Iidiliya Ziyafika
Kwakungeli xesha apho baseka isixeko saseGadir (iCadiz yanamhlanje) kunxweme oluhle olukumzantsi-ntshona we-Iberian Peninsula. Njengoko ayetyhalela phambili kulo mmandla, amaFenike eza neembiza zodongwe ezazisetyenziselwa ukuthutha nokugcina izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka i<em>amphorae. isiselo somdiliya.
Eyona nto yatsalela amaFenike kulo mmandla wehlabathi kukufana okumangalisayo phakathi komhlaba, imozulu nejografi yoSingasiqithi weIberia nelizwe lawo elikuMbindi Mpuma. Yaba yinto eyafunyanwayo eyayinesithembiso esikhulu, kuba babona amandla okulima iidiliya kunye nokuvelisa iwayini ekuhlaleni ngenxa yokuba ukuthembela kwabo kwi-amphora yokuthutha iwayini kuneengxaki zako; ezi zikhongozeli zithande ukuvuza kunye nokwaphuka ngexesha lohambo lwaselwandle oluhlala lunobuqhophololo.
Ukoyisa imiceli mngeni ye-amphorae, amaFenike agqiba ekubeni alime imidiliya kwindawo echumileyo netshiswe lilanga engqonge iGadir, nto leyo ephawula ukuqaliswa kwemveliso yewayini yasekuhlaleni kule ngingqi. Njengoko izidiliya zazichuma, zaqalisa ukuvelisa iidiliya eziswiti nezigabukileyo ezazifunwa kakhulu ukwenziwa iwayini ngelo xesha. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ukulima komdiliya kulo mmandla kwavela kwaye kwakhula, ekugqibeleni kwazala into ngoku eyaziwa njengengingqi yewayini yaseSherry. Iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zediliya ezikhuliswe eGadir, zidityaniswe nobuchule bokwenza iwayini obuphuhliswe kwiinkulungwane zeminyaka ibenegalelo kwincasa eyahlukileyo kunye neempawu ezinxulumene neSherry wines.
Iidiliya ezingakumbi zinikezelwe
Belandela emanyathelweni amaFenike, abantu baseCarthage bafika kuSingasiqithi we-Iberia, iCartagena yayisesona sixeko basisekayo. Ubukho babo buye batyebisa ukulinywa kweediliya nokwenza iwayini kulo mmandla. Malunga ne 1000 BC, amaRoma andisa ulawulo lwawo ukuquka indawo enkulu yase Spain kwaye atyala imidiliya yewayini ukugcina amajoni awo kunye neendawo zawo zokuhlala. Bade bagrumba imikhombe yamatye ukuze kubiliswe iwayini baze baphucule umgangatho we-amphorae. Olu lwandiso lweza nokutyalwa okubanzi kwemidiliya kunye nokwaziswa kweendlela eziphambili zokulima umdiliya kunye nemveliso yewayini egxile kumaphondo amabini, iBaetica (ehambelana neAndalusia yanamhlanje) kunye neTarraconensis (ngoku eyiTarragona).
AmaSilamsi aPhonononga iMveliso yeediliya
AmaMoor, abahlali abangamaSilamsi kuMntla Afrika, baseka ubukho obubalulekileyo kwiPeninsula yase-Iberia (iSpain nePortugal yanamhlanje) emva koloyiso lwamaSilamsi ngo-711 AD. Inkcubeko yamaSilamsi kunye nomthetho waba nempembelelo enkulu kummandla ngeli xesha, kubandakanywa nemikhwa yokutya kunye nokusela; nangona kunjalo, indlela yabo yokujongana newayini notywala yayingenamagingxigingxi. Imithetho yokutya yamaSilamsi, njengoko ichazwe kwiQuran, iyakwalela ukuselwa kweziselo ezinxilisayo, kubandakanya newayini. Esi salelo sisekelwe kwiinkolelo nemigaqo yonqulo, nto leyo ephumela kwimiqathango yokuveliswa, ukuthengiswa nokuselwa kweziselo ezinxilisayo, kuquka iwayini.
Ngelixa iQuran ikuthintela ngokucacileyo ukusetyenziswa kwewayini kunye neziyobisi, ukusetyenziswa kwezi zithintelo kunokwahluka phakathi koluntu lwamaSilamsi. Ngexesha lolawulo lwamaMoors kwi-Peninsula yase-Iberia, kwakungekho sithintelo jikelele okanye esingaguqukiyo kwimveliso yewayini. Ubungakanani kunye nobungqongqo bezithintelo kwiwayini kunye notywala zahluka, ngokusekelwe kubalawuli basekuhlaleni, ukutolikwa komthetho wamaSilamsi, kunye nomxholo wembali ethile.
Iimpembelelo zikaFranco kwiWayini
Ukusukela ngo-1936-1939 (imfazwe yamakhaya yaseSpain) kunye neminyaka elandela ulawulo lukaNjengele uFrancisco Franco, ukwenziwa kwewayini kwakulawulwa kakhulu kwaye ngokufuthi imveliso kunye nokuhanjiswa kwakulawulwa ngurhulumente. Urhulumente wayelawula ishishini ukuze lifezekise iimfuno zorhulumente ngokumisela imimiselo kunye nolawulo kuquka ukuyilwa kweSpanish Wine Institute (Instituto Nacional de Denominaciones de Origen/ INDO) ngo-1934. Injongo yayikukulawula umgangatho wewayini nokukhusela ingingqi amagama emvelaphi (Denomininacion de Origen) asekhona nanamhlanje. Abenzi bewayini kwakufuneka balandele imigangatho engqongqo kwaye babengakwazi ukuvelisa iwayini engahambelani nale migaqo.
I-Phylloxera Epidemic
Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, iSpain, njengezinye iindawo ezininzi ezivelisa iwayini kwihlabathi jikelele, yajongana nesitshabalalisi esitshabalalisayo esibizwa ngokuba yiphylloxera. Ukuze kuliwe nesi sinambuzane, esasisongela ubukho bemidiliya, eminye imimandla iye yabhenela ekuncothuleni izidiliya yaza yanqumamisa ukuvelisa iwayini okwexeshana. Lo ibingengomcimbi wezomthetho kodwa impendulo kwintlekele yendalo echaphazele ishishini lewayini.
Ekugqibeleni, ngeminyaka yee-1970
Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1970s iSpain iye yatshintsha kakhulu kwaye itshintshile ekubeni yaziwa ngokuvelisa iiwayini ezininzi nezikumgangatho ophantsi ukuya ekubeni lelinye lamazwe ahamba phambili ngokuvelisa iwayini kunye namazwe athumela ngaphandle axhaswa lutyalo-mali kwiindlela zangoku zokwenza iwayini kunye nokwamkelwa kwewayini ezingcono izenzo ezikhulayo.
Inkqubo yeDenominacion de Origen (DO) yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1930 kwaye yafumana ukubaluleka njengoko yayichaza imimandla ethile yewayini eneempawu ezikhethekileyo, iintlobo zediliya, kunye nemigangatho yemveliso – zonke zibalulekile ekukhuthazeni umgangatho kunye nobunyani bewayini ezisuka eSpain. Ubuchwephesha obuphuculweyo bubandakanya ukubiliswa okulawulwa ngubushushu kunye nezixhobo ezingcono.
Ngelixa abenzi bomdiliya bezama ngeentlobo zediliya zamazwe ngamazwe eziquka iCabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, kunye ne Chardonnay kuye kwakho ukuphinda kwendidi zediliya zemveli ezifana neTempranillo, Garnacha kunye ne Alberino.
Impembelelo kwezoqoqosho
ISpain ithatha inxaxheba enkulu kwimarike yewayini yehlabathi kwaye inobukho obunamandla eYurophu, eUnited States naseAsia. ISpain izingca ngeyona ndawo inkulu yezidiliya ezinokwanda okumangalisayo kule minyaka mihlanu idlulileyo apho ngaphezulu kwe 950,000 yeehektare zinikezelwe ekulinyweni kwediliya. Le mpumelelo itsale utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo lwangaphandle kunye necandelo elifumana i-816.18 yezigidi zee-Euro kwimithombo yamazwe ngamazwe kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo. IHong Kong igqame njengomtyali-mali ophambili, inegalelo le-92 yeepesenti yotyalo-mali kwicandelo ngo-2019.
ISpain ibambe emagqabini ngokuba lilizwe lesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni abavelisi bewayini enobukho obunabileyo kwimimandla engama-60 eyahlukeneyo kunye neeDinominations zeMvelaphi (DO). Ngokucacileyo, iRioja kunye ne-Priorat kuphela kwemimandla yaseSpain efanelekile njenge-DOCa, ebonisa umgangatho ophezulu womgangatho ngaphakathi kwe-DO.
Ngo-2020, imveliso yewayini yaseSpain yafikelela kuqikelelo lwezigidi ezingama-43.8 zeehektolitha (uMbutho weHlabathi weMidiliya kunye neWayini/OIV). Ixabiso lokuthunyelwa kwewayini yaseSpain kumazwe angaphandle lifikelele kwi-2.68 yeebhiliyoni zee-Euro (iSpanish Wine Market Observatory).
Ngo-2021 imakethi yewayini yaseSpain iqhubekile ikhula ngexabiso elixabisa i-10.7 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kunye nokukhula okuqikelelweyo kwi-Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) engaphaya kwe-7 pesenti. Phakathi kweendidi ezahlukeneyo zewayini, iwayini iseyeyona inkulu ngelixa iwayini ehlwahlwazayo yayikulungele ukubhalisa ukukhula okukhawulezayo ngokwexabiso. Umjelo wokusasaza ekurhwebeni ubambe esona sabelo sikhulu kwaye ukupakishwa kweglasi kuhlala kuyeyona nto isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo. IMadrid yavela njengeyona ntengiso inkulu yewayini elizweni.
Iidiliya
I-Rioja
Ukutyunjwa kweRioja yeMvelaphi (DO) ibandakanya iihektare ezingama-54,000 zezidiliya kwimimandla esemantla eSpain, eqala eLa Rioja, ilizwe laseBasque, kunye neNavarre. Lo mmandla ubhiyozelwa njengenye yezona ndawo zibalaseleyo zokuvelisa iwayini eSpain. Embindini wengingqi kukho umdiliya weTempranillo okhuliswe ngononophelo kwaye ugugile kwimiphanda ye-oki evelisa eyona wayini iphucukileyo nedume kwihlabathi liphela kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
Ngaphambili
Ummandla wewayini wePriorat useCatalonia, iziko lesivuno esiphantsi seviticulture apho izidiliya zincamathele kwinduli enamatye, ezimi kwi 100-700 yeemitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Kwezi meko zinzima kakhulu imidiliya iyasokola ukukhula, ivelisa umdiliya ngobunzulu obumangalisayo kunye noxinzelelo. Iwayini eziveliswayo zibomvu ezipheleleyo ezinikezela ubunzulu kunye nesimilo.
Utshintsho lolawulo
Ishishini lewayini laseSpain lizise ukuhlelwa okutsha kunye nemigaqo ukuze iqhelanise neenguqu kunye nokwamkela uluhlu olubanzi lwewayini. IVino de la Terra kunye neVine de Mesa zibonelela ngokuguquguquka ekwahluleleni iwayini ngokusekwe kuqwalaselo lwejografi kunye nomgangatho ngelixa ulwahlulo lweVinicola de Espana luvumela ukuqondwa kwewayini ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezingangeniyo kwiinkqubo zeDO, ngaloo ndlela zikhuthaza ukugqwesa kwi-winemaking yaseSpain. .
Kwiingcinga zam
U-Evan Goldstein kutshanje ubonise iiwayini kumsitho wokuTya kunye neeWayini ezivela eSpain kwisiXeko saseNew York:
- Mazas Garnacha Tinta 2020.
Iwayini eyenziwe ngeTinto de Toro, ikopi eyodwa yaseSpain yeTempranillo, encediswa nge-10 lepesenti yeGarnacha; iwonga ngembasa yeDecanter World Wine Award, egqwesileyo kuMboniso (2022).
I-Bodegas Mazas izinikele ekufuneni ukwenza iiwayini ezintsha nezinexabiso eliphezulu. Bayiphumeza injongo yabo ngokusebenzisa ubuchule bobugcisa bala maxesha kwindawo yabo yewayini eseMorales de Toro. Zonke iidiliya ezisetyenzisiweyo kwinkqubo yabo yokwenza iwayini zithathwe kwizidiliya zabo kwiToro Designation of Origin (DO). Le ndawo inezidiliya ezine ezithe saa kwingingqi yeToro yaseCastilla y Leon. Ezimbini kwezi zidiliya zingaphezu kweminyaka engama-80 ubudala ngelixa ezinye ezimbini zingaphezu kweminyaka engama-50 ubudala. Zizonke, izidiliya zijikeleze i-140 yeehektare; nangona kunjalo, i-Bodegas Mazas ikhetha iidiliya kwinani elilinganiselweyo leepasile ezindala zediliya ukwenza iwayini zabo.
Iimeko zemozulu kulo mmandla ziphawulwa kukuna kwemvula ephantsi kunye nemingeni engaguqukiyo ebangelwa kukungachumi komhlaba nokuguquguquka okugqithisileyo kwamaqondo obushushu. Ezi meko zivelisa iwayini ezinombala ogqamileyo kunye nencasa yeziqhamo.
amanqaku:
IMazas Garna Tinta 2020 iveza inkangeleko enomtsalane, enombala obomvu onzulu, obomvu ngokuthe ngcembe utshintshela kumphetho opinki obuthathaka. Isipha sentyatyambo yimedley edlamkileyo yamacheri amnandi avuthiweyo, adityaniswa yi-symphony yencasa, kubandakanywa iingcebiso zeentyatyambo, iiplums ezimnyama ezinencasa, amaqunube avuthiweyo, kunye nezinongo ezithambileyo ezidityaniswe ngemvisiswano kunye neethoni zomhlaba. Iwayini inikezela ngobunewunewu noburhabaxa obuzingileyo ukuya kutsho ekugqibeleni buhonjiswe ngondoqo womhlaba oyolisayo.
2. I-Coral de Penascal Ethical Rose.
100 ekhulwini Tempranillo. UCastilla y Leon, eSpain. Vegan, Certified Organic. Uzinzo. Ibhotile nganye inegalelo ekubuyiselweni kwee-coral reef ezimele i-25 pesenti yezinto eziphilayo.
UHijos de Antonio Barcelo yibodega edumileyo enelifa elaqala ngo-1876. Ilifa lemveli elityebileyo lidityaniswe nezenzo zale mihla kukhokelela kwiwayini engaphelelwa lixesha nentsha. I-Winery ayithathi cala yekhabhoni, inciphisa i-carbon footprint kunye nefuthe lokusingqongileyo. Iwayini ipakishwe kwizinto ezithambileyo emhlabeni kwaye ibhotile ye-ultralight inciphisa i-ecological footprint.
amanqaku:
I-Coral de Penascal Ethical Rose yiwayini ethimba iimvakalelo. Imbonakalo yayo ecace njengekristale ibonisa umbala oethe-ethe wekorale onomtsalane ngendlela enomtsalane ngayo. I-bouquet yi-symphony ye-fragrances, apho i-currants ebomvu ebomvu kunye ne-raspberries ithatha indawo ephakathi, idibanisa ngokuhambelanayo kunye namanqaku amnandi eziqhamo zamatye, ezikhumbuza iipesika ezivuthiweyo. La mavumba ahamba phambili eziqhamo adityaniswa ngobuhle yimbonakalo efihlakeleyo yeentyatyambo ezimhlophe.
Xa ufunxa le rozi intle, inkalakahla iphathwa ngendlela enencasa efana nesithembiso esinevumba elimnandi. Ubumnandi beapilkosi kunye neepesika buxhentsa kwincasa yencasa, idala indibaniselwano eyonwabisayo yeemvakalelo zeziqhamo. Kanye xa ucinga ukuba ufumene yonke into, kuvela intwana encinci ye-pink grapefruit, yongeza i-twist ehlaziyayo kunye ne-zesty kule wayini ye-ethereal.
3. Verdeal. 20 de abril organic Verdejo 2022
Ngo-2007, u-Eduardo Poza wamkela umdiliya we-Verdejo, waqala uhambo olwazala i-VERDEAL, uphawu lwangoku olufumana isiseko salo kwingingqi ye-DO Rueda kwaye ibonise uhlobo lwayo olulodwa olulodwa kunye ne-DNA.
Umdiliya weVerdejo ubonisa iwayini emhlophe edlamkileyo nevuselelayo, ephawulwa ngamanqaku e-apile eluhlaza kunye ne-citrus egayiweyo, edityaniswa ngamacangca epesika, iapilkosi, kunye neentyatyambo ezicekethekileyo, iphelela ekugqityweni kwebalsamic ephethe ingcebiso yefennel kunye ne-aniseed.
Izidiliya ezibonelela ngomdiliya wale wayini ikhethekileyo zineminyaka eyi-13 ubudala kwaye zilinywa ngokulima. Ngezivuno zemveliso ezisusela ku 6,000 ukuya kuma 8,000 kg ngehektare nganye, le wayini ifikelela kwiqondo eliphezulu lamacandelo omdiliya, nto leyo ekhokelela kumava omdiliya omde nokumgangatho ophezulu.
amanqaku:
Le wayini intle inika umbala otyheli okhanyayo kunye nobunzulu obuphakathi kwaye itsalela iimvakalelo kumbhiyozo weVerdejo. Kumoya wokuqala wokuphefumla, kuye kwafunyanwa isipha esinomtsalane esigquma iziqhamo zetropikhi kunye nekalika enqabileyo, ifaka iwayini ngokuqaqamba okuvuselelayo. Ukuhlanjululwa nzulu, iingcebiso zemifuno kunye nemifuno eluhlaza zivela, zongeza umaleko onzima kumava amnandi. Iwayini igcina i-equilibrium eveza ukugqitywa okutsha kunye nokunyamezela kunye neengcebiso zemifuno, ishiya ushicilelo olumnandi kwinkalakahla.
© UGqirha Elinor Garely. Inqaku lelungelo lokushicilela, kubandakanya iifoto, alinakuphinda liveliswe ngaphandle kwemvume ebhaliweyo evela kumbhali.
