Ukufunyanwa kwemisongo yoLwandle oluFileyo

1. Kungcwatywa phantsi komhlaba kumqolomba kwiNtlango yakwaYuda zizinto zakudala ezikhoyo ngoku ezifunyanwa ngabembi bezinto zakudala nabaphandi bakwa-Israeli.
2. Ukufunyanwa kubandakanya iziqwenga zesikhumba semisongo yeBhayibhile yabaprofeti abali-12 abancinci.
3. Imisongo yokuqala yoLwandle Olufileyo yafunyanwa ngo-1947 xa abaphangi bangena emqolombeni kwaye ngengozi bayifumana, kwaye ibilugqatso phakathi kwabaphangi kunye nabembi bezinto zakudala ukusukela oko.

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Ukufunyanwa kokuqala kwemiSongo yoLwandle Olufileyo phantse kumashumi amathandathu eminyaka kwabhengezwa nge-6 ka-Matshi yi-Israeli Antiquities Authority (IAA), kuphawula uloyiso olukhulu kubembi bezinto zakudala kunye nokubandakanya umdla wabaphangi. Oku kufumanisa kutsha kubonakalisa ukubonakaliswa kwamva nje phakathi kwala maqela mabini.

I-Israel lilizwe apho isiqingatha somhlaba sithathwa njengendawo yamandulo yezembali, kwaye emini, ngelanga, ukutsho oko, abembi bezinto zakudala kunye nabembi ngokungekho mthethweni babandakanyeka kugqatso loluntu ukubona ukuba ngubani onokufumana izandla zakhe kwizinto zokuqala.

Ngowona msebenzi wakutshanje, i Israel abembi bezinto zakudala kunye nabaphandi babenako ukufikelela kwizinto zakudala ezingcwatyelwe emqolombeni kwiNtlango yaseJudiya ngaphambi kokuba zifunyanwe zithathwe ngabaphangi, uJoe Uziel, intloko ye ImiSongo yoLwandle Olufileyo Iyunithi e-IAA, uxelele iMedia Line. Ukongeza, "babafumana kwimeko yabo yoqobo," utshilo.

Ukufunyanwa kubandakanya iziqwenga zesikhumba semisongo yeBhayibhile yabaprofeti abali-12 abancinci, ngakumbi incwadi kaZekariya noNahum, ebhalwe ngesiGrike samandulo. Kwafunyanwa emqolombeni, ebizwa ngokuba "ngumqolomba Wokoyikiswa" kuba wawunokufikeleleka kuphela ngokubuyisela eliweni, yayinamathambo omntwana aneminyaka engama-6,000 ubudala kunye nengobozi enkulu, epheleleyo eqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,500 XNUMX, mhlawumbi eyona indala emhlabeni.

Intlango yaseJudiya, u-Uziel uthe, yindawo yokutshisa izinto kuba imozulu igcina izinto ngendlela engenakwenzeka kwenye indawo.

Imisongo yoLwandle Olufileyo ingakumbi ibalaselisa ukhuphiswano phakathi kwezinto zakudala kunye nabaphangi.

Imisongo yokuqala yoLwandle Olufileyo yafunyanwa kwi-1947 xa abaphangi bangena emqolombeni kwaye bayifumana ngengozi, utshilo u-Uziel, nangona uninzi lweengxelo zembali zisithi inkwenkwana engumalusi yenze okokuqala. “Emva koko, emva kweminyaka yoo-40 ukuya kuma-50, kwabakho uhlobo lomdyarho phakathi kwabaphangi kunye nabembi bezinto zakudala ukuzama ukufika emiqolombeni kuqala. Amaxesha amaninzi, abaphangi babefika apho kuqala, ”utshilo.

Le ngxaki inyuke kunyaka ophelileyo, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba abantu abaninzi bebengaphangeli, ke baqala ukukhangela izinto zakudala ukuze bazithengise.

UNjingalwazi uNoam Mizrahi, umhlohli omkhulu kwiSebe leBhayibhile kwiYunivesithi yamaHeberu yaseJerusalem akavumelani nolu phawu lwabembi bezinto zakudala ezingekho mthethweni, ngakumbi abo bafumana imiSongo yoLwandle Olufileyo.

"Andiqinisekanga ukuba bangazichaza njengabaphangi, esele ibonakalisa indawo yokusekwa," utshilo. "Imisongo yokuqala yoLwandle Olufileyo yafunyanwa ngabelusi baseBedouin ngempazamo kwaye xa abantu beqonda ukuba yinto efumaneke ngokwenyani, abelusi nabanye abantu baya kwiNtlango yaseJudiya ukujonga ukuba akukho ezinye izinto ezifunyaniswe ngolu hlobo, abathi bazifumana," utshilo.

Abembi bezinto zakudala bathi kubalulekile ukufikelela kwizinto zakudala kuqala ukuze uzifumane zingaphazanyiswanga ngendlela enokwenzeka.

Kwimeko yokufunyanwa kwezinto zakutshanje, izinto zakudala zafunyanwa kumqolomba owagrunjelwa ngabembi bezinto zakudala emva kokumba okungagunyaziswanga.

Emva kokuba imeko yezinto zakudala iphazamisekile, ulwazi oluninzi lulahleka ngonaphakade, utshilo uMizrahi. "Kwimeko yezinto zakudala, sihlala sinengcebiso ebalini, kwaye ibali lokususwa kusixelela okuninzi malunga noluntu kunye nenkcubeko yelo xesha."

"Esi sisizathu sokuba kubekho uhlobo lomdyarho kuba abembi bezinto zakudala bafunda lukhulu kwimeko apho le misongo kunye nezinye izinto" baphumle khona, wongeze watsho.

Ukanti, oku kufunyanisiweyo kutsha akuphazanyiswanga ngokwaneleyo ukunika abembi bezinto zakudala uluvo lokuba imiqolo yayishiywe nini emqolombeni.

"Masithi sithatha okufunyanisiweyo kwaye senze uhlalutyo olukhethekileyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, njenge-radiocarbon dating, eya kuthi ibhale umhla, kodwa ayizukusixelela ukuba yayifakwe nini emqolombeni kwaye yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yebali," Uziel utshilo.

U-Uziel uthi: "Asikabi nalo ixesha lokusebenzisa i-radiocarbon, kodwa siyabazi ubume bayo ngokweendidi zoonobumba ezazisusela kwiminyaka elikhulu eyadlulayo ukusuka kwindawo eyafunyanwa kuyo." "Yasiwa apho ngabavukeli ababesinda kumkhosi wamaRoma kwaye babezimele kwaye balindele usuku abaza kuphuma ngalo kwakhona."

"Oko kusixelela okuninzi malunga nokuba umqulu ubaluleke kangakanani kwaba bantu kuba ukuba ujonga into efunwa ngabantu okanye uxinzelelo, bahamba nabo okubaluleke kakhulu," utshilo.

Ukumbiwa okungekho mthethweni yingxaki kwa-Israyeli kangangokuba i-IAA ineyunithi yonke ezinikele ekumiseni ukumba okungagunyaziswanga.

Umcimbi wandulela ukusekwa kwelizwe lakwa-Israyeli kwaye uya usiba mandundu, ngokukaGqirha Eitan Klein, usekela-mlawuli weyunithi yothintelo lobusela mandulo e-IAA.

U-Klein uqaphele ukuba abahloli be-IAA, abagunyazisiweyo ukuba basebenze phantsi komthetho njengamagosa asebupoliseni, bafumana malunga ne-300 yamatyala okuphanga minyaka le kwa-Israyeli.

"Le ngxaki inyuke kunyaka ophelileyo, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba abantu abaninzi bebengaphangeli, ke baqala ukukhangela izinto zakudala ukuze bazithengise," utshilo.

Umthetho wakwa-Israyeli wezinto zakudala wasekwa ngo-1978, igatya lomthetho ngokuchasene nesiko elasekwa ngexesha lokuyalelwa kwe-Bhritane, elisekela ukuba yonke into eyenziwayo yeyaseburhulumenteni yamaJuda. Umthetho ukwalela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zesinyithi, ukumbiwa kwiindawo zakudala kunye nokuthunyelwa kwawo nakweyiphi na into eyafunyanwa kwiziza zakudala ngaphandle kwemvume.

Iindawo zakudala zisekwa xa iarcheologist evela kwi-IAA ingena kwindawo kwaye ifumana izinto zembali okanye indawo okokuqala, emva koko ulungelelwaniso luxelwe kwigunya. Nje ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba mandulo, izilungelelaniso zesiza zipapashiwe.

"Kwa-Israyeli, sinendawo ezingaphezu kwama-35,000 zakudala ngaphandle kwe-West Bank kwaye nyaka ngamnye sifumana ezingaphezulu," utshilo uKlein. "Ngokwenene, isiqingatha selizwe, ilizwe lakwaSirayeli, yindawo yakudala."

Nje ukuba umxholo wezinto zakudala uphazamiseke, ulwazi oluninzi lulahleka ngonaphakade.

Isohlwayo sokumbiwa ngokungekho mthethweni sisigwebo kunye / okanye ukuya kuthi ga kwiminyaka emihlanu entolongweni, kodwa uKlein uthi iinkundla zihlala zikhupha isigwebo sonyaka omnye ukuya kwiminyaka emibini.

Usekela mlawuli uthi idabi lokulwa nokuphanga lenzeka kwimida eyahlukeneyo.

"Silwa nayo kumacala amaninzi, siyibiza ngokuba 'yindlela edityanisiweyo yakwa-Israeli yokulwa ukurhweba ngokungekho mthethweni ngezinto zakudala nokuphanga,' utshilo uKlein.

Uthi amanyathelo kufuneka athathwe "ngokuchasene nabaphangi ebaleni ukuze bababambe ngexesha lokumba okungekho mthethweni; ngokuchasene nomntu ophakathi, umntu othatha i-artifact kumphangi kwaye ayizise kumthengisi wezinto zakudala; ngokuchasene nabathengisi - ixesha elininzi akukho semthethweni ukurhweba ngezi zinto zakudala. ”

"Omnye umlo kukushushumbisa izinto zakudala," wongeze watsho uKlein. “Kufuneka ube nabantu abakumda waseburhulumenteni nakumazwe aphesheya. Sijonge nakwiifandesi nakwizinto eziqokelelweyo zabucala phesheya ukuze sibone ukuba ngaba kukho into ebiweyo kwa-Israyeli ngandlela ithile ephumeleleyo ukushiya ilizwe. ”

Usekela mlawuli uthatha kancinci umsebenzi weyunithi yakhe.

"Ukuba sibamba amaqela angama-60 abaphangi rhoqo ngonyaka kwaye sibeka izandla zethu kumakhulu ezinto ezingekho mthethweni minyaka le, kum kubonakala ngathi senza umsebenzi olungileyo, kodwa kusekuninzi ekufuneka kwenziwe," utshilo.

Namhlanje, ngokuka-Uziel, abembi bezinto zakudala benza ugqatso olwahlukileyo kunye nabembi ngokungekho mthethweni kunokuba babenjalo xa kwafunyanwa okokuqala imiSongo yoLwandle Olufileyo.

Uhlobo olwahlukileyo lokhuphiswano kuba okwangoku sizama ukuthintela ukuphanga ngokupheleleyo, asizami ukufikelela nakuphi na okufumanekileyo, A okanye B, utshilo u-Uziel. Nangona apha endleleni abembi bezinto zakudala befumana izinto ezimangalisayo njengokufunyanwa kweLwandle Olufileyo lakutshanje, "olona luvo luphambili kukwakha ubukho kwiNtlango yaseJudiya ukunqanda ukuphangwa kwexesha elizayo," utshilo.