARS, i-swine flu, kunye ne-viral hemorrhagic fever / Ebola virus), ngokuhamba kwabantu kuye kwavela njengomngcipheko ophambili kwezokhenketho kuba kukhokelela kuthintelo kuhambo lwabantu lwamanye amazwe. I-COVID-19 isasazeka kwiinqanawa zokuhamba ngenqanawa eJapan, e-US, e-Australia nase-France, zikhokelela ekuthintelweni kweenqanawa zokuhamba ngenqanawa kumazibuko amaninzi. Ngelishwa, ngenxa yokungabikho kobunkokheli be-savvy, impendulo ayizange ikhawuleze ngokwaneleyo okanye icace ngokwaneleyo ukunqanda ukusasazeka kwe-COVID-19 kuluntu olutyelelweyo ngexesha lotyelelo lonxweme, nakwabanye abahambi njengoko abakhweli beenqanawa babedlula kwizikhululo zeenqwelomoya, babhabha kwiinqwelomoya, Ukutya kwiivenkile zokutyela, kunye nokuhamba komhlaba xa bebuyela kumakhaya abo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, abaphathi beenqanawa zokuhamba ngeenqanawa bazama ukunqanda ubunyani be-COVID-19 kunye nolunye usulelo lwentsholongwane kwimikhumbi yabo. Kuqikelelwa ukuba bamalunga nama-200 abantu abafayo minyaka le kwiinqanawa zokuhamba ngenqanawa (emmacruises.com/die-on-cruise-ship/) kwaye oku akubandakanyi ubhubhane we-COVID-19 wangoku.

Kuyabonakala, mhlawumbi

Ubhubhane ukwenze ukuxhomekeka kwethu kurhulumente xa kusenzeka “izinto ezinzima”. Ngelishwa, oorhulumente abaninzi khange benze lo msebenzi kwaye izigidi zabantu ziyagula kwaye zife ngokungeyomfuneko ngelixa uqoqosho lusiwa. Iingxaki zobhubhane ze-COVID-19 zibonisa iziphumo zobunkokheli obungaphumelelanga kunye nemfuneko yokwakha ubudlelwane phakathi kwamacandelo karhulumente nawabucala; Nangona kunjalo, into engagqitywanga yeyokuba yeyiphi indima noxanduva umntu ngamnye ekufuneka enalo kwaye kufuneka basebenzisane njani ukukhusela uluntu kwiingxaki zempilo ezizayo.

Ukusilela Kokucinga

Ubunkokheli bakarhulumente nobangasese abukayiqondi inyani yokuba amagama abalulekile kwaye kuthethwa ntoni, kunye nethoni kunye nendlela othunyelwa ngayo umyalezo, zinempembelelo kumyalezo ofunyenweyo nolandelweyo. I-coronavirus idale ukuphazamiseka kwinqanaba lehlabathi, inyusa ukungaqiniseki, inyusa uxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo. Incedise umbono wetonela, nabantu begxile kumzuzu wangoko kunokuba bajonge kwikamva eliqinisekileyo. Xa iingxaki zisenzeka kwaye ulwazi lungafumaneki, lungangqinelaniyo okanye lungasekelwanga kwinyani, xa abantu bengaqinisekanga kwaye bengaqinisekanga ngento abayaziyo, okanye into eyaziwayo ngabanye, okanye eyaziwayo ziinkokheli zabo, kukho umnqweno omkhulu wokungafihli, ukukhokelwa kunye noncedo ukuze ukuseka kwakhona imeko yokulingana; kumhlaba wonke, olu lawulo alufumaneki.

Uphando lubonisa ubungqina bokuba ngamaxesha eengxaki amazwi kunye nezenzo zenkokeli zinokunceda ekwenzeni imeko yokhuseleko, amandla emvakalelo okujongana nokubeka amava kwimeko. Sikwixesha elibuhlungu apho ulwazi olunxulunyaniswe nempilo yoluntu kunye nokhuseleko kwindawo yokusebenza, ukuqhubeka kwezoshishino, ukulahleka kwemisebenzi kunye neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza, nokuphila, (ngaphandle kwembono), khange ukhokelwe ziinkokheli ngobulumko kodwa Ngabantu ababeka ukhuselo lobuqu ngaphezulu koxanduva lwabo lokukhokelela kwiindawo zabo (okanye abaqeshwa babo) kwiNgcali elandelayo. Kukho inani elikhulayo labantu elingenamandla ngenxa yeengxaki ezikhoyo ukuba abakulungele ukufumana ithemba kuyo nayiphi na i-prism kunye nokukhawuleza ngokuziphatha kakubi ukuze bafumane ikhonkco kwinyani.

KwiHelm? Akukho namnye!

Nangona i-COVID-19 ingakhange ize ne-Playbook kukho izikhokelo ezisisiseko ezinokuthi zilandelwe, kwaye, ngaphandle kweziganeko ezimbalwa (okt, iNkulumbuso yaseNew Zealand, uJacinda Arderm) zingahoywa. Ukuba belikho ixesha lolwalamano oluhle noluntu, eli ibili (kwaye lixesha) lokunikezela umyalezo olungileyo obonelela ngezibhambathiso kunye nokuvavanywa komngcipheko ngelixa unikezela abantu kwisiphumo esihle. Endaweni yokuhambisa umyalezo olungileyo ngexesha elifanelekileyo, abaphathi abonyuliweyo kunye nabecandelo labucala bagcwalise amaza ngomsindo, ubuxoki kunye nenyani-inyani, ekhokelela abantu ekuguleni, ukugula okungapheliyo, kunye nokufa kudityaniswe noqoqosho olutshonayo olupheleleyo olunentswela-ngqesho enkulu , indlala kunye nenkqubo yokhathalelo lwempilo.

Imiyalezo ebalulekileyo

Ulwazi lukaRhulumente olungxamisekileyo loluntu kufuneka luphucule ubukroti kunye nokuzimisela koluntu, lonyuse ulwazi lwabo lomngcipheko, kwaye lukhuthaze abantu ukuba basebenzise ukhuselo olusebenzayo lokulwa ubhubhane. Nje ukuba urhulumente wase-China azamkele iingxaki zabo, bazenzile izinto ngokuchanekileyo: banikezela ngolwazi oluchanekileyo lwesifo, babelana ngonxibelelwano lomngcipheko kunye namahemuhemu aphikisayo. Ulwazi lwesiTshayina lwe-COVID-19 ekwabelwana ngalo noluntu lubonelele ngezibalo zamatyala aqinisekisiweyo, amatyala akrokrelwayo, amatyala afunyenwe, kunye nokufa. Ukongeza, i-PRC isasaza ingqokelela yedatha ngohlaziyo lwemihla ngemihla, kwaye zilandelela imbali yokuhamba kunye noololiwe okanye iinqwelomoya ezithathwe zizigulana ezithile eziqinisekisiweyo okanye ezikrokrisayo kwaye zinika unyango kunye nenye inkxaso kwaba bantu.

Uphando luqinisekisa ukuba ulwazi oluchanekileyo lukawonke-wonke loluntu lunokunika ifuthe elibalulekileyo kwindlela yokuziphatha ekhuselayo. Xa i-pubic yase-China yaziswa malunga nobunyani besisifo kunye nento eyayisenziwa ngurhulumente ngayo, abantu balandela isindululo sikarhulumente. Ngelishwa, umyalezo awusebenzi ngalo lonke ixesha. Abantu banokungamthembi urhulumente ukuba ulwazi belufihliwe (okanye kungokunje) lufihliwe okanye luchazwe gwenxa kwaye, enyanisweni, kunokubangela isenzo esibi okanye sobutshaba. Ayimangalisi into yokuba umhlali wangoku we-White House ephulukene nokuthembela ngaphezulu kwama-50 epesenti yabantu base-US kunye neenkokheli zehlabathi. Kwaxelwa kwiThe Guardian (nge-13 kaJulayi 2020), ukuba "uTrump wenze amabango angama-20,000 obuxoki okanye alahlekisayo ..."

Owu, Yeha Mna

Ukuba akukho nto siyifundileyo kwi-COVID-19, sivuselelwe kwinyani yokuba uluntu, hayi oorhulumente kuphela, kufuneka balindele imiba, kwaye ngokuphucula iimeko ezinokuthi "kuthekani ukuba" zilungiselele ezingalindelekanga. Kuyinyani ukuba ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo okulindelweyo kuyabiza kwaye kudla ixesha; Nangona kunjalo, ukuba oorhulumente kunye nabaphathi bezokhenketho bebenezicwangciso kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo esebenzayo, kungenzeka ukuba iintlekele ezikhoyo ngoku ngethomalalisiweyo.

I-COVID-19 yokubulawa kwabantu iyaqhubeka kwihlabathi liphela kodwa ngakumbi e-United States ngokusweleka kumawaka kunye nentswela-ngqesho ifikelela +/- 32 pesenti. Urhulumente wase-US uye wasilela kubemi bayo ngendlela esisiseko, esisiseko, ukuyikhusela kwingozi eyintlekele. Intsholongwane ikhutshiwe kwaye ngabahambi bafikelela kubemi behlabathi kwaye abaphathi bezokhenketho abekho etafileni.

 Nokuba ezona zicwangciso zibekiweyo bezingayi kubunqanda ubhubhane; Nangona kunjalo, ngoku kuyacaca ukuba urhulumente wobumbano kunye nezigqibo zakhe zokungqubeka kunye nokungabinakho ukuguqula imeko enkulu yezempilo yoluntu ukuba ibe yintlekele yezempilo, ezoqoqosho kunye nezokhuseleko. Ukuba abaphathi beenqanawa zokuhamba ngenqanawa kunye nabaphathi beenqwelo moya, kunye nabathengisi bezokhenketho babuvumile ubunyani besifo kwaye bayisombulula intsholongwane xa iqala ukuvela, ngekhe sibe kwindawo ephambili yentshabalalo.

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ubhubhane uyakuba yinxalenye yekamva lethu. Impendulo karhulumente yangoku, yokwenza okuncinci kwaye uyilinde ukuba ibulale ababuthathaka, ayibonakali iyimpendulo eyanelisayo. Iinkokheli zokhenketho ziyala ukujongana nokusilela kwabo kwaye bayaqhubeka nokuzalisa amajelo eendaba ezentlalo ngeevidiyo kunye nemifanekiso yeehotele ezinamajita okudanisa, abasebenzi beenqwelomoya abanomtsalane abonisa ngononophelo ii-cocktails kubakhweli beklasi kunye neendawo ezibonisa amaqela eendwendwe ezonwabileyo (ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa ekuhlaleni okanye iimaski zobuso) ichibi okanye ukuhleka ujikeleze umhadi webhakeji.

Indlela ephuma kule quagmire ayicacanga. Ezokhenketho zinoxanduva lwepesenti ye-10 ye-GDP yehlabathi (2019) kwaye yaxabisa i- +/- $ 9 trillion ngomgca omkhulu, oqhekekileyo nontsonkothileyo wabathengisi kunye nabalamli ngaphandle kolungelelwaniso phakathi kwamashishini amancinci naphakathi (ii-SMEs). Ukuyila indlela yokubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo akuyi kuba lula okanye kukhawuleze njengoko kukho ukunqongophala kobunkokheli bokuvuselela kunye nokulungelelanisa iinzame.

Yintoni enokwenzeka:

1. Iinkqubo ezingqindilili-ukusuka ekunikezelweni kovavanyo olubi lwe-COVID-19, ukuya kwamanye amaxwebhu onyango ngaphambi kokuhamba.

2. Ucoceko nococeko ziya kwanda ngezixhobo zokucoca izandla kunye neemaski zobuso ezifunekayo ukusukela ekuqaleni kohambo ukuya esiphelweni.

3. Ukubambelela ngokungqongqo kwimigaqo yezempilo kuya kubaluleka ngakumbi kubahambi kunabasebenzi beidesika zangaphambili abanomtsalane.

4. Iinkqubo ze-HVAC zikwimeko ekumgangatho ophezulu kunye neefilitha ze-HEPA ziya kuthatha indawo ephambili ngaphezu komgangatho wegumbi.

5. Itekhnoloji engenakuchukunyiswa, idala indawo engenazandla, ukusukela ukuskena uxwebhu kunye nemiyalelo yelizwi ukuya kwiishukumisi zentshukumo, iindwendwe ziya kwamkela ithuba lokudlula kwiindawo nakwiindawo ngaphandle kokunxibelelana nabantu.

6. Abahambi baya kuhamba ngononophelo kwaye baphonononge iindawo ezimfutshane, zokuqhuba umgama beshiya iiholide zemigama emide kangangexesha apho kususwe imiqathango yohambo. 

Yintoni efunekayo:

© UGqirha Elinor Garely. Inqaku lelungelo lokushicilela, kubandakanya iifoto, alinakuphinda liveliswe ngaphandle kwemvume ebhaliweyo evela kumbhali.

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