(Un) oSolwayo oqhelekileyo we-Bat-Origin Novel Coronavirus

A Uphononongo lwakutsha nje luchonga le I-coronavirus entsha ejongene nobhubhani we-pneumonia kwiphondo lase-Hubei e-China-Intsholongwane ye-bat-origin inxulumene nezinye ii-pathogenic coronaviruses ezaziwayo

The 2019 inoveli coronavirus (CoV) ibangela inyumoniya ebulale abantu abangaphezu kwe-1300, kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-52000 yeemeko eziqinisekisiweyo zosulelo. NgoFebruwari 13, 2020, konke kwisithuba esingaphezulu nje kwenyanga. Kodwa, yintoni le ntsholongwane? Ngaba yintsholongwane entsha ngokupheleleyo? Ivela phi? Izazinzulu ezivela kumaziko aphezulu ophando e-China babambisene ukuze baphendule le mibuzo, kwaye olu phando lobuvulindlela lupapashwe kwi. Ijenali yezonyango yaseTshayina.

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Ekuqaleni kukaDisemba, abantu abambalwa kwisixeko sase-Wuhan kwiphondo lase-Hubei e-China baqala ukugula emva kokuya kwimarike yokutya kwaselwandle. Baye bafumana iimpawu ezifana nokukhohlela, umkhuhlane, kunye nokuphefumla kancinci, kunye neengxaki ezinxulumene ne-acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Uxilongo olukhawulezileyo yayiyinyumoniya, kodwa oyena nobangela wawungachazwanga. Yintoni ebangele oku kuqhambuka mtsha? Ngaba sisifo esiqatha sokuphefumla (SARS)-CoV? Ngaba sisifo sokuphefumla esikuMbindi Mpuma (MERS)-CoV? Njengoko kwavela, izazinzulu zenze uphando lokuchonga le ntsholongwane ngoDisemba emva kokuhlalutya iimeko ezimbalwa zokuqala. Olu phononongo ngoku lupapashwe kwi Ijenali yezonyango yaseTshayina kwaye isazisi sentsholongwane sisekiwe-yintsholongwane entsha ngokupheleleyo, esondelelene nelulwane i-SARS efana ne-CoV. UGqr. Jianwei Wang (i-Academy yaseTshayina yeSayensi yezoNyango, iZiko le-Pathogen Biology), umphandi okhokelayo kwisifundo, uthi, "Iphepha lethu liseke isazisi se-bat-origin CoV ebingaziwa kude kube ngoku."

Kolu phononongo, izazinzulu ezivela kumaziko ophando adumileyo eTshayina, anje ngeChinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute of Pathogen Biology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, kunye nePeking Union Medical College, ngokudibeneyo yafumanisa kwaye ichonge i-CoV entsha—eyona nto iphambili Ukuqhambuka kweWuhan-ngolandelelwano lwesizukulwana esilandelayo (NGS). Bagxile kwizigulana ezihlanu ezingeniswe kwiSibhedlele iJin Yin-tan eWuhan, uninzi lwabo bengabasebenzi kwiMarike yaseHuanan Seafood eWuhan. Aba baguli babenomkhuhlane ophezulu, ukukhohlela, kunye nezinye iimpawu, kwaye kwafunyaniswa ukuba banenyumoniya, kodwa ngesizathu esingaziwayo. Imeko yezinye izigulana iye yaba mandundu ngokukhawuleza ukuya kutsho kwi-ARDS; omnye wade wafa. UGqr Wang uthi, "Ii-x-reyi zesifuba sezigulana zibonise ukungaboni kakuhle kunye nokudityaniswa, okuqhelekileyo kwenyumoniya. Noko ke, sasifuna ukufumanisa ukuba yintoni eyayibangela le nyumoniya, yaye uhlolisiso lwethu olwalandelayo lwatyhila oyena nobangela-I-CoV entsha eyayingaziwa ngaphambili."

Kuphononongo, izazinzulu zisebenzise i-bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) iisampulu zolwelo ezithathwe kwizigulana (i-BAL yinkqubo apho ulwelo olunyumba lukhutshelwa emiphungeni ngebronchoscope luze luqokelelwe ukuze luhlalutywe).

Okokuqala, izazinzulu zazama ukuchonga intsholongwane ngokulandelelana kwe-genome, zisebenzisa itekhnoloji ye-NGS. I-NGS yindlela yokuhlola ekhethiweyo yokuchonga iintsholongwane ezingaziwayo kuba ibona ngokukhawuleza kwaye ikhuphe zonke iintsholongwane ezaziwayo ze-pathogenic kwisampulu. Ngokusekwe kulandelelwano lwe-DNA/RNA kwiisampulu zolwelo lwe-BAL, izazinzulu zafumanisa ukuba uninzi lwezifundo zentsholongwane zezosapho lwe-CoV. Izazinzulu emva koko zaqokelela “ufundo” olwahlukeneyo olwaluzeze-CoVs kwaye zakha uluhlu olupheleleyo lwe-genomic yentsholongwane entsha; olu landelelwano lwaluyi-99.8-99.9% efanayo phakathi kwazo zonke iisampuli zezigulane, eqinisekisa ukuba le ntsholongwane yayiyi-pathogen eqhelekileyo kuzo zonke izigulane. Ukuqhubela phambili, kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lwe-homology, apho ulandelelwano lwe-genome luthelekiswa nolunye ulandelelwano lwe-genome eyaziwayo (kunye nomda osetwe kwangaphambili we-90% ukuze ithathwe njengolandelelwano "olutsha"), baqinisekisa ukuba ukulandelelana kwe-genome yale ntsholongwane intsha yi-79.0% efana ne-SARS-CoV, malunga ne-51.8% efana ne-MERS-CoV, kwaye malunga ne-87.6-87.7% efana nezinye ii-CoV ezifana ne-SARS ezivela kumalulwane aseTshayina (ebizwa ngokuba yi-ZC45 kunye ne-ZXC21). Uhlalutyo lwe-Phylogenetic lubonise ukuba ulandelelwano lweentlobo ezintlanu ze-CoV ezifunyenweyo zazikufutshane nezo ze-bat-derived sins, kodwa zenza amasebe ahlukeneyo endaleko. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba intsholongwane yavela kumalulwane. UGqr Wang uthi, "Ngenxa yokuba ukufana kwejini ye-viral replicase kunye nazo zonke ezinye iintsholongwane "ezifanayo" zisengaphantsi kwe-90%, kwaye sithathela ingqalelo iziphumo zohlalutyo lwe-phylogenetic, sicinga ukuba le yi-CoV entsha, eyayingaziwa ngaphambili. Le ntsholongwane intsha okwethutyana ibizwa ngokuba ngu-2019-i-ncov."

Okokugqibela, izazinzulu ziye zafudukela “ekubekeni bucala” intsholongwane kwiisampulu zolwelo lwe-BAL ngokujonga ukuba iisampulu zolwelo zibonise isiphumo se-cytopathic kwimigca yeeseli elabhoratri. Iiseli ezivezwe kwiisampulu zolwelo zabonwa phantsi kwe-electron microscope, kwaye izazinzulu zafumana iimpawu ezifana ne-CoV. Baphinde basebenzise i-immunofluorescence-ubuchule obusebenzisa izilwa-buhlungu ezithile eziphawulwe ngedayi ye-fluorescent. Kule nto, basebenzise i-serum evela kwizigulane ezibuyiselwayo (eziqulethe izilwa-buhlungu), ezasabela kunye neentsholongwane zentsholongwane ngaphakathi kweeseli; oku kwaqinisekisa ukuba le ntsholongwane ngenene ibingunobangela wosulelo.

Olu phononongo luvula indlela yokuba izifundo zexesha elizayo ziqonde ngcono intsholongwane kunye nemithombo yayo, ngakumbi xa isasazeka ngokukhawuleza, ukukwazi ukubangela i-ARDS ebulalayo, kunye noloyiko olubangelwa kuqhambuko. Nangona abaguli aba-4 kwaba-5 ekwafunyaniswa kubo le ntsholongwane babevela kwintengiso yokutya kwaselwandle e-Wuhan, eyona mvelaphi yosulelo ayaziwa. I-CoV yayinokudluliselwa ebantwini ngokuthwala “ophakathi”, njengakwimeko ye-SARS-CoV (inyama yesundu civet) okanye i-MERS-CoV (inkamela). UGqr Wang uqukumbela ngelithi, “Zonke ii-CoVs zabantu zi-zoonotic, kwaye uninzi lwe-CoVs zabantu luvela kumalulwane, kubandakanya i-SARS- kunye ne-MERS-CoVs. Uphononongo lwethu lubonisa ngokucacileyo imfuno engxamisekileyo yokujongwa rhoqo kosulelo lwe-bat-origin CoVs ebantwini. Ukuvela kwale ntsholongwane kusisongelo esikhulu kwimpilo yoluntu, kwaye ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda umthombo wale ntsholongwane kwaye uthathe isigqibo ngamanyathelo alandelayo phambi kokuba sibone ukuqhambuka okukhulu.. "