NY: Abakhweli banamalungelo! Airlines: Utsho bani? Ucinga ukuba yintoni le, EU?

Umbutho wezoThutho loMoya uye wacela umngeni ngempumelelo kumthetho welizwe laseNew York omisela ubuncinci bemigangatho yonyango lwabakhweli benqwelomoya.

INkundla yesiBini yeSekethe yeSibheno yase-US igwebe ngoLwesibini ukuba umthetho we-federal, uMthetho we-Airline Deregulation Act ka-1978, ubeka phambili amandla amazwe okulawula izinto ezinjalo. Yathi inkundla:

Sibambe ukuba ukufuna ukuba iinkampani zeenqwelo moya zibonelele ngokutya, amanzi, umbane kunye nezindlu zangasese kubakhweli ngexesha lokulibaziseka okude komhlaba akuhambisani nenkonzo yomthuthi womoya kwaye ke oko kuwela phantsi kwemigaqo ecacileyo yolungiselelo lwe-ADA lokukhululwa.
I-ATA yakhupha ngokukhawuleza inqaku leendaba:

Isigqibo senkundla siqinisekisa isikhundla se-ATA kunye neenqwelo-moya - ukuba iinkonzo zeenqwelo moya zilawulwa ngurhulumente wesigqeba kunye nokuba i-patchwork yemithetho yamazwe kunye neendawo ayinakwenzeka kwaye ibe yingozi kwiminqweno yabathengi. Esi sigwebo sicacileyo nesiqinisekileyo sithumela umyalezo onamandla kwamanye amazwe aqwalasela umthetho ofanayo.
Lindela abaxhasi bemithetho yokukhusela abathengi ukuba babeke uxinzelelo kwiCongress ukuba ithathe umcimbi. Njengoko inkundla yezibheno iphawulile, ubuncinci amanye amazwe alithoba ayethathela ingqalelo imithetho yokhuseleko lwabathengi efana neNew York - oku kubonakala kunqumla kuzo zonke iinzame ezinje, ngaphandle kokuba enye inkundla yezibheno yomanyano inokucengwa ngenye indlela.

Siphinde saprinta isigqibo esingezantsi. Phakathi kwemibono yayo: "Ukuba umbono weNew York malunga nobungakanani begunya elilawulayo uqhube usuku, elinye ilizwe linokukhululeka ukuba liwise umthetho owalela inkonzo yesoda kwiinqwelomoya ezisuka kwizikhululo zeenqwelo moya, ngelixa elinye linokufuna ukutya okungekho mzimba. kwiinqwelomoya zayo eziphumayo, ityhila isiseko esisembindini esisembindini sokuhamba ngenqwelomoya.”

UMTHETHO WEZOTHUTHO ZOMOYA WASE-AMERICA, INC.,
Ummangali-umbheni,

-v.-

UANDREW CUOMO, kwisikhundla sakhe esisemthethweni njengoGqwetha Jikelele
weState of New York, MINDY A. BOCKSTEIN, kuye
isikhundla esisemthethweni njengoSihlalo kunye noMlawuli wesiGqeba
yeBhodi yoKhuseleko lwabathengi kwiPhondo laseNew York,
Abamangalelwa-Appellees.
_____________________________________

I-Air Transport Association yaseMelika ibhena kwisigwebo sokugqibela seNkundla yeSithili sase-United States kwiSithili esikuMntla waseNew York (Kahn, J.) inika isigwebo esisishwankathelo kubamangalelwa kwaye isichitha isikhalazo sommangali esifuna isibhengezo kunye nesithintelo somthetho ngokuchasene neNew York State's. IBhili yamaLungelo aBakhweli, ilungelelaniswe kwicandelo lama-553(2)(b)-(d) loMthetho oLawulayo waseNew York kunye namacandelo 251-f ukuya kuma-251-j oMthetho wezoShishino Jikelele waseNew York. Sibuyisela umva kwaye sibambe ukuba izibonelelo ezibambekayo zomthetho, NY Gen. Bus. Umthetho § 251-g (1), zinyanzeliswa nguMthetho we-Airline Deregulation Act we-1978. Ubuyiselwe umva kwaye ubuyiselwe.

NGEKHRIAM NGANYE:
I-Appellant Air Transport Association of America ("IzoThutho zoMoya"), umbutho oyintloko worhwebo kunye nenkonzo yeshishini leenqwelomoya zase-United States, ufaka isibheno kumyalelo weNkundla yeSithili sase-United States yeSithili esikuMntla waseNew York (Kahn, J.) evumayo. isishwankathelo somgwebo osiwa kwi-Appellees kunye nokuchitha isikhalazo saso esifuna isibhengezo kunye nesithintelo somthetho ngokuchasene nokunyanzeliswa kwe-New York State Passenger Bill of Rights ("PBR"), 2007 NY Sess. Imithetho, isahluko. 472 (ifakwe kwi-NY Exec. Law § 553 (2) (b)-(d); NY Gen. Bus. Law §§ 251-f ukuya ku-251-j). Uhambo lomoya. Ass'n ka-Am. v. Cuomo, 528 F. Supp. 2d 62 (NDNY 2007). Sibambe ukuba i-PBR ilawulwa lilungiselelo elicacileyo lothintelo loMthetho wokuLawulwa kweNqwelo-moya ka-1978 (i-“ADA”) kwaye ke ngoko ihlehlise umva.

INGXELO

Ukulandela uthotho lwezehlo ezibhengezwe kakuhle ngexesha lasebusika ka-2006-2007 apho abakhweli benqwelomoya banyamezele ukulibaziseka okude kwimizila yeenqwelomoya yaseNew York, abanye ngaphandle kokubonelelwa ngamanzi okanye ukutya, indlu yowiso-mthetho yaseNew York yenza i-PBR. Amalungiselelo abambekayo ombuso we-PBR ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Nanini na xa abakhweli benqwelo-moya bekhwele inqwelo-moya kwaye balibaziseka ngaphezu kweeyure ezintathu kwinqwelo-moya ngaphambi kokuba isuke, umthuthi uya kuqinisekisa ukuba abakhweli babonelelwa njengoko kufuneka:

(a) inkonzo yokuvelisa umbane ukunika amandla okwexeshana kumoya omtsha nezibane;

(b) inkonzo yokuthuthwa kwenkunkuma ukuze kusetyenzwe amatanki okubamba kwizindlu zangasese ezisebhodini; kwaye

(c) ukutya okwaneleyo namanzi okusela kunye nezinye izimuncumuncu.

NY Gen. Ibhasi. Umthetho § 251-g (1). Umthetho ukwafuna ukuba bonke abathwali babonise iinkcukacha zoqhagamshelwano zesikhalazo somthengi kunye nengcaciso yala malungelo. Id. § 251-g (2). Icandelo 251-g laqala ukusebenza nge-1 kaJanuwari 2008. 2007 NY Sess. Imithetho, isahluko. 472, § 5.

UThutho loMoya lufake isimangalo kwiNkundla yeSithili sase-United States kwiSithili esikuMntla waseNew York sifuna isibhengezo kunye nesithintelo somyalelo ngenxa yokuba i-PBR ilawulwa yi-ADA kwaye yaphula iGatya loRhwebo loMgaqo-siseko wase-US. Isibheno sezoThutho zoMoya zafudukela kwisishwankathelo somgwebo, kwaye inkundla yesithili yanika isishwankathelo isigwebo sua sponte kwizibheno, ebambe ukuba PBR akazange ngokucacileyo preempted yi ADA kuba “ayinxulumene nexabiso, indlela, okanye inkonzo yomthuthi emoyeni. ,” I-Air Transp., i-528 F. Supp. I-2d ngo-66-67 (icaphula i-49 USC § 41713 (b) (1)) (uphawu locaphulo lwangaphakathi lushiyiwe), kwaye ayizange ichazwe kwangaphambili ngenxa yokuba iCongress ayizange ijonge ukuba i-ADA ithathe indawo yokhuseleko lwendiza, id. ngo 67-68. Sisivumile isindululo sezoThutho loMoya kwisibheno esikhawulezileyo.

UKUQALA

Siphonononga unikezelo lwenkundla yesithili yesigwebo sesishwankathelo de novo. I-SEC v. Kern, 425 F.3d 143, 147 (2d Cir. 2005); bona kananjalo Drake v. Lab. Umbutho we Am. Holdings, 458 F.3d 48, 56 (2d Cir. 2006) (“[A] umiselo malunga ne-preemp5 sisiphelo somthetho, kwaye ke siyayiphonononga ngo-de novo.”).

Igatya eliPhakamileyo, i-US Const. ubugcisa VI, cl. 2, "yenza ingasebenzi imithetho yelizwe 'ephazamisayo, okanye echaseneyo,' nomthetho wobumbano." Hillsborough County v. Automated Med. Labs., Inc., 471 US 707, 712 (1985) (icaphula Gibbons v. Ogden, US (9 Wheat.) 1, 211 (1824)). Ukhuseleko lunokuba lubonakaliswe okanye lubonakaliswe. Express preemption ivela xa "umthetho wobumbano uyalela ngokucacileyo ukuba umthetho welizwe ugxothwe." Ass'n of Int'l Auto. Mfrs. v. Abrams, 84 F.3d 602, 607 (2d Cir. 1996). Inkululeko echazwayo yenzeka xa, “ngaphandle kolwimi olucacileyo olumiselwe ngokomthetho, . . . ICongress yayijonge ukuba uRhulumente woMdibaniso athathe [intsimi] kuphela,” okanye xa umthetho welizwe “ungqubana nomthetho womanyano.” IsiNgesi v. Gen. Elec. Co., 496 US 72, 79 (1990). Ngokuthe ngqo, ukhuseleko kuthethwa xa “ukuxhaphaka komgaqo womanyano kuthintela ukongezwa kwelizwe, apho umdla womanyano kummandla wongamele ngokwaneleyo, okanye apho ‘into ibifuna ukufunyanwa ngumthetho womanyano kunye nesimilo sezibophelelo ezibekiweyo. ngayo. . . tyhila injongo enye.'” Schneidewind v. ANR Pipeline Co., 485 US 293, 300 (1988) (okushiyiweyo kwimvelaphi) (icaphula iRice v. Santa Fe Elevator Corp., 331 US 218, 230 (1947)). ICongress yenze imithetho emibini enokuthi ithwale umba we-PBR: (1) i-ADA, i-Pub. L. No. 95-504, 92 Stat. 1705 (1978); kunye (2) noMthetho we-Federal Aviation we-1958 (i-"FAA"), i-Pub. L. No. 85-726, 72 Stat. 731. Siqala ngeyokuqala.

I.

"Ekubeni ubukho bokhuseleko bujikela kwinjongo yeNkongolo, kufuneka 'siqale njengoko sisenza kulo naluphi na ulwakhiwo olusemthethweni[,] ngombhalo wesibonelelo ekuthethwa ngaso, kwaye siqhubele phambili, njengoko kufuneka, kulwakhiwo kunye nenjongo. yoMthetho eyenzeka ngawo.'” McNally v. Port Auth. ye-NY & NJ (In re WTC Disaster Site), 414 F.3d 352, 371 (2d Cir. 2005) (utshintsho kwi-original) (icaphula iNkomfa ye-NY State yeBlue Cross & Blue Shield Plans v. Travelers Ins. Co., 514 US 645, 655 (1995)). Ulungiselelo olucacileyo lwe-ADA luchaza ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Ngaphandle kokuba kubonelelwe kweli candelwana, iState, ulwahlulo lwezopolitiko lweLizwe, okanye igunya lezopolitiko laMazwe ama-2 ubuncinci alinakuwisa okanye linyanzelise umthetho, ummiselo, okanye elinye ilungiselelo elinamandla kunye nesiphumo somthetho onxulumene nexabiso, indlela. , okanye inkonzo yenqwelo moya enokubonelela ngezothutho lomoya phantsi kweli candelo.

49 USC § 41713 (b) (1). Okuchaseneyo eli lungiselelo libhekisa kuzo akusebenzi kule meko. Ngaloo ndlela, i-PBR iyathintelwa ukuba “inxulumene nexabiso, indlela, okanye inkonzo yomqhubi wenqwelo-moya.” Sigqiba kwelokuba kunjalo.

A.

Isikhalazo soThutho loMoya lufaka ibango phantsi kweGatya loBungangamsha kunye nebango lokuba i-PBR iphula § 41713 (b) (1). Okubalulekileyo, § 41713(b)(1) ayiboneleli ngelungelo labucala elicacileyo lokuthatha amanyathelo, kwaye sibambe ngokubhekiselele kummiselo owandulela owandulelayo, ofanayo ngokubonakalayo, ukuba akukho lungelo labucala lesenzo elinokuchazwa. W. Air Lines, Inc. v. Port Auth. of NY & NJ, 817 F.2d, 225 (2d Cir. 1987); Montauk-Caribbean Airways, Inc. v. Ithemba, 784 F.2d 91, 7 (2d Cir. 1986). UThutho loMoya ke ngoko alunakumangalela ngokwaphulwa komthetho.

Nangona kunjalo, uThutho loMoya lunelungelo lokulandela umngeni walo wokunqanda ngebango lalo leGatya eliSobungangamsha. Umahluko phakathi kwebango elisemthethweni kunye nebango leGatya loBungangamsha, nangona libonakala lingenamahluko kulo mxholo othile, libalulekile kwaye ayisiyonto isemthethweni: Ibango phantsi kweGatya loBungangamsha elithi umthetho we-federal preempts ummiselo welizwe wahlukile kwibango. ukunyanzeliswa kwaloo mthetho womanyano. . . . Ibango eliphantsi kweGatya eliPhakamileyo liqinisekisa nje ukuba umthetho wobumbano ulithathile igunya lendawo ukulawula umsebenzi othile. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ilungelo elichaziweyo labucala lesenzo yindlela yokunyanzelisa izibonelelo ezibambekayo zomthetho wobumbano. Inika amayeza, rhoqo kuquka umonakalo, ngenxa yokwaphulwa komthetho wembumba liziko likarhulumente okanye liqela labucala. Ingozi nje yokuba umthetho we-federal ekuthethwa ngawo kule meko iqulethe ulwimi lwawo lokuzilungiselela awuchaphazeli lo mahluko.

I-W. Air Lines, i-817 F.2d kwi-225-26. Ngaphezu koko, ngokuchaseneyo nengcebiso ye-amici, umngeni wokunyanzeliswa kwangaphambili kweZithuthi zoMoya awubonisi ngxaki yokungavuthwa okanye ezinye izithintelo zobulungisa. Bona Morales v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 504 US 374, 380-81 (1992) (icaphula Ex parte Young, 209 US 123, 145-47, 163-65 (1908)).

B.

ICongress yenza i-ADA ngowe-1978, yakhulula umgaqo wayo wezoqoqosho kushishino lweenqwelomoya emva kokufumanisa ukuba “'ukuthembela kakhulu kukhuphiswano lwemarike' kuya kuba yeyona nto ibhetele 'ukusebenza, ukuvelisa izinto ezintsha, kunye namaxabiso aphantsi' kunye 'nokwahluka [kunye] nomgangatho . . . yezothutho ngenqwelomoya.'” Id. kwi-378 (ukuguqulwa kunye nokushiya kwi-original) (icatshulwa i-49 USC app. § 1302 (a) (4), (9) (1988)). "Ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-United States ayizukuhlenga [lo] thintelo ngolawulo olulolwabo," iCongress iquke isibonelelo esicacileyo. Id.; bona kwane id. at 389-91 (ebambe ukuba ADA ngokucacileyo preempt isicelo karhulumente olukhohlisayo umthetho izenzo ishishini kwiintengiso intlawulo yenqwelo moya kuba ummiselo onjalo enxulumene amaxabiso umthuthi moya). Ukuqaphela le njongo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye ngokuphindaphindiweyo wagxininisa ububanzi ilungiselelo preemption ADA kaThixo. Jonga uAm. Airlines, Inc. v. Wolens, 513 US 219, 225-26 (1995); id. kwangama-235 (uStevens, J., evumelana ngokuyinxenye yaye ephikisana ngokuyinxenye); Morales, i-504 US kwi-383-84; bona kwakhona Rowe v. NH Motor Transp. Ass'n, 552 US -, 128 S. Ct. 989, 998 (2008) (Ginsburg, J., concurring) (ephawula "ububanzi [be] preemption ulwimi" kuMthetho Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act ka-1994, ilungiselelo preemption, 49 USC § 14501 (c) (1) , ikwi-pari materia naleyo ye-ADA). Nangona le Nkundla ingekachazi "inkonzo" njengoko isetyenziswa kwi-ADA, sinobunzima obuncinci ekugqibeni ukuba sifuna iinqwelomoya ukuba zibonelele ngokutya, amanzi, umbane, kunye nezindlu zangasese kubakhweli ngexesha lokulibaziseka okude okunxulumene nenkonzo yenqwelo moya. . Esi sigqibo sifumana inkxaso enkulu kwisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo samva nje esingavisisaniyo eRowe sichaza i-49 USC § 14501 (c) (1) ilungiselelo lokukhululwa ngokufanayo. E-Rowe, iNkundla yajongana nomthetho waseMaine obeka, phakathi kwezinye izibophelelo, imfuneko yokuba abathengisi abathumela iimveliso zecuba kubathengi ngaphakathi kuRhulumente basebenzise inkonzo yokuhambisa enikezela ngeendlela ezithile zokuqinisekisa umamkeli - umthetho owenziwe, ngokutsho kuRhulumente, ukuqhubela phambili. umdla wayo ekuthinteleni abantwana ekufumaneni imidiza. INkundla yeRowe iphinde yaphinda izigqibo zayo ezivela kuMorales ekuqulunqeni i-ADA:

(1) ukuba "[s]izenzo zonyanzeliso zelizwe ezinonxibelelwano, okanye ireferensi" kumphathi "'amaxabiso, iindlela, okanye iinkonzo' zivaliwe kwangaphambili"; (2) olo thintelo lunokwenzeka nokuba isiphumo somthetho karhulumente kwiirhafu, iindlela okanye iinkonzo “azithanga ngqo kuphela”; (3) ukuba, ngokubhekiselele kwi-pre-emption, akwenzi mahluko ukuba ngaba umthetho welizwe "uyahambelana" okanye "awuhambelani" nommiselo we-federal; kunye (4) nokukhululwa kwangaphambili kwenzeka ubuncinane apho imithetho karhulumente "inempembelelo ebalulekileyo" enxulumene neNkongolo yeenjongo zokunciphisa ulawulo kunye neenjongo ezinxulumene nangaphambili.

128 S. Ct. kwi-995 (utshintsho kwi-original) (ugxininiso lushiyiwe) (icatshulwa) (icatshulwa i-Morales, i-504 US kwi-384, i-386-87, i-390). INkundla yagxininisa ukuba "injongo ephambili" yeNkongolo malunga ne-ADA yayinceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba amaxabiso othutho, iindlela, kunye neenkonzo "zibonisa [ed] 'ukuthembela okukhulu kumandla orhwebo olukhuphisanayo,' ngaloo ndlela ivuselela" kungekuphela nje "'ukusebenza, ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha. , namaxabiso aphantsi,’” kodwa “neentlobo ngeentlobo” ‘nomgangatho’” kwiinkonzo zezothutho. Id. (icaphula i-Morales, i-504 US kwi-378).

Uninzi lweesekethe eziguqulelwe ngokuthi "inkonzo" zibambe ukuba eli gama libhekisa kulungiselelo okanye kubonelelo olulindelweyo lwabasebenzi ukusuka kwinqwelomoya ukuya kubakhweli bayo kwaye ibandakanya imiba efana neenkqubo zokukhwela, ukuphatha imithwalo, ukutya nesiselo - imiba ehambelana noku. kwaye yahlukile kwezona zothutho zabakhweli. Jonga ukuHamba kulo lonke ihlabathi, Inc. v. UBukumkani baseSaudi Arabia, 73 F.3d 1423, 1433 (7th Cir. 1996); Hodges v. Delta Airlines, Inc., 44 F.3d 334, 336-38 (5th Cir. 1995) (en banc); bona kwakhona Branche v. Airtran Airways, Inc., 342 F.3d 1248, 1257 (11th Cir. 2003) (ebhekisa kwinkcazelo yeHodges “njengeyona nto inyanzelisayo” yezinye iinkcazelo ezamkelweyo); Smith v. Comair, Inc., 134 F.3d 254, 259 (4th Cir. 1998) (ecaphula uHambo kulo lonke ihlabathi kunye noHodges ekubambeni loo mabango olwaphulo-mthetho “ngokuyinxenye ekwaliwe [kwenkampani yenqwelomoya] imvume yokukhwela” abathintelwa ngenxa yokuba “iinkqubo zokukhwela inqwelo-moya yinkonzo enikelwa yinkampani yeenqwelo-moya”); Chukwu v. Bd. yeDirs. British Airways, 889 F. Supp. 12, 13 (D. Mass. 1995) (ukwamkela inkcazo yeHodges), aff'd mem. sub nom. Azubuko v. Bd. yeDirs. British Airways, 101 F.3d 106 (1st Cir. 1996). ISekethe yesiThathu neyeThoba, ngokuchaseneyo, ziye zaguqulela inkonzo ukubhekisa ngokuthe ngqo “kumaxabiso, iishedyuli, imvelaphi kunye neendawo ekusiwa kuzo abakhweli, imithwalo, okanye iposi,” kodwa “ingabandakanyi inqwelomoya yenqwelomoya. ubonelelo ngeziselo kwinqwelo-moya, uncedo lobuqu kubakhweli, ukuphatha imithwalo nezinye izinto ezifanayo.” Charas v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 160 F.3d 1259, 1261 (9th Cir. 1998) (en banc); isivumelwano Taj Mahal Travel, Inc. v. Delta Airlines, Inc., 164 F.3d 186, 193-94 (3d Cir. 1998).

Indlela kaCharas, sikholelwa ukuba, ayihambelani nesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo eRowe. Apho, iNkundla ngokuyimfuneko yachaza “inkonzo” yokwandisa ngaphaya kwamaxabiso, iishedyuli, imvelaphi, kunye neendawo zokusingwa. Eneneni, ekumiseleni ukuba ilungiselelo le-ADA lokungabi nangxaki lifikelele, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ekunyanzelisweni kweemfuneko zokuqinisekiswa kwamamkeli kwiimpahla ezithunyelwayo zecuba, iNkundla yatsho ngokuphandle ukuba “umthetho wentlangano ufanele . . . zilungiselele iinzame zikaMaine ngokuthe ngqo zokulawula iinkonzo zabathwali. Rowe, 128 S. Ct. ngo-998 (ugxininiso longeziweyo). Iphinde yaphawula ukuba ukutolika ilungiselelo lolawulo lomdibaniso lokungafikeleli kummiselo “kunokukhokelela ngokulula kudederhu lwemithetho, imithetho kunye nemimiselo emisela iinkonzo zikarhulumente,” nto leyo enokuthi “ingangqinelani nomzamo omkhulu weCongress wokushiya ezo zigqibo. , apho kungalawulwa ngurhulumente, kwindawo yentengiso ekhuphisanayo.” Id. nge996.

Sibambe ukuba ukufuna ukuba iinqwelomoya zibonelele ngokutya, amanzi, umbane, kunye nezindlu zangasese kubakhweli ngexesha lokulibaziseka okude komhlaba akuhambisani nenkonzo yomthuthi womoya kwaye ke oko kuwela phakathi kwemigaqo ecacileyo yolungiselelo lwe-ADA lokukhululwa. Ngenxa yoko, izibonelelo ezibambekayo ze-PBR, ezikhowudiweyo kwicandelo 251-g(1) loMthetho wezoShishino Jikelele waseNew York, zithintelwe. Uluvo oluvumelana ngamxhelo-mnye lwe-Rowe lubambe ukuba umthetho kaMaine ubangele ukuba uMaine “atshintshe ngokuthe ngqo eyakhe imiyalelo karhulumente ukuze afumane 'amandla orhwebo akhuphisanayo'” ekumiseleni “iinkonzo abathuthi beemoto abaza kuzinikezela” kubathengi babo. Id. kwi-995 (icaphula i-Morales, i-504 i-US kwi-378). Kule meko, i-PBR ayibonakali. Ithatha indawo yemithetho yaseNew York yemikhosi yemarike ekhuphisanayo, ifuna ukuba iinqwelomoya zibonelele ngeenkonzo ezichazwe yiNew York ngexesha lokulibaziseka kwexesha elide kwaye isoyikisa "imithetho, imithetho kunye nemimiselo yenkonzo karhulumente yokumisela inkonzo" echaphazelekayo kwiNkundla eRowe.1 Id. ngo 996. Ukongeza, siqaphela ukuba Rowe wala ukufunda § 14501 (c) (1) ilungiselelo preemption ngaphandle egcina imithetho karhulumente ekhusela impilo yoluntu. Id. ngo-996-97. URowe ngokufanelekileyo uvala ingxabano yaseNew York kunye nesigqibo senkundla yesithili, bona i-Air Transp., 528 F. Supp. 2d kwi-67, ukuba ukwahlula i-PBR njengommiselo wezempilo kunye nokhuseleko okanye umcimbi wezinto eziyimfuneko zoluntu ngandlela-thile zikhusela amandla angaphambili e-§ 41713 (b) (1). Izibonelelo ezingaphakathi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba zibunewunewu okanye ziyimfuneko, zisenento yokwenza nenkonzo yenqwelomoya kwaye ziwela ngaphakathi kwemigaqo ecacileyo yolungiselelo lwangaphambi kokulungiswa - isiphelo, siyaqaphela, ukuba nabaqulunqi be-PBR babonakala bengakwazanga ukubaleka. Jonga i-NY Gen. Ibhasi. Umthetho § 251-g(1)(a) (ebhekisa “kwinkonzo yokuvelisa umbane”); id. § 251-g (1) (b) (ebhekisa “kwinkonzo yokususa inkunkuma”).

II.

Kangangokuba i-PBR ijolise ekumiseleni imigangatho yokhuseleko lwenqwelomoya, siyaqaphela, ekugqibeleni, ukuba inokuthi ichazwe kwangaphambili yi-FAA kunye nemimiselo ebhengezwe apho. I-FAA yenziwa ukuba yenze "inkqubo efanayo kunye neyodwa yolawulo lwe-federal" kwintsimi yokhuseleko lomoya. City of Burbank v. Lockheed Air Terminal, Inc., 411 US 624, 639 (1973). Kungekudala emva kokuba ibe ngumthetho, saqaphela ukuba i-FAA "yapasiswa yiCongress ngenjongo yokubeka indawo enye kwigunya elinye - ngokwenene, kumlawuli omnye - amandla okuqulunqa imithetho yokusetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo nokusebenzayo kwendawo yomoya yesizwe." Air Line Pilots Ass'n, Int'l v. Quesada, 276 F.2d 892, 894 (2d Cir. 1960); bona kwaneBritish Airways Bd. v. Port Auth. ye-NY & NJ, 558 F.2d 75, 83 (2d Cir. 1977) (“[I-FAA] ifuna ukuba ulawulo olulodwa lolawulo lwendawo yomoya lugxininiswe kwinqanaba lesizwe.”). ICongress kunye neFederal Aviation Administration isebenzise eli gunya ukwenza imithetho ejongene nayo yonke imimandla yokhuseleko lomoya. Le mimiselo isusela kumgangatho oqhelekileyo wokhathalelo lweemfuneko zokusebenza, bona 14 CFR § 91.13(a) (“Akukho mntu unokusebenzisa inqwelomoya ngokungakhathali okanye ngokungakhathali ukuze abeke esichengeni ubomi okanye impahla yomnye umntu.”), ukuze iinkcukacha zokuqulathwe kwiikiti zoncedo lokuqala ezinyanzelekileyo, id. pt. 121, usetyenziso. A, ukuya kuxinaniso olukhulu lwekhabhon monoxide evumelekileyo kumagumbi "angena ngokufanelekileyo", id. § 125.117. La mandla anabela kwiinqwelo-moya ezimisiweyo nakwimigaqo yeenqwelo-moya. Bona id. § 91.123 (efuna abaqhubi beenqwelo-moya ukuba bathobele yonke imiyalelo kunye nemiyalelo yolawulo lwe-air traffic); id. § 139.329 (ifuna iinqwelo-moya ukuba zithintele ukuhamba kwabahambi ngeenyawo kunye nezithuthi eziphantsi kweenqwelo-moya).

Injongo yokubeka ugunyaziwe wokhuseleko lomoya kunye nokuqondakala kwale migaqo ngokulandela elo gunya kukhokelele ezinye iisekethe ezininzi (kunye neenkundla ezininzi ngaphakathi kwesi Sekethe) ukuba zigqibe kwelokuba iNkongolo ijonge ukuthathela indawo yonke intsimi kwaye ngaloo ndlela ilungise umthetho wombuso wokhuseleko lomoya. Bona, umz., iMontalvo v. Spirit Airlines, 508 F.3d 464, 468 (9th Cir. 2007) (“[T] yena FAA iqinisekisa lonke icandelo lokhuseleko lophapho ngokhuseleko oluchaziweyo. I-FAA kunye nemimiselo yabhengezwa ngokungqinelana nayo. ukumisela imilinganiselo yokhuseleko epheleleyo necokisekileyo yokuhamba ngenqwelo-moya, engathotyelwanga . . .  yimithetho karhulumente.”); Greene v. BF Goodrich Avionics Sys., Inc., 409 F.3d 784, 795 (6th Cir. 2005), cert. waliwe, 547 US 1003 (2006); Abdullah v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 181 F.3d 363, 367-68 (3d Cir. 1999); IsiFrentshi v. Pan Am Express, Inc., 869 F.2d 1, 5 (1st Cir. 1989); Curtin v. Port Auth. of NY & NJ, 183 F. Supp. 2d 664, 671 (SDNY 2002). Nangona singakhange sijongane nalo mbandela uchanekileyo, siye savuma ukuba i-FAA ayikuthinteli zonke izenzo zomthetho welizwe. Bona In re Air Crash Disaster kuJohn F. Kennedy Int'l Airport ngoJuni 24, 1975, 635 F.2d 67, 75 (2d Cir. 1980). Nangona kunjalo, i-FAA inegatya lokugcina eligcina ezi zenzo. Jonga i-49 USC § 40120 (c).

Ukuba imbono yaseNew York malunga nobubanzi begunya layo elilawulayo liqhutywe ngosuku, elinye ilizwe linokukhululeka ukuba liwise umthetho ovimbela inkonzo yesoda kwiinqwelomoya ezisuka kwizikhululo zeenqwelo-moya, ngelixa enye inokufuna ukhetho lokutya okungekho allergen kwiinqwelomoya eziphumayo, ukutyhila ubume bomanyano obusembindini bokuhamba ngomoya. Kule ngongoma, izigqibo zeSekethe yeSihlanu kunye neyeThoba ekufumaneni i-preemption yamabango omthetho oqhelekileyo wombuso ngokusilela ukulumkisa ngomngcipheko we-vein thrombosis enzulu iyafundisa. Bona i-Montalvo, 508 F.3d ku-473 (“[A] imo [ayi] simahla ukufuna nasiphi na isibhengezo esisinqwenelayo kuzo zonke iinqwelo-moya ezifikayo, okanye ezisuka kumhlaba waso. . . . ”); Witty v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 366 F.3d 380, 383-84 (5th Cir. 2004).

Ngenxa yozimiselo lwethu lokuba i-PBR ilawulwa yi-ADA, nangona kunjalo, akufuneki sijongane nomda wayo nayiphi na i-FAA yokukhululwa, kwaye siyenqaba ukwenza njalo apha. Nangona iinjongo ze-PBR zincomeka kwaye iimeko ezikhuthaza ukumiselwa kwayo zilusizi, ngurhulumente wobumbano kuphela onegunya lokuwisa loo mthetho. Siphetha, ke, ngokuphinda ukubamba kwethu ukuba izibonelelo ezibambekayo ze-PBR, ezibhalwe kwicandelo 251-g (1) loMthetho woShishino Jikelele waseNew York, zilawulwa ngu-49 USC § 41713 (b) (1).

ISIPHELO

Ngenxa yezizathu ezichazwe ngasentla, isigwebo senkundla yesithili IYABUYISWA, kwaye ityala libuyiselwe kwinkundla yesithili ukuze ifake isigwebo esisisishwankathelo esivumelana ne-Air Transport.

Inqaku:

Ubuncinci amanye amazwe alithoba enze isindululo somthetho woku-1 malunga nolibaziseko olude. Jonga i-HR 2149, i-48th Leg., i-2d Reg. iSess. (Ariz. 2008); Assem. 1943, 2007-2008 Reg. iSess. (Khal. 08); S. 2062, 110th Reg. iSess. (Fla. 2008); S. 161, 115th Gen. Assem., 2d Reg. iSess. (Ind. 08); HR 5475, 94th Legis., 2007 Reg. iSess. (Mich. 2007); Assem. 967, 213th Leg., 1st Ann. iSess. (NJ 2008); HR 2055, 190th Gen. Assem., 2007 Sess. (Pa. 2007); S. 2088, 2008 Legis. iSess. (RI 2008); S. 6269, 60 Legis., 2008 Reg. iSess. (Hlamba. 2008). Le mithetho icetywayo iya kumisela izibophelelo ukusuka kwimfuno yokuba inqwelomoya ihlalise abakhweli kwindlela elandelayo ekhoyo, bona iMich. HR 5475 § 5(2), ukuya kwimfuno yokuba abakhweli bavunyelwe ukuba behle, bona iPa. HR 2055 § 3( b). Akunamsebenzi ukuba ezi ntlawulo zonke zifuna ukunyanzelisa izibophelelo zenkonzo eyintloko njenge-PBR - ifuna iinqwelo-moya ukuba zibonelele ngokutya, amanzi, ukuveliswa kombane, kunye nokususwa kwenkunkuma emva kokulibaziseka komhlaba kweeyure ezintathu - kuba imithetho karhulumente ehambelana nenkonzo ye-airline inqatshelwe. kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziyahambelana enye kwenye kwaye nokuba ziyahambelana nenjongo ye-ADA. Rowe, 128 S. Ct. ngo-995; Morales, i-504 US kwi-386-87. Siyaqaphela ukuba iSebe lezoThutho licebise kwaye lifuna ukuphawula malunga nemilinganiselo emininzi yokukhusela abakhweli enokubonelela ngemigangatho efanayo yokujongana nokulibaziseka kwexesha elide. Jonga Ukuphucula uKhuseleko lwabakhweli kwiNqwelo-moya, i-72 Fed. Reg. 65,233 (Nov. 20, 2007) (iya kufakwa kwikhowudi kwi-14 CFR pts. 234, 253, 259, 399).

iaviationblog.dallasnews.com