Ekuqaleni koo-1920, u-Edward Hopper wavelisa imizobo kunye namaqweqwe eTavern Topics, epapashwe waze wasasazwa nguWaldorf Astoria. ihotele eNew York, yaye ngowe-1924 no-1925, wazoba amaqweqwe alishumi elinesibhozo akhanyiselwe ngokuqaqambileyo kwimagazini yorhwebo yoLawulo lweHotele.
Eli gcisa laseMelika, u-Edward Hopper, wayesaziwa ngomdla kwiihotele, kwiimotele, kumakhaya abakhenkethi, kunye nobubanzi beenkonzo zokwamkela iindwendwe. Ukusukela ngo-1920 ukuya ku-1925 wasebenza njengomzobi wezorhwebo woLawulo lweeHotele kunye neMixholo yeTavern ukusuka kuDado oluKhulu ngeMfazwe ebandayo. Wongeza ulwazi lwakhe ngeenkonzo zokubuk' iindwendwe njengondwendwe oluhlala rhoqo kwiindawo ezininzi zokuhlala kuhambo olude lwemoto awaluthathayo kunye nenkosikazi yakhe, igcisa uJosephine Hopper. Ukusukela phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1920 ukuya ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1960, uHopper waphonononga izifundo zeenkonzo zokwamkela iindwendwe kwimizobo, ii-watercolors, imizobo, kunye noshicilelo. Ngamanye amaxesha wayebiza le misebenzi ngokuthi "ihotele" okanye "imotel," kodwa rhoqo wayengenzi. Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha ziindawo ezidityanisiweyo, ezingenaxabiso lincinci lokuyila kunye nelayisensi yobugcisa.
U-Edward no-Jo bahlala ubomi babo e-Manhattan, abathi, njengeminye imimandla kwilizwe lonke, bafumana i-boom enkulu yokwakhiwa kweehotele kwikota yokuqala yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Ingeniso eyenziwe ngehotele yehle ngaphezulu kweepesenti ezingama-25 kwiminyaka yoxinzelelo lwe-1929 ukuya ku-1935, nto leyo yayingathinteli uHopper.
Phakathi kweeMfazwe zeHlabathi, uHopper wavelisa ubuncinci bemizobo emibini kunye nemizobo emihlanu edibanisa izakhiwo zeehotele ezahlukeneyo zasezidolophini-ezinye zazo awayezazi ngokuhlala eNew York, ngelixa abanye babuyela kwimifanekiso ecetyisiweyo kumaphepha oLawulo lweeHotele ngexesha leminyaka awayeyifumene. yavelisa izigqubuthelo zayo. Ubukhulu becala, amaqweqwe abonisa izibini ezintle ezidanisa, ezityebileyo kunye nokukhwela isikhephe kwindawo yehotele.
Ukujongela ngaphandle kwindawo ephezulu yekhaya labo e-3 Washington Square North eNew York, iHoppers yayiza kudibana nezakhiwo ezininzi zokurenta ezixubeneyo, kuquka necampanile enemigangatho elishumi e-53 Washington Square South. Iyilwe nguMcKim, iMead & White yaza yakhiwa ngo-1893, le yayiyinxalenye yeHotele iJudson, imali efunyenweyo eyanceda iJudson Memorial Church eyayisecaleni kwayo. UHopper wawuthatha lo mbono kumzobo kaNovemba, eWashington Square, awawuqala ngo-1932 waza wongeza amacandelo esibhakabhaka ngo-1959. IYunivesithi yaseNew York (eyayithathile le ndawo ngaphambili). Isakhiwo esinemigangatho emithathu, esitshisiweyo esiorenji kwicala elingasekhohlo kwinguqulelo epeyintiweyo yiNdlu yeGenius boardinghouse, e-61 Washington Square South, eyathi, ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo ukusuka ngeminyaka yee-1910 ukuya koo-1930, yahlala amagcisa, ababhali, iimbongi kunye neemvumi, kuquka uTheodore Dreiser, uJohn Dos Passos, uEugene O'Neill, noAlan Seeger.
Iihotele zamagumbi ziphakathi kwezakhiwo ezibonisa kwiintlobo zezakhiwo zeHopper ezidityaniswe kwiingoma ezikhethiweyo ezifana neNdlu ngorhatya. Izindlu ezidumileyo, zokuhlala ezidolophini ezinikezela ngengqeshiso yexesha elifutshane, ezi yayizizindlu ngokusisiseko kodwa zinezixhobo zehotele. Ezi ndawo zikumgangatho ophakathi ziqulathe iiyunithi ezininzi ezinamagumbi okuhlambela ekwabelwana ngawo kwaye ahlala equlathe amagumbi okuhlala anepiyano kwaye abonelela ngevenkile yokutyela, i-doorman, kunye nenkonzo yenkonzo yemihla ngemihla.
Isiphumo semizobo yophononongo ubuncinane elithoba, iHotele Lobby, mhlawumbi lolona nyango lubanzi lukaHopper kumxholo weenkonzo zobubele.
Lihleli kwisitulo esixhotyisiweyo, ibhinqa eliselula elinxibe ilokhwe eluhlaza lifunda incwadi yalo, lichophe kwii-engile ezibonisa ezo zomlingane walo oqolileyo ngaphaya kwefoya. Kudonga olungasemva, ukujonga ngeedrapes ezimnyama kumnyango ovulekileyo kutyhila indawo yokutyela eneetafile ezigqunywe ngelinen. Imigca eyenziwe emgangathweni ibonisa imigaqo yoyilo yexesha ephatha ikhaphethi njengendlela yokukhokela izihlwele kunye nokumisela ukubekwa kwefenitshala. Okubaluleke ngakumbi kwisihlwele kunye nolawulo lwemozulu lucango olujikelezayo-lunqunyulwe ngasekhohlo kwi-Hotel Lobby. Kuyo yonke imifanekiso yezakhiwo zasedolophini yeHopper, iingcango ezijikelezayo zivela kwizifundo nje ezimbini zalo msebenzi kunye nakumfanekiso omnye kuphela (Ukukhanya kwelanga kwiCafeteria, ngo-1958, kwiGalari yobuGcisa yeYunivesithi yaseYale). Iiyantlukwano zocango olujikelezayo bezikhona ukusukela ubuncinci kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba ngenjongo yokulawula ukungena komoya kunye nokugcina amaqondo obushushu angaguquki kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke. Ungavumeli moya ungene ngaphandle, ucango olujikelezayo, ngokutsho kwamazwi omkhuthazi wangaphambili, “lwalusoloko luvaliwe.” Oku kuyanceda ekucaciseni indlela iHotele Lobby, umzobo owagqitywa ngayo ngoJanuwari 1943, nenesibini esinxibe iimpahla zasebusika, obunokubonisa ngayo ibhinqa elinxibe idyasi linxibe ilokhwe enemikhono emifutshane.
Uninzi lwamaqweqwe angaphambili angama-18 eHopper HM ayenziwa phakathi koo-1920. Ubukhulu becala, amaqweqwe abonisa isibini esitshatileyo esinye okanye ezingaphezulu ezonwabisayo njengokudanisa, ukutya kunye nesikhephe esisetiwe ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yehotele eyenziweyo. UHopper usebenzise iihotele zokwenyani-iHotele yaseCincinnatian yaseOhio kunye neMohonk Mountain House yaseNew York-njengenkuthazo kumaqweqwe amabini. Imibala ekhanyayo yemifanekiso kunye nemisebenzi yamandla kukuhamba okwahlukileyo kwimisebenzi edumileyo kaHopper, efana ne-“Automat” okanye i-iconic “Nighthawks”. AbakwaHoppers, u-Edward kunye noJosephine [naye ongumpeyinti], babenesidlo sasemini yonke imihla eHotele Dixie eNew York.
Kwaye mhlawumbi ithathela ingqalelo imo yokwamkela iindwendwe ukuba imalunga namava eendwendwe, i-VMFA iye yahamba inyathelo elinye ukuya phambili, ilungisa igumbi lehotele elabonwa kumsebenzi kaHopper ka-1957 “Western Hotel.”
U-Edward noJo baqala ukurenta izindlu zasehlotyeni eSouth Truro eCape Cod ngo-1930 kwaye babeza kuthenga indawo baze bakhe ikhaya apho kwiminyaka embalwa kamva. Ngeminyaka yee-1940, iCape Cod yayinenani lamakhaya abakhenkethi-abonelelwe ngeendawo zokuhlala zosapho olunye ezinikezela ngamagumbi okuhlala ixesha elifutshane, rhoqo ngamaxesha onyaka. Enomdla onzulu kulwakhiwo lwasekhaya, uHopper wapeyinta amakhaya abakhenkethi aliqela ngomsebenzi wakhe omde, kodwa ubonakala ecinga ukuba ebenomdla ngakumbi kwenye indawo yokuhlala eProvincetown eCape Cod. Wachitha ubusuku obude epakishwe phambi kwesakhiwo, esenza imizobo, ebangela umzobo onika umbono kumagumbi angaphambili endlu-kuyabonakala ukuba, abahlali babezibuza ukuba yintoni eyenziwa ngumzobi, ehleli apho kwiBuick yakhe edweba kude.
IiHoppers zathatha uhambo olude lweendlela zokukhangela umxholo kulo lonke elaseNew England, eNtshona, naseMexico, phakathi kwezinye iindawo. Kwezi jaunts, bahlala kumakhaya abakhenkethi kwaye, ekugqibeleni, njengoko ingeniso ka-Edward yanda, kwiimotels nakwiinkundla zeemoto. Izahlulo zedayari zikaJo—ezigubungela phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1930 ukuya kweyee-1960, yaye kutshanje zinikwe iProvincetown Art Association kunye neMyuziyam—zityhila iphepha emva kwephepha lenkcazelo eyongeziweyo yezi ndawo zokulala kunye neemvakalelo zesi sibini ngazo. Enye yezinto ezinemibala kunye nende ngakumbi kula mangenelo ixoxa ngokuhlala kwabo kwiNkundla yeeMoto zeWeseman e-El Paso ukusuka ngoDisemba 15 ukuya kuDisemba 22, 1952. UHopper wapeyinta iWestern Motel ngexesha lobudlelwane eHuntington Hartford Foundation ePacific Palisades, eCalifornia, kodwa I-canvas ikwavusa iinkcazo zikaJo kunye neendaba zangoku ezixoxa ngendawo yokuhlala e-El Paso.
AbakwaHoppers bathabatha uhambo olude oluhlanu ukuya eMexico phakathi kowe-1943 no-1955, apho baphinde batyelela imimandla emininzi eUnited States; bahamba ngololiwe ngowe-1943, kodwa kwezinye iindawo bahamba ngemoto. Bahlala besenza ubungakanani bendawo ngokusekwe kumgangatho weendawo zabo zokulala kunye nembonakalo yegumbi labo nakuphahla lwesakhiwo. Uninzi lwento esiyaziyo malunga nexesha likaHopper eMexico livela kwimbalelwano yesi sibini kwihotele kunye nentloko yeleta yemotele kunye namakhadi eposi. Ukuthandana nohambo lwakhe lokuqala lokuya eMexico, uSaltillo Rooftops ubhalisa isitovu sophahla lwehotele yakhe kwiGuarhado House (apho yena noJo behlala khona) ngaphambili ukulinganisa ubude beentaba zaseSierra Madre ngasemva. KwiCathedral yaseMonterrey, ubuyela kwindlela yakhe yokusebenzisa indawo yokuhlala (kule meko i-Hotel Monterrey) njengesixhobo sokuqulunqa ukudibanisa i-inventory ebonakalayo yeehotele kunye nezinye izakhiwo-impawu ezinqamlekileyo ze-Hotel Bermuda zibonakala ngasezantsi ngasekhohlo. Iihotele kunye neemotele zinokunika isafobe esiluncedo sokuqonda uninzi lomsebenzi kaHopper ngokubanzi. Wayithatha nje kancinci into yokuba iihotele kunye nemizobo ibonelela ngamava exeshana, inceda abantu abaninzi, kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ziyinkohliso eziyilwe kakhulu. UHopper wabujonga ubugcisa bakhe-imizobo yakhe kunye ne-watercolors ngakumbi-njengendawo oza kutyala kuyo okwethutyana kunye nalapho unokumoyita khona kamva kunye neendawo ezilinganayo zokuzihlola kunye ne-nostalgia. Amashumi amathandathu anesithoba ale mizobo, imizobo, imizobo, imizobo, eprintiweyo, namaqweqwe emagazini abonisiwe—kunye nemisebenzi engamashumi amathathu anesihlanu enomxholo owenziwe ngamanye amagcisa—kumboniso kaEdward Hopper kunye neAmerican Hotel kwiVirginia Museum of Fine Arts eRichmond. .
Kuyafaneleka ukuba umboniso uququzelelwe kwaye uqalise apho. AbakwaHoppers batyelele eRichmond izihlandlo ezininzi. Owakhe ubugcisa buya kuboniswa kwimiboniso ebakho emva kweminyaka emibini. UHopper wabuyela kwimyuziyam ngo-1953 kumboniso weJaji weJury, malunga nexesha lokuthenga imyuziyam iNdlu ngorhatya. Ifoto yolu tyelelo ibonisa uHopper kunye nomzobi waseRichmond uBell Worsham bemi phambi komzobo kaHopper kwangeCawa kusasa. Ukulandela unxibelelwano olunomoya, ngeendawo zokuhlala kwesi sibini kolu tyelelo, umlawuli wemyuziyam, uLeslie Cheek Omnci., uqinisekise uHopper, “Ngelixa useRichmond uza kuhlala kwihotele iJefferson, isakhiwo seBeaux-Arts ndiyakholelwa ukuba uyakusonwabela. . Zininzi iihotele apho uCheek wayenokubeka khona uHopper, kodwa waqinisekisa ukuba igcisa lihlala kwindawo eyaziwa njengelona “lona libalaseleyo eMzantsi.”
Umsebenzi kaHopper woLawulo lweeHotele wenze ngokwenene, waba nefuthe kumsebenzi wakhe. Izinto awazenzayo kuLawulo lweeHotele—kwakunye nezinye zeefoto nezibhengezo namanqaku—zamnceda waba nguvimba wemifanekiso neengcamango awayenokubuyela kuzo ngokuphindaphindiweyo.
UStanley Turkel waqeshwa njengoMbali ka2020 woNyaka ziiMbali iihotele zaseMelika, inkqubo esemthethweni yeNational Trust yoLondolozo lweMbali, awayethe wabizwa ngalo ngaphambili ngo-2015 nango-2014. UTurkel ngoyena mcebisi wehotele upapashwe ngokubanzi eMelika. Usebenza indawo yakhe yokubonisana ehotele esebenza njengengqina lengcali kumatyala anxulumene neehotele, ebonelela ngolawulo lweeasethi kunye nokubonisana ngokuthengisa imali ehotele. Uqinisekisiwe njenge-Master Hotel Supplier Emeritus yiZiko leMfundo le-American Hotel kunye ne-Lodging Association. [imeyile ikhuselwe] 917-628-8549
Incwadi yakhe entsha ethi "Great American Hotel Architects Volume 2" isandula kupapashwa.
Ezinye iincwadi zeehotele ezipapashiweyo:
• Abanini beehotele abakhulu baseMelika: Oovulindlela beshishini leehotele (2009)
Yakhelwe ukuGqibela: Iihotele ezili-100 + zeNdala eNew York (ngo-2011)
Yakhelwe Ukugqibela: I-100 + i-Old-Old Hotels kwi-East ye-Mississippi (ngo-2013)
• Ihotele iMavens: uLucius M. Boomer, uGeorge C. Boldt, uOscar waseWaldorf (2014)
• Abanini beehotele abakhulu baseMelika uMqulu 2: Oovulindlela beshishini leehotele (2016)
Yakhelwe Ukugqibela: Ii-100 + zeMinyaka eliDala kwiihotele zaseNtshona eMississippi (2017)
Ihotele Mavens Umqulu 2: Henry Morrison Flagler, Henry Bradley Plant, Carl Graham Fisher (2018)
• I-Great American American Architects Umqulu I (2019)
• Ihotele iMavens: Umqulu 3: Bob kunye noLarry Tisch, uRalph Hitz, uCesar Ritz, Curt Strand
Zonke ezi ncwadi zinokuodolwa kwi-AuthorHouse ngokundwendwela stanleyturkel.com kwaye ucofa isihloko sencwadi.
INTO ONOKUYITHATHA KWELI NQAKU:
- Between the World Wars, Hopper produced at least two etchings and five paintings synthesizing architectural components of various urban hotels—some of which he knew from living in New York, while others harked back to images suggested in the pages of Hotel Management during the years he produced its covers.
- The three-story, burnt orange structure at far left in the painted version is the House of Genius boardinghouse, at 61 Washington Square South, which, at various times from the 1910s through the 1930s, housed artists, authors, poets, and musicians, including Theodore Dreiser, John Dos Passos, Eugene O'Neill, and Alan Seeger.
- In the early 1920s, Edward Hopper produced illustrations and covers for Tavern Topics, published and distributed by the Waldorf Astoria hotel in New York, and in 1924 and 1925, he drew eighteen brilliantly illuminated covers for the trade magazine Hotel Management.
