Into ebizwa ngokuba nguMmangaliso weZitofu zokugonya esiSibonisa yona
Ugonyo olutsha ludla ngokuthatha iminyaka eli-10 ukuya kweli-15 ukwenziwa. Ke, uphuhliso lwezitofu ezikumgangatho ophezulu ezininzi ze-COVID-19 kwisithuba esingaphantsi konyaka aluzange lubonwe ngaphambili.
Kwaye kulula ukubona isizathu sokuba oko kubonakale kungummangaliso. Kodwa eneneni, izitofu zokugonya ze-COVID-19 zisisiphumo samashumi eminyaka otyalo-mali olunenkathalo, imigaqo-nkqubo, kunye nobuhlakani obuseke amaziko, italente, kunye nenkqubo yendalo efunekayo ukuze isasazwe ngokukhawuleza.
Sinoosonzululwazi kwihlabathi jikelele ukubulela ngeminyaka yabo yophando olusisiseko. Omnye umphandi, uGqirha Katalin Karikó waseHungary, uzinikele ekufundeni ngesithunywa iRNA, ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-mRNA. Kangangeminyaka, izimvo zakhe ezingaqhelekanga aziphumelelanga ekufumaneni inkxaso ebanzi kunye nenkxaso-mali, kwaye abaninzi bayikhaba ingcamango yokuba i-mRNA ingasetyenziselwa ukwenza amayeza okugonya kunye nonyango. Kodwa uGqr. Karikó wazingisa. Ibali lakhe liluphawu lwezazinzulu ezininzi eziye zafumanisa-iminyaka emininzi zisenziwa-zenze ukuba kwenzeke ukuba izitofu ezimbini ezisebenzayo ze-mRNA ziphuhliswe ngaphantsi konyaka omnye.
Sisipho esiya kuqhubeka sinikela: Sele kukho abagqatswa bogonyo lwe-mRNA kumbhobho wophuhliso onokuthi ekugqibeleni ujongane nezona zifo zibulalayo kwihlabathi, ukusuka kwimalariya ukuya kumhlaza.
Ewe, izitofu zokugonya ze-mRNA ayikuphela kwebali le-R&D lempumelelo eliphuma kule ndlela.
Isithembiso sexesha elide lokulandelelana kwe-genomic
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, umhlaba wonke usazi kakuhle ukuba i-SARS-CoV-2, intsholongwane ebangela i-COVID-19, iye yaguquka yayinto eyosulelayo kunye nebulalayo, njenge-delta, njengoko isasazeka kwihlabathi jikelele. Ngombulelo kulandelelwano lwe-genomic-ukuchonga uhlobo olulodwa lwemfuza yentsholongwane-izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukuchonga nokulandelela iindidi ezivelayo.
Ngokwembali, uninzi lolandelelwano lwe-genomic emhlabeni lwenzekile e-United States naseYurophu. Amazwe angenawo ulandelelwano lwetekhnoloji angathumela iisampulu zentsholongwane kwiilebhu kwiindawo ezinje ngeNew York neLondon ukuze kuhlalutywe ufuzo-kwaye baya kufumana iziphumo kwiinyanga kamva.
Kodwa kule minyaka mine idlulileyo, imibutho ibityala imali ekwakhiweni kothungelwano lokujonga i-genomic e-Afrika, ukuze amazwe elizwekazi akwazi ukulandelelanisa iintsholongwane ezifana ne-Ebola kunye ne-yellow fever. I-CDC yase-Afrika yaseka i-Africa Pathogen Genomics Initiative, kwaye xa ubhubhane ubetha, uthungelwano oluqalayo lwajika lwajonga kwi-SARS-CoV-2. Esona sizathu sokuba ihlabathi lazi ukuba olona tshintsho lwe-beta olosulelayo nolubulalayo luye lwavela eMzantsi Afrika kungenxa yokuba ilizwe lityale imali kakhulu kwi-R&D-kule meko, ukubhanqa amandla olandelelwano lwe-genomic kunye nolingo lwezonyango kunye nezifundo zokugonywa komzimba. UGqr. Penny Moore waseMzantsi Afrika wayengomnye wezazinzulu zokuqala ukufumanisa ukuba uhlobo oluthile lwe-coronavirus oluchongwe eMzantsi Afrika lunokuthintela amajoni omzimba.
Ngolu lwazi, amagosa ezempilo kawonke-wonke ehlabathini lonke anokucwangcisa ngokufanelekileyo. Kwaye uMzantsi Afrika, otyale imali nzulu kwiziseko ezingundoqo ukuze wenze ulingo lwezonyango ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo, unokuluhlengahlengisa ngokukhawuleza amalingo awo okugonya. Baqala ukusebenza ukufumanisa ukuba ingaba izitofu zokugonya ze-COVID-19 zibonelela ngokhuseleko olwaneleyo na kulwahlulo olutsha oluza kusasazeka kuyo yonke indawo.
Akwanelanga ukuba amazwe atyebileyo ibe ngawo kuphela anezixhobo kunye nemithombo yokulandelelanisa iintsholongwane.
Kubonakala kucacile ukuba kwihlabathi lehlabathi, apho abantu kunye neempahla zihamba rhoqo ukuwela imida, akwanelanga ukuba amazwe atyebileyo ibe ngawo kuphela anezixhobo kunye nezixhobo zokulandelelana kweentsholongwane. Kodwa kwathatha ubhubhane ukuqinisa indlela ekubaluleke ngayo ukuxhasa amandla amazwe anengeniso ephantsi kunye nephakathi ukuqokelela kunye nokuhlalutya idatha yawo-kuba inceda wonke umntu.
Kwaye into eyonwabisa ngakumbi ngothungelwano lolandelelwano lwe-Afrika lwe-genomic kukuba itekhnoloji isebenza kuyo nayiphi na i-pathogen: ukuba ilizwekazi liyakwazi ukugcina isakha umnatha, kungekudala liza kwenza olwalo umkhondo wesifo kwiintsholongwane ekudala zimi njengomkhuhlane, imasisi, kunye nepoliyo. .
Ukwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha kwezeNzululwazi, nokuba kukwisantya sokuphula irekhodi, akwanelanga ngokwalo. Ugonyo lwe-COVID-19 luphawu olumangalisayo lwe-R&D, kodwa lusebenza kakhulu xa wonke umntu enokufikelela kuzo. Ukungalingani kulo nyaka uphelileyo kusikhumbuza ukuba oku kulula kakhulu ukuthetha kunokukwenza.
Kuxhomekeke ebantwini—ukusuka kwiiholo zamagunya ukuya kwimibutho ephantsi namaqela asebumelwaneni—ukuba baphakame bavale izikhewu. Kwaye kulo nyaka, yayilungenelelo oluguquguqukayo lwabantu, xa luhlangatyezwane notyalo-mali lwangaphambili kwiinkqubo, eluntwini, nakubantu, olwavumela ihlabathi ukuba lithintele ezinye zezo ziqikelelo zokuqala, ezimbi kakhulu.
Utyalo-mali kwiiNkqubo
Njengoko sibhala oku, ngaphezulu kwe-80% yazo zonke izitofu zokugonya i-COVID-19 ziye zalawulwa kumazwe anengeniso ephezulu naphezulu. Abanye bakhusele inani eliphindwe kabini ukuya kwesithathu inani leedosi ezifunekayo ukugubungela abantu babo, ukuba ii-boosters ziyafuneka kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezosulelayo. Ngeli xesha, ngaphantsi kwe-1% yeedosi eziye zasetyenziswa kumazwe anengeniso ephantsi. Oku kungalingani ngumsindo onzulu wokuziphatha-kwaye kuphakamisa owona mngcipheko wokwenyani wokuba amazwe anengeniso ephezulu kunye noluntu luya kuqala ukunyanga i-COVID-19 njengolunye ubhubhani wentlupheko: Hayi ingxaki yethu.YabelanaI-California iyonke yezitofu zokugonya eziLawulwayo:42Abantu:39.5MAbemi belizwekazi lonke laseAfrika bangaphezu kwama-30 okuphinda-phindwe kangangama-2021 elizwe laseCalifornia. Kodwa kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-48, umntu ngamnye ebesebenzisa malunga nenani elifanayo lezitofu zokugonya.
Iziseko ezingundoqo ezifunekayo ukwenza ngokukhawuleza i-15 leebhiliyoni zeedosi zokugonya azinakusekwa ngobusuku, okanye nangonyaka. Kodwa iIndiya ibonelela ngomzekelo wento eyenzekayo xa eso siseko sakhiwe ixesha elide.
I-Indiya ibityala imali kwiziseko zayo zokwenza ukhathalelo lwempilo kangangamashumi eminyaka-ukususela kwinkululeko yelizwe. Urhulumente wase-India uncede i-Pune, isixeko esikufutshane ne-Mumbai, ukuba ibe yeyona ndawo iphambili yemveliso yehlabathi ngokutyala imali kumthamo we-R&D kunye neziseko zophuhliso zasekhaya, ezinjengombane, amanzi, kunye nezothutho. Basebenze noMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi ukuze bakhe inkqubo yokulawula izitofu zokugonya eziphakamisa eyona migangatho ingqongqo yamazwe ngamazwe yomgangatho, ukhuseleko, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Kwaye basebenzisana nabavelisi bokugonya ePune kunye namanye amaziko afana neHyderabad kunye nesiseko sethu sokuphuhlisa, ukuvelisa, kunye nokuthumela izitofu zokuthumela ngaphandle ezilwa nezigulo ezibulalayo zabantwana, ukusuka kwi-meningitis ukuya kwinyumoniya ukuya kwizifo zorhudo. ukuchasa ingxaki ye-COVID-19 eIndiya-yinto nje enye yepuzzle-kodwa ngumsebenzi omangalisayo wenkqubela phambili ukuba namhlanje ngaphezulu kwe-60% yazo zonke izitofu zokugonya ezithengiswa kwihlabathi liphela zenziwa kwilizwekazi.
Siphinde sabona ukuba amazwe anotyalo-mali lukarhulumente olomeleleyo kwiziseko ezingundoqo zezempilo akwazi ngcono ukulandelela ngokukhawuleza, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi, aqulathe ukusasazeka kwe-COVID-19. Utyalo-mali lwexesha elide ekupheliseni ipoliyo yasendle kumazwe anengeniso ephantsi luncede amazwe afana neNigeria nePakistan ukwakha eyona misebenzi mikhulu kwimpilo yanamhlanje yehlabathi. Utyalo-mali ekupheliseni ipoliyo ludale iziseko ezingundoqo zokuphendula uqhambuko kunye nolawulo lwesitofu-esenze umahluko omkhulu kuqhambuko lwezifo ukusuka kwi-Ebola ukuya kwi-COVID-19.
Yingakho utyalo-mali lwexesha elide kwiinkqubo zempilo lufanelekile: Zisisiseko sokuphendula isifo esiphuthumayo. Ngekhe sazi ukuba yeyiphi i-pathogen eya kukhokelela kubhubhani wehlabathi jikelele, kodwa izixhobo zokuphelisa ubhubhane ziyafana kakhulu nepoliyo okanye isifo seengcongconi okanye ezinye izifo ezosulelayo: uvavanyo oluxhaphakileyo kwaye, xa kunokwenzeka, unyango olukhawulezayo nolusebenzayo kunye nogonyo olusindisa ubomi.
Utyalo-mali kuluntu
Olunye olona ngenelelo lusebenzayo ebesilulandelela lwenzekile kwinqanaba le-hyperlocal, ekhokelwa ziinkokeli ezisebenze ixesha elide kwaye nzima ukufumana intembeko kuluntu lwabo-into engenakwakhiwa ngobusuku okanye phakathi kobunzima.
“Amaqela okuzinceda” amabhinqa axhaphakile kulo lonke elaseIndiya nakwamanye amazwe akuMzantsi-mpuma weAsia. Kangangeminyaka, urhulumente waseIndiya kunye namaqabane ehlabathi bebetyala imali kwezi ngqokelela zincinci zabasetyhini abadibanisa imali kwaye basebenzele ukuphucula impilo, imfundo kunye nezinye iinkonzo kwiilali zabo.
Xa i-COVID-19 yafika eBihar, eIndiya, kwikhaya labantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-100, elinye iqela lasekuhlaleni lokuzinceda laseka ukuthembana nabamelwane balo ngokuzisa ukutya kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo olusekwe ekhaya kwabo bagula ngenxa ye-COVID-19. Xa izitofu zokugonya sele zilungele ukuhanjiswa kuluntu lwabo, aba bafazi baba ngumthombo wolwazi nesikhokelo kwabo bamelwane babenenkxalabo malunga nokhuseleko lwesitofu. Urhulumente wase-Bihar uwuthathele ingqalelo umsebenzi owenziweyo kwinqanaba loluntu kwaye wabhengeza i-8 kaMatshi-uSuku lwaManina lwaMazwe ngaMazwe-lusuku lokugonya abasetyhini kulo lonke ilizwe. Phantse i-175,000 yabasetyhini bathathe idosi yokuqala yesitofu sokugonya ngaloo veki. Ukwakha kuloo mpumelelo, urhulumente waseBihar uphindaphinda inkqubo, ekhokelwa ngabasetyhini beqela lokuzinceda.
Kwaye eSenegal, ukufikelela eluntwini kuye kwaba ngundoqo ekuziseni ezinye izitofu, nazo.
ISenegal ibe lelinye lamabali ayimpumelelo ogonyo lwesiqhelo: Phambi kobhubhane, abantwana babegonyelwa idiphtheria, itetanus, kunye nepertussis ngamaxabiso afanayo nabantwana baseUnited States nakwamanye amazwe anengeniso ephezulu. Kodwa xa i-COVID-19 yafika, uloyiko losulelo kunye nolwazi olungelulo lwanciphisa imfuno yezi zitofu zokugonya kakhulu.
