Kwinqaku lomthetho wezohambo kule veki, sivavanya ityala likaTanvir v. Tanzin, Idokethi uNombolo 16-1176 (2d. Cir. Meyi 2, 2018) "Isikhalazo sityhola, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuba ukuziphindezela kwabamangali ukwala ukusebenza oontamnani, amagosa aseburhulumenteni ngokungafanelekanga abeke okanye agcina amagama abaMangali 'kuLuhlu lweFly', ngokuchasene namalungelo abaMangali phantsi koLungiso lokuQala kunye noMthetho wokuBuyiselwa kweNkululeko yeNkolo, i-42 USC 2000bb et seq. (RFRA). Isikhalazo safuna (1) isiqabu sokumangalela kunye nesokumisa ngokuchasene nabo bonke abatyholwa ngokwasemthethweni ngokwaphula imigaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho, kunye (2) nembuyekezo nomonakalo owohlwayo ovela kumagosa anyanzelisa ukuthotyelwa komthetho kwizikhundla zawo ezisemthethweni zokuphula amalungelo abo phantsi koLungiso lokuQala. kunye neRFRA… Ngokufanelekileyo apha, inkundla yesithili ibambe ukuba iRFRA ayikuvumeli ukubuyiswa komonakalo wemali ngokuchasene namagosa aseburhulumenteni afakwe kwizikhundla zabo. Abamangali babhena isigqibo seRFRA kuphela. Ngenxa yokuba singavumelani nenkundla yesithili kwaye sibambe ukuba i-RFRA ivumela ummangali ukuba afumane kwakhona umonakalo owonxamnye namagosa aseburhulumenteni afakwe kwizikhundla zabo ngokophula umthetho okhuselayo we-RFRA, siyasijika isigwebo senkundla yesithili ”.
Kwityala le-Tanvir, iNkundla iqaphele ukuba “Abamangali ngamadoda aseMuslin ahlala eNew York okanye eConnecticut. Ngamnye wazalelwa phesheya, wafudukela eUnited States kwasekuqaleni kobomi bakhe, kwaye ngoku ukho ngokusemthethweni apha njengommi wase-US okanye njengomhlali osisigxina. Ngamnye usapho lwakhe lushiyele phesheya kolwandle. Abamangali baqinisekisa ukuba babhenelwa ziarhente zombuso kwaye bacelwa ukuba basebenze njengabanolwazi nge-FBI. Ngokukodwa, Abamangali bacelwa ukuba baqokelele ulwazi kumalungu oluntu lwamaSilamsi kwaye baxele olo lwazi kwi-FBI. Ngamanye amaxesha, isicelo se-FBI sikhatshwa ngoxinzelelo olukhulu, kubandakanya izoyikiso zokugxothwa okanye ukubanjwa; kwezinye, isicelo sikhatshwa zizithembiso zemali nolunye uncedo. Nokuba kunjalo, abaMangali bazichasile ezo zicelo ziphindaphindwayo, ubuncinci ngokuyinxalenye esekwe kwiinkolelo zabo zonqulo ezinyanisekileyo.
Ukohlwaywa ngokungazisi
Ukuphendula koku kungavumi, iiarhente zomanyano zigcine abaMangali kuLuhlu loLuhlu lweeNqwelomoya 'nangona abaMangali' bengazibonakalisi, bengazange bazibonakalise kwaye bengazange batyholwa ngokuzenza, isoyikiso kukhuseleko lokuhamba ngenqwelomoya '. NgokwesiKhalazo, abatyholwa banyanzela abaMangali ukuba benze ukhetho olungavumelekanga phakathi, kwelinye icala, bethobela iinkolelo zabo zonqulo ngokunyanisekileyo kwaye befumana isohlwayo sokubekwa okanye ukugcinwa kuLuhlu lweeNqwelomoya, okanye kwelinye icala, bephula umthetho wabo iinkolelo ezinyanisekileyo zenkolo ukuze kuthintelwe ukufakwa kuLuhlu lweeNqwelo-moya okanye ukukhusela ukususwa kuLuhlu lweeNqwelo-moya '.
Umonakalo ozinzileyo
“Abamangali batyhola ngelithi le ngxaki ibabeka umthwalo omkhulu kwinkolo yabo. Ukongeza, isenzo sabamangalelwa sabangela ukuba abaMangaleli babandezeleke ngokweemvakalelo, bonakalise igama, kunye nelahleko kwezoqoqosho. Ngenxa yesenzo sabamangalelwa sokubeka nokugcina abamangali kuLuhlu lweeNqwelomoya, abamangali babengavunyelwa ukuba babhabhe iminyaka eliqela. Ukuthintelwa okunjalo kuthintele abamangali ukuba batyelele amalungu osapho phesheya kolwandle, kubangele ukuba abaMangali baphulukane nemali abayipasileyo ukuhlawulela amatikiti enqwelomoya, kwaye kuthintele ukukwazi kwabaMangali ukuya emsebenzini ”.
“Akukho luhlu lubhabha”
“Kwiinzame zokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kwinqwelomoya, iCongress iyalele uLawulo loKhuseleko kuThutho (TSA) ukuba iseke iinkqubo zokwazisa amagosa afanelekileyo ngobuntu babantu abaziwayo ukuba bazibeke, okanye orhaneleka ngokuzenza, umngcipheko wobuqhetseba bomoya okanye ubugrogrisi okanye isoyikiso kwinqwelo moya okanye ukhuseleko lwabakhweli '. I-TSA yayalelwa kwakhona ukuba 'isebenzise zonke iirekhodi ezifanelekileyo kuluhlu lwabanqolobi oluhlanganisiweyo nolumanyanisiweyo olugcinwa nguRhulumente wase-Federal' ukwenza umsebenzi wokukhangela umkhweli ngaphambili ... 'Uluhlu alukho lweFly' lolunye lolo luhlu lwabanqolobi kwaye luyinxalenye yedatha ebanzi. iphuhlisiwe kwaye igcinwe liZiko lokuHlola abaNqolobi (i-TSC), elilawulwa yi-FBI. Isiseko sedatha ye-TSC siqulethe ulwazi malunga nabantu abaziwayo okanye abarhanelwa ngokufanelekileyo ukuba bayabandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yobunqolobi. I-TSC yabelana ngamagama abantu 'kuLuhlu lweeNqwelomoya' kunye neearhente zomthetho kunye nezomthetho, i-TSA, abameli beenqwelo moya kunye noorhulumente bamanye amazwe abasebenzisanayo ".
I-Opaque kunye neMigangatho echazwe gula
“Abamangali bathi iiarhente zombuso ezichazwe kwisikhalazo esihlonyelweyo 'zixhaphaze uxanduva olubalulekileyo olubekwe kuLuhlu lweeNqwelo-moya, imeko yayo engacacanga kunye nemigangatho echazwe gwenxa, kunye nokusilela kwenkqubo, ukuzama ukunyanzela abamangali ukuba basebenze njengempimpi. kwiindawo zabo zaseMelika zamaSilamsi kunye neendawo zonqulo. Xa bechaswa, iiarhente zomdibaniso zaziphindezela kubaMangali ngokubabeka okanye ukuzigcina kuLuhlu lweeNqwelo-moya ”.
UMthetho woBuyiselo weNkululeko yezeNkolo
“I-RFRA ibonelela ukuba 'uRhulumente akazukuthwalisa uxanduva ngokwenkolo yomntu nokuba umthwalo ubangelwe ngumthetho wokusebenza jikelele' ngaphandle kokuba 'uRhulumente' angabonisa [] ukuba isicelo somthwalo kulomntu- (1) kukuqhubela phambili umdla onyanisekileyo karhulumente; kwaye (2) yeyona ndlela ingumda yokuqhubela phambili loo mdla unyanzelisa urhulumente '… abamangali beRFRA' bafumane uncedo olufanelekileyo ngorhulumente… kwaye kubandakanya 'ukuveza [] ukubonisa [ion]' ukuba kuthintela ukubuyiswa kwemali ... Ngenxa yenjongo yeRFRA yokubonelela ngokhuseleko olubanzi kwinkululeko yezenkolo… sibambe ukuba iRFRA igunyazisa ukubuyiswa komonakalo wemali ngokuchasene namagosa aseburhulumenteni afakwe kwizikhundla zawo ”.
Ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo
“Ngokubamba ukuba i-RFRA igunyazisa ummangali ukuba amangalele amagosa aseburhulumenteni kwizikhundla zabo ngokwenzakala kwemali, sijonga ukuba ingaba la magosa kufanelekile na ukukhuselwa ngumkhosi ofanelekileyo… Apha, isigqibo senkundla yesithili esingezantsi khange sijongane nokuba ingaba abatyholwa banelungelo lokhuselo olufanelekileyo… Ukungabikho kwengxelo ephuculweyo ngakumbi, siyala ukujongana kwimeko yokuqala ukuba ngaba abaTyholwa banelungelo lokhuselo olufanelekileyo. Sibuyela kwinkundla yesithili ukuba senze isigqibo esinje kwasekuqaleni ”.
Patricia kunye noThomas Dickerson
Umbhali, uThomas A. Dickerson, usweleke nge-26 kaJulayi 2018 eneminyaka eyi-74. Ngobabalo losapho lwakhe, eTurboNews Uvumelekile ukuba abelane ngamanqaku akhe esinayo kwifayile awayithumela kuthi ukuba siyipapashe evekini.
Umhlonishwa. UDickerson uthathe umhlala phantsi njenge-Associate Justice yeCandelo leZibheno, iSebe lesiBini leNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseNew York kwaye wabhala malunga noMthetho wokuHamba kangangeminyaka engama-42 kubandakanya neencwadi zakhe zomthetho ezihlaziywa minyaka le, Umthetho Wohambo, Umthetho Wezobuchwephesha Bomthetho (2018), Litigating International Torts in Iinkundla zase-US, iThomson Reuters WestLaw (2018), iZenzo zeklasi: Umthetho wamazwe angama-50, Umthetho woNondaba wezoMthetho (2018), nangaphezulu kwamanqaku asemthethweni angama-500 uninzi lwawo afumaneka ku-www.nycourts.gov/courts/9jd/taxcertatd.shtml . Ukufumana iindaba ezongeziweyo zomthetho wokuhamba kunye nophuhliso, ngakumbi kumazwe angamalungu e-EU, bona www.IFTTA.org
