Akukho sisongelo se-tsunami esixhaphakileyo ePuerto Rico, esahlukileyo koko kwaxelwa okokuqala ngamajelo eendaba. Nangona kunjalo isoyikiso sasekuhlaleni sinokubakho. Inyikima enamandla ye-6.5-magnitude yabetha elwandle ukusuka kunxweme lwasePuerto Rican kwindawo enzulu engaphantsi kwe-30 km ekuqaleni koMvulo, ingxelo ye-US Geological Survey.
Inyikima yabetha malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-56 ukusuka kunxweme olusemantla esiqithi. Ikomkhulu, iSan Juan, apho kuhlala abantu abangama-400,000 XNUMX likwakwicala elinye lesi siqithi.
Akukho kwenzakala kwangoko okanye umonakalo oye wachazwa. Ishishini lezokhenketho libanzi kulo mmandla wesiqithi. I-Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre yathi inyikima inokubangela i-tsunami yendawo, kodwa akukho mngcipheko we-tsunami exhaphakileyo.
Inyikima yasePuerto Rico ngoMvulo iza phantse iminyaka emi-4 emva kokuba inyikima enamandla ye-7.0-magnitude yatshabalalisa esinye isiqithi saseCaribbean - iHaiti.
Intlekele ye-2010 yathatha ubomi obungaphezulu kwe-100,000 kwaye yabangela intlekele yobuntu kwilizwe, elihlala lilelona lihlwempuzekileyo emhlabeni.
IiSeismotectonics zoMmandla weCaribbean kunye neNdawo
Ukwahluka okubanzi kunye nobunzima bolawulo lwe-tectonic lubonisa umjikelezo weplate yeCaribbean, ebandakanya amacwecwe angaphantsi kwamane amakhulu (kuMntla Melika, eMzantsi Melika, eNazca, naseCocos). Imimandla echongiweyo yeenyikima ezinzulu (imimandla yeWadati-Benioff), imisele yolwandle, kunye nee-arcs zeentaba-mlilo zibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuthotywa kwe-oceanic lithosphere ecaleni koMbindi waseMelika kunye noLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki kwimida yeCaribbean plate, ngelixa i-crustal seismicity eGuatemala, emantla eVenezuela, naseCayman. I-Ridge kunye neCayman Trench ibonisa impazamo yokuguqula kunye nokutsalwa kwe-basin tectonics.
Kumda osemantla wepleyiti yeCaribbean, ipleyiti yaseMntla Melika ibheka ngasentshona ngokubhekiselele kwipleyiti yeCaribbean ngesantya esimalunga ne-20 mm/yr. Intshukumo ihlaliswa ecaleni kweempazamo ezinkulu ezininzi ezisuka empuma ukusuka eIsla de Roatan ukuya eHaiti, kubandakanya iSwan Island Fault kunye neOriente Fault. Ezi mpazamo zimele imida esemazantsi nangasentla yeCayman Trench. Ukuqhubela phambili empuma, ukusuka kwiRiphabhlikhi yaseDominican ukuya kwiSiqithi saseBarbuda, intshukumo ehambelanayo phakathi kwepleyiti yoMntla Melika kunye nepleyiti yeCaribbean iya ithandeka ngakumbi kwaye ithathwa ngokuyinxenye yi-arc-parallel subduction yepleyiti yaseMntla Melika phantsi kwepleyiti yeCaribbean. Oku kuphumela ekusekweni koMsele onzulu wasePuerto Rico kunye nendawo yeenyikima ezigxininise eziphakathi (70-300 km ubunzulu) ngaphakathi kwe-slab ethotyiweyo. Nangona ummandla wePuerto Rico kucingelwa ukuba unako ukuvelisa inyikima enkulu, azikho iziganeko ezinjalo kwinkulungwane edlulileyo. Isiganeko sokugqibela esinokubakho se-interplate (thrust fault) apha senzeke ngoMeyi 2, 1787 kwaye savakala ngokubanzi kwisiqithi ngentshabalalo ebhaliweyo kulo lonke unxweme olusemantla, kubandakanya iArecibo neSan Juan. Ukususela ngowe-1900, ezona nyikima zinkulu zakha zabakho kulo mmandla yaba yinyikima ka-Agasti 4, 1946 M8.0 eSamana kumntla-mpuma weHispaniola kunye nenyikima kaJulayi 29, 1943 M7.6 eM12 eM2010. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo yentshukumo phakathi kwepleyiti yaseMntla Melika kunye nepleyiti yeCaribbean kulo mmandla ihlaliswa luthotho lweziphene zoqhankqalazo lwasekhohlo ezinqumla isiqithi sase-Hispaniola, ngokukodwa i-Septentrional Fault emantla kunye ne-Enriquillo-Plantain. Garden Fault emazantsi. Umsebenzi osecaleni kwenkqubo yeFault ye-Enriquillo-Plantain Garden Fault ibhalwe ngcono yinyikima ye-7.0 kaJanuwari ka-1770 ye-MXNUMX yaseHaiti, inyikima eyayanyaniswa nayo kunye nenyikima efanayo ngo-XNUMX.
Ukuya ngasempuma nakumazantsi, umda wepleyiti ujija ujikeleze iPuerto Rico kunye ne-Lesser Antilles esemantla apho ipleyiti eshukumayo yepleyiti yeCaribbean ipleyiti enxulumene noMntla kunye noMzantsi Melika iipleyiti zithe tye kancinci, okukhokelela kwi-island-arc tectonics esebenzayo. Apha, uMntla noMzantsi Melika iipleyiti zithontelana ukuya ngasentshona ngaphantsi kwepleyiti yeCaribbean ecaleni kweLesser Antilles Trench ngemilinganiselo emalunga ne-20 mm/yr. Ngenxa yolu hlaselo, kukho zombini inyikima ekugxilwe kuyo okuphakathi ngaphakathi kweepleyiti ezithotyiweyo kunye nothotho lweentaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo ecaleni kwearc yesiqithi. Nangona i-Lesser Antilles ithathwa njengenye yemimandla esebenza kakhulu kwi-Caribbean, ezimbalwa zezi ziganeko zibe zikhulu kune-M7.0 kwinkulungwane edlulileyo. Isiqithi saseGuadeloupe sasiyindawo enye yezona nyikima zinkulu kweza kwenzeka kulo mmandla ngoFebruwari 8, 1843, kunye nomlinganiselo ocetywayo ongaphezu kwe-8.0. Eyona nyikima inkulu yakutsha nje ubunzulu obuphakathi eyenzekileyo ecaleni kweLesser Antilles arc yaba yinyikima yangoNovemba 29, 2007 M7.4 Martinique kumntla-ntshona weFort-De-France.
Umda wepleyiti esemazantsi eCaribbean kunye nepleyiti yaseMzantsi Melika ibetha empuma-ntshona ukunqumla iTrinidad kunye nentshona yeVenezuela kumyinge omalunga ne-20 mm/yr. Lo mda ubonakaliswe ziziphene ezinkulu zenguqu, kubandakanywa iFault yeRange esembindini kunye neBoconó-San Sebastian-El Pilar Faults, kunye nenyikima enzulu. Ukususela ngowe-1900, ezona nyikima zakha zankulu kulo mmandla yaba yinyikima kaOktobha 29, 1900 M7.7 yaseCaracas, nenyikima kaJulayi 29, 1967 M6.5 kufutshane nalo mmandla. Ukuya ngasentshona, indawo ebanzi yoguqulo olucinezelayo ihambela emazantsi-ntshona eVenezuela nakumbindi weColumbia. Umda wepleyiti awuchazwanga kakuhle kuwo wonke umntla-ntshona woMzantsi Melika, kodwa uguqulo lwedeformation ukusuka ekulawulweni yiCaribbean/South America convergence empuma ukuya kwiNazca/South America convergence entshona. Ummandla wenguqu phakathi kokuthotywa kwimida esempuma kunye nentshona yepleyiti yeCaribbean iphawulwa kukusasazeka kwenyikima ebandakanya ubungakanani obuphantsi ukuya kubukhulu obuphakathi (M<6.0) obunzulu obunzulu ukuya kubunzulu obuphakathi. Umda wepleyiti kude nonxweme lwaseColombia ukwaphawulwa ngokudibana, apho ipleyiti yeNazca ithoba ngaphantsi koMzantsi Melika ukuya ngasempuma ngesantya esimalunga nama-65 mm/ngonyaka. Inyikima kaJanuwari 31, 1906 M8.5 yenzeke kujongano lwemegathrust enzulu yeli candelo lomda wepleyiti. Ngakunxweme olusentshona loMbindi Merika, icwecwe leCocos lithoba ukuya ngasempuma phantsi kwepleyiti yeCaribbean kuMbindi Merika Trench. Amazinga okuhlangana ahluka phakathi kwe-72-81 mm/yr, ehla ukuya emantla. Oku kuthotywa kukhokelela kumazinga aphezulu enyikima kunye nothotho lweentaba-mlilo ezininzi; Iinyikima ezigxininise eziphakathi zenzeka kwipleyiti yeCocos ukuya kubunzulu obuphantse bube yi-300 km. Ukususela ngowe-1900, kuye kwakho iinyikima zomhlaba ezinobungakanani obuphakathi nobunzulu obuphakathi kulo mmandla, kuquka iziganeko zikaSeptemba 7, 1915 M7.4 El Salvador kunye neziganeko zikaOktobha 5, 1950 M7.8 zaseCosta Rica. Umda phakathi kweepleyiti zeCocos kunye neNazca ubonakaliswe ngoluhlu lweziphene eziguqukayo ezisemantla-emazantsi kunye nempuma-ntshona amaziko okusasaza ahamba phambili. Owona mkhulu nowona usebenzayo ngokushukumayo kule mida yotshintsho yiPanama Fracture Zone. I-Panama Fracture Zone iphela emazantsi kwindawo ye-Galapagos rift zone kwaye emantla kumjelo oMbindi Melika, apho iyinxalenye ye-Cocos-Nazca-Caribbean junction. Iinyikima ecaleni kweZowuni yoKwaphuka kwePanama ziqhelekile ukuba nzulu, zisezantsi ukuya phakathi kubukhulu (M<7.2) kwaye ziziinyikima ezibonisa ukuba zilungile kwicala lasekunene. Ukususela ngowe-1900, eyona nyikima yakha yankulu ecaleni kwePanama Fracture Zone yaba yinyikima kaJulayi 26, 1962 M7.2.
