Kwinqaku lale veki, sivavanya amatyala amaninzi abandakanya ukunyanzeliswa kwamagatya okukhetha iforum kwiikontraka zokuhamba kunye nemigca yokuhamba ngenqanawa [Young v. Holland American Line, NV, 2016 US Dist. I-LEXIS 179370 (ND Cal. 2016) (ukulimala ngokomzimba okugcinwe ngexesha lokuhamba ngenqanawa; Igatya lokukhetha iqonga laseWashington alinyanzeliswa); umenzeli wohambo/umqhubi womkhenkethi [Vardanyan v. Costa Rica Travel Planning, Inc., 2016 WL 7378545 (Cal. App. 2016)(ukufa ngokungafanelekanga eCosta Rica; kunyanzeliswe igatya lokukhetha iforamu yaseColorado; kusetyenziswe umthetho waseColorado)] kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe imfundiso yeforum engabalulekanga kumatyala engozi kwiihotele zangaphandle okanye kwiindawo ekuchithelwa kuzo iiholide [Wilmot v. Marriott Hurghada Management, Inc., No. ukugxotha ngezizathu zeforam ezingezizo ezivunyiweyo; Brown v. Marriott International, Inc., No. 16-CV-3211 (SLT)(MDG) (EDNY 3)(Ummi waseUnited States utyibilika kwaye awe ehotele e-St. Kitts, British West Indies; isindululo sokugxotha ngezizathu I-St. Kitts ingeyiyo iforamu efanelekileyo; Guezou v. American University of Beirut, 2017 NY Slip Op 14(U)(ummi waseFransi wonzakele elunxwemeni lwaseLebhanon xa isitulo saselwandle sisiwa; isindululo sokugxotha ngezizathu zeforam ezingezizo ezoncedo ezinikezelweyo; iLebhanon yiforum eyaneleyo)]. Bona kwakhona: I-Dickerson, kuMthetho we-Hotel, uKhuseleko oluNgcono luSetyenziso lokuKhethwa kweForam, i-newyorklawjournal (5960/2017/2017) (ixoxa ngeSt. Aubin v. Island Hotel Company, 31688 US Dist. LEXIS 5 (SD Fla.26) (Ummi wase-US wonzakele kwindawo ekuchithelwa kuyo iiholide e-Nassau; igatya lokukhetha iqonga le-Bahamas alinyanzeliswanga); Molino v. Sagamore, 2017 AD 2017d 37042 (NYAD 2017)(undwendwe lugcina ukwenzakala kwihotele eWarren County, eNew York; igatya lokukhetha iqonga liyanyanzeliswa). kunye nenqaku lethu langaphambili malunga nalo mbandela: Dickerson, amagatya okukhetha iForam kwiikhontrakthi zokuhamba: Ngaba kufuneka kufuneke isaziso esaneleyo? eturbonews (11/15/2015).
Ukuhlaziywa kweethagethi zohlaselo
Myanmar
Kwi-Beech, iRohingya ihlupheke ngokoyikeka okwenyani. Kutheni le nto amanye amaBali abo engeyonyani?, Nytimes (2/1/2018) kwaqatshelwa ukuba “nakweyiphi na inkampu yeembacu, kwehla intlekele. Amaqela oncedo afuna ukunceda awona matyala aswelekileyo kwaye abantu bakhawuleze baqonde ukuba ibali loodade abane abaziinkedama liphethe ixabiso elingaphezulu kwelo losapho olumanyeneyo olulahlekelwe yiyo yonke impahla yalo… Ezo zicwangciso-qhinga ziyindlela yokuphila ngokwendalo… Kodwa iingxelo ezingeyonyani zithoba isoyikiso sokwenene. Ukubulala, ukudlwengula kunye nokutshiswa kweedolophana-eziye zenziwa kwiRohingya yimikhosi yezokhuseleko yaseMyanmar. Kwaye ezo ntsomi zihombisayo ziphembelela urhulumente waseMyanmar ukuba le nto yenzekayo e-Rakhine State ayikokucocwa ngokobuhlanga njengoko kucetyiswa luluntu lwamanye amazwe, kodwa kukukhohlisa ngabahlaseli bamanye amazwe ”.
Ukuphanda ngeMfazwe yasePhilippines
In Villamor, International Criminal Court Will Investing Duerte Over Drug Drug, nytimes (2/8/2018) “INkundla yamaTyala yaMazwe ngaMazwe ithe ngoLwesibini ivula uphando lokuqala kwizityholo zokuba uMongameli Rodrigo Duerte namanye amagosa asePhilippine benze ulwaphulo mthetho ubuntu ngexesha lokulwa nokubulala urhulumente iziyobisi… uHarry Roque, isithethi sika Mongameli wasePhilippines, wathi inkqubo yoburhulumente yaba 'ngumsebenzi osemthethweni wamapolisa' kwaye umongameli wasamkela isigqibo senkundla esisekwe eHague ".
IParkland, eFlorida
EBurch & Mazzei, eFlorida School ukudubula inani labafayo likwiminyaka eli-17 kwaye kungavuka, ngo-2/14/2018) kwaqatshelwa ukuba “umfana oxhobileyo uxhele kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo malunga neyure emantla ntshona eMiami ngoLwesithathu, bevula umlilo kubafundi abothukileyo nootitshala kwaye beshiya inani labantu abali-17 abanokuphakama nangaphezulu… Abafundi bangcangcazela kukothuka kumagumbi abo okufundela, abanye beqeqesha iiselfowuni zabo kwindyikityha yokufa, bethatha imizimba ethe saa, ukukhala kunye nemipu eqale ngemipu embalwa kwaye emva koko yaqhubeka ngakumbi nangakumbi. Ababhubhileyo baquka abafundi nabantu abadala, abanye babo badutyulwa ngaphandle kwesikolo abanye ngaphakathi kwisakhiwo esinemigangatho emithathu. Indoda eyayiphethe umpu we-AR-15 yaziwa njenge-Nikolas Cruz, eneminyaka eyi-19 eyayigxothiwe esikolweni ”.
Ukuthelekiswa kwemida yomnqamlezo
Kwi-Aguilar, Ukusuka kwiimyuziyam ukuya kwiiNtaba, ukuzingca kunye nokuthanda ilizwe, amaxesha (2/6/2018) kwaqatshelwa ukuba “umda phakathi kwe-United States neMexico usezindabeni mihla le, kwiingxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga nokufudukela kwabantu kunye nokuchitha kumalinge okhuseleko. . Kodwa kunjani ukutyelela indawo ekufuphi nomda? Ukufumanisa, ababhali bezohambo bachitha ixesha kwiindawo ezimbini zokumatanisa: iBrownville, iTex, neMatamoros, eMexico; IBif Bend National Park kunye neBoquillas; ISan Diego neTijuana; ENogales, eAriz, naseNogales, eMexico; kunye no-El Paso kunye noCiudad Juarez ”.
Ingcali yezilwanyana zasendle eKenya yabulawa
E-Gettleman, Akukho Bantu bakrokrelwayo ekubulaweni kwe-Eccentric American, i-Kenyan Wildlife Expert, nytimes (2/5/2018) kwaqatshelwa ukuba "Wayengumdlalo wezilwanyana zasendle eKenya… esaziwa ngomsebenzi obukhali kwixabiso lentengiso emnyama kurhwebo lwendlovu. nophondo lwemikhombe. Ngoku ulixhoba kwimfihlakalo yokubulala… Akucaci ukuba uMnu. Martin, owayeneminyaka engama-76 ubudala, wabulawa ngenxa yeembono zakhe okanye umsebenzi wakhe. Akuthandabuzeki ukuba wayeneentshaba ezininzi, ebhala ingxelo emva kwengxelo etyhila ubunzulu borhwebo lwendlovu kunye neempondo zemikhombe kwihlabathi liphela eliye labulala amashumi amawaka ezilwanyana ezisemngciphekweni, Ukufa kwakhe kwathumela amaza kwizilwanyana zasendle zaseMpuma Afrika ”.
Amatshantliziyo eMajorca aza kutshutshiswa
KwiMass abaqhankqalazi bezokhenketho eMajorca bajongana nokutshutshiswa, travelwirenews (2/9/2018) kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba “Iqela elibizwa ngokuba yiArran Paisos Catalans lithi ukhenketho oluninzi luyonakalisa isiqithi saseMajorca. Yahlasela iPalma marina ngoJulayi ophelileyo, ibeka amadangatya ecaleni kweeyacht zodidi oluphezulu. Abaphembeleli baphinde baphosa i-confetti kwindawo yokutya ekufutshane. Batyholwa ngokuphazamiseka koluntu, umonakalo kunye nezigrogriso”.
I-Airbnb ivulela ukuhanjiswa kwehotele
Kwi-Airbnb Ivula ngokusesikweni i-Hotel Distribution-Travel Weekly, i-travelwirenews (2/8/2018) kuye kwaqatshelwa ukuba “i-Airbnb ivumela iihotele kunye nabanye ababoneleli ngendawo yokuhlala ukuba badwelise kwisiza okokuqala ngqa ngokusasazwa kweqela lesithathu inethiwekhi. I-Siteminder iya kuba liqonga lokuqala elisebenza njengomphathi wejelo kwihlabathi liphela ukuze ipotifoliyo yayo yeepropathi iboniswe ecaleni kweepropathi ezikhoyo ezivela kubabuki zindwendwe be-Airbnb ”.
Gungxula loo Hamster, nceda
Kwi-AP Florida umfazi: I-Airline indixelele ukuba ndigungxule i-hamster yezilwanyana zasekhaya, msn (2/9/2018) kwaqatshelwa ukuba “Umfazi waseFlorida uthi inqwelo moya yamxelela ukuba agibisele ihamster yakhe kwindlu yangasese yesikhululo senqwelomoya ngenxa yokuba impuku yeemvakalelo yayingavumelekanga ukubhabha kunye naye… Ingxelo yeMiami Herald phambi kokuba uBelen Aldecosea abhabhe agoduke esuka ekholejini esiya eMzantsi Florida, wabiza iSpirit Airlines izihlandlo ezibini ukuba aqinisekise ukuba uza nePebbles, isilwanyana sakhe esifuywayo uHamster, Akukho ngxaki, itsho njalo inqwelo moya. Kodwa xa (yena) efika kwisikhululo senqwelomoya saseBaltimore, uSpirit wala ukuvumela isilwanyana ukuba sikhwele. Umntwana oneminyaka engama-21 uxelele iphepha ukuba ugibisele amatye kwisindululo somsebenzi wenqwelomoya, emva kokuphuma kwezinye iindlela… 'Wayesoyika. Ndandisoyika, kwakundoyikisa ukuzama ukumfaka kwindlu yangasese 'utshilo uAldecosea ".
Nceda uyeke ukungcolisa izinto ezingcwele, nceda
Kwityala le-AP Native ecaweni kukhuthaza uqeqesho kwizikhululo zeenqwelomoya, wtop (2/8/2018) kwaqatshelwa ukuba “Ibhokisi eyenziwe ngomthi ibithwele iintsiba zokhozi kunye nempempe yethambo, ingxangxasi yomqala kunye nezinto ezithandwayo ziintsiba ezithwala amandla okomoya kwaye isetyenziswe kwimikhosi yenkolo yamaMerika. Indoda ebambe ibhokisi yabuza iarhente yezokhuseleko kwisikhululo senqwelomoya saseSan Antonio ukuba simvumele abonise izinto ukuze amandla abo angangcoliswa. Iiarhente zenqabile, ziphethe izinto ngokukhawuleza zaza zaziphosa ebhokisini, ngokukaSandor Iron Rope, owayesakuba ngumongameli weNative American Church of North America. Isimangalo sakhe nxamnye ne (TSA) sagqitywa kwinyanga ephelileyo, kungabikho nalinye icala elalivuma isiphoso kwaye iarhente yavuma ukufundisa ngcono abasebenzi bayo malunga nezinto zonqulo zaseMelika kwizikhululo zeenqwelo moya ezingaphezu kweshumi kwilizwe liphela ”.
Iimpazamo ze-Inshurensi yokuHamba ngeenqanawa
Kwiimpazamo ezi-4 ezinkulu ezinokwenza ukuba i-Inshurensi yokuHamba ngeNqanawa yakho ibe lilize, i-travelwirenews (2/7/2018) kwaqatshelwa ukuba "Ingxelo eyaphula ixesha leenkanyamba zango-2017 ezonakalise iindawo ezithandwayo zokuhamba ngenqanawa kunye nobusika obunomkhenkce obuvale okwethutyana ezinye izikhululo zeenqwelo moya zabangela ukuba abahambi abaninzi Ukuphulukana nemali… Inkampani ehamba phambili yokuthelekisa i-inshurensi, i-Squaremouth, icacisa indlela yokuphepha ezona mpazamo zine zinokwenza umgaqo-nkqubo ungabi nanto Impazamo No. 1 Ukulinda Kude Kubekho Imozulu Embi Ukufumana i-Inshurensi Yohambo… nje ukuba inkanyamba okanye uqhwithela lasebusika lunikwe igama, kushiywe lixesha ukuba i-inshurensi yokuhamba… Impazamo engu-2: Ukusela utywala kunye nokuCingela ukuba amaNgxakeko oNyango akho aKhuselwe. I-inshurensi yokuhamba inokugubungela iinqanawa zokuhamba ngenqanawa ezibiza imali eninzi ngaphandle kokuba umhambi unxilile… Impazamo yesi-3: Ukucinga ukuba amaNgxakeko akho ezoNyango aGutyungelwe Ngalo Lonke ixesha lokhenketho lonxweme… Abanye abahambi banokuqonda ukuba kukho ukungabikho kwizinto eziyingozi ezinje ngokutsiba nge-bungee okanye ukuntywila esibhakabhakeni kodwa uninzi lwabahambi usenokungayiqondi into yokuba umgaqo-nkqubo unokungazibandakanyi izinto ezinempembelelo ephantsi enje nge-kayaking okanye ukukhwela ibhaluni yomoya oshushu… Impazamo engu-4: Ukufika (eP) kwizibuko lokunduluka kwakho kwangoko kwaye ucinge ukuba ukhuselwe ”.
Zilolonge ngelixa uhamba
KwiVora, Indlela yokuZilolonga kuMthambo ngelixa UkuHamba, amaxesha (2/8/2018) kwaqatshelwa ukuba “Nks. Lang (umqeqeshi wabucala oqinisekisiweyo osekwe kwisiXeko saseNew York) ngokwendalo uneengcebiso ezininzi malunga nendlela yokwenza umthambo ngelixa uhamba. Nazi ezinye… Amava okusiNgqongileyo ngokwenza umsebenzi… Yenza uKhenketho lwaKho lokuHamba… Qalisa usuku lwakho ngokwenza uMthambo omncinci… Sukulinda nje emgceni… Endaweni yokuma nje ulinde… UNks. Lang ucebise ukuba usebenzise ixesha lakho ukwenza imithambo emithathu. ukuba abanye abantu abema ecaleni kwakho abayi kuqaphela: ithole lonyusa, eliqinisa imilenze esezantsi, likhazimla, apho uqinisa khona ukubamba kwakho kwaye ubambe ixesha elide kangangoko unako ngaphambi kokuba ukhulule, ukwenza ithowuni ngasemva kunye nokuphefumla kwesisu, apho uphuma khona xa utsala isisu sakho ngaphakathi kwaye uqhubeke nokuphefumla kunye nokuphefumla ngelixa usitsalela ngaphakathi, ukomeleza amandla akho angundoqo. Unokufumana ukujonga okungaqhelekanga, kodwa iziphumo ziya kulunga ”
Ukutsiba iTshintsho loKhuseleko kuLoliwe
E-Haag, iSignal System yayiphantsi koPhuculo loKhuseleko ngaphambi kweFatal Amtrak Crash, Abaphathi bathi, nytimes (2/5/2018) kwaqatshelwa ukuba "Abasebenzi bolondolozo abasebenza kuloliwe eSouth Carolina ngeCawa bayikhubazile inkqubo yomqondiso yokufaka. Itekhnoloji entsha yenzelwe ukuthintela ukungqubana xa umkhondo we-Amtrak wagaleleka kuloliwe weenqwelo-mafutha kumkhondo, wabulala abantu ababini, abaphandi bathi ngoMvulo… Ukanti, uMnu (X) ulumkisile malunga nokugxeka bonke abo bachaphazeleka kule ngozi. Utshintsho olwenziwe ngesandla, utshilo injineli yeAmtrak kuloliwe bekufanele ukuba iqaphele ukuba iswitshi ibibekwe kwicala elingalunganga ”.
Hlala kude neBaltimore, nceda
E Williams, e Baltimore, Amagosa aseBrazil athatha onke amathuba okuba aRob and Cheat, nytimes (2/6/2018) kwaqatshelwa ukuba “Izitaki zeebhili, i $ 100,000 ethathwe kwisisefu. Iingxowa zenkunkuma zizele amayeza amiselweyo amiselweyo kulahlwa kwintengiso emnyama Umqhubi wemoto waphanga i-25,000, XNUMX yeedola. Ulwaphulo-mthetho aluzange lwenziwe zizaphuli-mthetho eziqhelekileyo, kodwa ngamagosa asebupoliseni aseBaltimore. Ziphakathi kwezinto ezininzi ezityhilekileyo kwelinye lamanyundululu otyhwatyhwa amapolisa kwisizukulwana… nkqu negosa ngokwalo lichaze iqela labaphetheyo elinobuqhophololo, bethatha lonke ithuba lokuphanga abo bebefanele ukuba bangamapolisa okanye babakhusele, kwaye bangasokolisi. ukufihla izenzo zabo ”.
Idaho: Loluphi utshintsho lwemozulu?
E-Albeck-Ripka, i-Idaho yaHluba ukutshintsha kwemozulu kwizikhokelo zesikolo. Now It a a Battle, nytimes (2/6/2018) kwaqatshelwa ukuba “Idabi lezopolitiko malunga nokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kwihlabathi liphela liye landa nakwimfundo yesayensi kule minyaka idlulileyo njengoko amazwe aliqela azamile ukwenza buthathaka okanye ukuvimba imigangatho emitsha yokufundisa ebandakanya ulwazi malunga nesayensi yemozulu. . Kodwa ku-Idaho kuphela apho indlu yowiso-mthetho yahlutha konke ukukhankanywa kotshintsho lwemozulu olwenziwe ngabantu ukusuka kwizikhokelo zesayensi kwilizwe liphela ngelixa ishiya eminye imigangatho ingasebenzi. Ngoku ootitshala, abazali nabafundi batyhala umva ”.
Sukugula eIndiya, nceda
E-Gettleman nase Kumar, Ugqirha we-Fake e-India Orhanelwa ukuba usulele abantu abaninzi nge-HIV, amaxesha (2/6/2018) kwaqatshelwa ukuba “Amagosa asebupoliseni emantla e-India ayekhangela ugqirha wobuxoki okrokrelwa ukuba wosulela uninzi lwezigulana zakhe. Intsholongwane kaGawulayo ngokusebenzisa isirinji engcolileyo. Izigulana zanyangwa yinto eyaziwa ngokuba yi 'jhola chhaap dctor' ugqirha ojikelezayo onesiqinisekiso esifanelekileyo (i-chhaap luphawu lwentengiso okanye itywina elisemthethweni) yi-jhola, ibhegi yomqhaphu apho unyango luhanjiswa khona. Uninzi alufundanga, kwaye ezinye iindlela zokunyanga ezinokuthi zibe yingozi, kodwa e-India, apho inkqubo yokhathalelo lwempilo icelwe umngeni omkhulu, abantu abaninzi abahluphekileyo bahlala beziva ngathi abanandlela yimbi ngaphandle kokuhlawula iirandi ezimbalwa ngeenkonzo zabo kunye nethemba eyona ”.
Uber uyabathanda abantu abakhawulezayo
E-Westgard, ifomula yokuHlawula ka-Uber yokuKhawulezisa abaqhubi abaKhawulezayo, ethi izuze amadoda, msn (2/7/2018) kwaqatshelwa ukuba “i-Uber ibonakalise ukuba yindawo yokusebenzela eguqukayo kubaqhubi abanokubeka iiyure zabo neendlela zabo, inkqubo ethi Abanye bacingela ukuba bangathanda abantu basetyhini, Endaweni yoko, kubonakala ngathi ifomula yokuhlawulisa aba baqhubi isantya esikhawulezayo, esithanda ukujongwa ngamadoda akhokelayo, isifundo sibonisa. Isiphumo kukuba abaqhubi be-Uber bafumana iipesenti ezisi-7 ngaphezulu kwabafazi, ngoku (uhlalutyo) ngaphezulu kwesigidi esinye sabaqhubi sokuqalisa. Eminye imiba kubandakanya amava kunye nokukhetha ukuba usebenza phi kwaye phi, nako kunegalelo kulungqinelwano, ngokophando ”.
Isigqibo seGrubhub kunye noKwabelana ngezoQoqosho
Kwi-Dickey, iJaji ilawula i-Grubhub ngokufanelekileyo umqhubi wonikezelo njengekontraka ezimeleyo, i-techcrunch (2/9/2018) kwaphawulwa ukuba "Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa emva kokuva iingxoxo zokuvala kwityala lika-Lawson v. Grubhub, uMgwebi uJacqueline Scott Corley uye wagweba uRaef Lawson , ummangali, wayeyikontraka ezimeleyo ngelixa eqhuba kwaye ehambisa ukutya kwe-Grubhub…Into ephambili yetyala egxile kuvavanyo lwe-Borello, olujonga iimeko ezifana nokuba umsebenzi owenziweyo uyinxalenye yeshishini eliqhelekileyo lenkampani, isakhono esifunekayo, intlawulo. indlela kunye nokuba umsebenzi wenziwa phantsi kweliso lomphathi. Injongo yolu vavanyo kukufumanisa ukuba ngaba umsebenzi ngu-1099 ikontraka okanye ngumsebenzi we-W-2”. Njengoko kuphawulwe yiNkundla “”ngelixa ezinye izinto zilinganisa unxulumano lwengqesho, ukungabikho kukaGrubhub kulo lonke ulawulo oluyimfuneko kumsebenzi kaMnu. Lawson, kuquka indlela awahambisa ngayo unikezelo nokuba ingaba okanye ixesha elingakanani, kunye nezinye izinto ezicenga iNkundla. ukuba ulwahlulo lwekontraka lwalufanelekile kuMnu. Lawson ngexesha lakhe elifutshane eGrubhub”. Esi sigqibo siya kuba nefuthe ku-Uber, Lyft kunye nezinye iinkampani zokwabelana ngezithuthi.
Amatyala oMthetho wokuHamba weVeki
Icandelo 1
Kwityala i-Young v. Holland America Line, i-NV iNkundla yaqaphela ukuba abaMangali “babhukisha uhambo lweentsuku ezili-14 olwandle lweCaribbean… oluqhutywa yi-Holland kodwa bathenga amatikiti abo kwi-Defendant Costco Travel. Abamangali batyhola ukuba bonzakele emzimbeni ngexesha lokuhamba kwabo ngenqanawa. Abamangali bafaka isimangalo (eCalifornia) besithi ukungakhathali kwabamangalelwa kwabangela ukonzakala kwabo. I-Holland yafaka isindululo sokutshintshela indawo kwi-Western District of Washington '' ngokwemiqathango yecandelo lokhetho lweqonga kwiSivumelwano sePaseji ''.
Unxibelelwano olusengqiqweni
“Apha, eyona nto kujongwe kuyo ingxabano yamaqela kukuba ingaba igatya lokhetho lweqonga kwiHolland's Passage Contract laziswa ngokufanelekileyo na kuBamangali… IHolland ijolise… 'kwinkqubo yokubhukisha esekwe kwi-Intanethi kunye nenkqubo yokungena'. IHolland ibanga ukuba ummangali 'kwakufuneka ukuba ajonge kuqala emva koko avume imigaqo kunye neemeko zesivumelwano sePaseji' ezibandakanya iqonga = igatya lokukhetha. Ewe, amabango aseHolland 'Abamangali ngekhe babenakho ukuprinta ukupasa kwabo ngaphandle kokuvuma kuqala imigaqo nemiqathango'. U-Holland emva koko ucacisa ukuba, ngaphakathi kwesiVumelwano sePassage, igatya lokukhetha iforum 'lahluke ngokukodwa' ngokweempawu zalo ”.
Ukubhukisha ngeCostco
“Ingxaki kwingxoxo yaseHolland yeyokuba abamangali abayisebenzisanga inkqubo yokubhukisha ekhompyutheni… Abamangali bachaza ukuba bathenga amatikiti abo okuhamba ngenqanawa ngeCostco Travel (kunye) nommeli wezohambo weCostco wathumela abaMangali isiqinisekiso esibhaliweyo sokubhukisha kwabo kunye nohambo lwabo. Akukho nala maxwebhu akhankanyiweyo kwigatya lokukhetha iforum. (Emva koko iarhente yokuhamba ye-Costco yathumela i-imeyile) eyalela abamangali ukuba baqwalasele uhambo lwabo lokuhamba ngenqanawa kwiwebhusayithi yaseHolland ukuze bafumane iindawo zabo zokukhwela kunye nemithwalo ... Emva kokufumana… i-imeyile (i) Abamangali bazame ukungena kwinkqubo ye-Holland ekwi-intanethi kodwa khange bakwazi ukwenza njalo. Ngokudibeneyo, abamangali babiza umnxeba weenkonzo zabathengi baseHolland (kwaye ekugqibeleni bafumana iphepha lokubhoda elinamaphepha alishumi elinanye nge-imeyile kwiphepha lesi-8 ebelikho) izichazi malunga negatya lokukhetha iforum ”.
Isaziso asonelanga
“Isimangalo kukuba Abamangali babengaziswanga ngegatya lokukhetha iforamu kwisivumelwano sabo sePassage de kube emva kokuba bebhukishe amatikiti abo okuhamba ngenqanawa kwaye, nalapho, eli gatya langcwatyelwa kufutshane nephepha elinamaphepha ali-11. Ngenxa yezi zizathu iNkundla ifumanisa ukuba olu luhlu lweziganeko alukhange lubangele ukuba kubekho igatya lokukhetha iqonga elisebenzayo. (Ukongeza) iNkundla iyathandabuza ukuba ixesha elivezwe kuphela emva kokuba kuthengiwe kwaye ngexesha apho ukurhoxiswa kungabiza ukuya kuthi ga kwiipesenti ezingama-75 zexabiso letikiti elinokwanelisa uvavanyo olufanelekileyo lokunxibelelana. Jonga i-Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc., 499 US 585, 595 (1991) (ukufumanisa kubalulekile ukuba abakhweli beenqanawa ezihamba ngenqanawa 'bagcine ukhetho lokwala ikhontrakthi ngaphandle kokugwetywa').
Icandelo 2
Kwityala iVardanyan v. Costa Rica Travel Planning, Inc. (CR Travel), iNkundla iqaphele ukuba “Abamangali batyhola ngelithi… uVardanyan uthenge ipakethe yeholide eCR Travel (eyathumela i-imeyile… malunga nohambo olucetyiweyo, oluchaza inxenye… Okwangoku sikwinkqubo yokuqinisekisa ukubhukisha kwakho… Ngokusicela ukuba sikugcinele indawo uyavuma kwiMiqathango neMiqathango (ebandakanya) igatya lokukhetha iqonga kwisiqendu esahlukileyo nesihloko esithi 'Umthetho osebenzayo' kushicilelo olubhalwe ngoonobumba abakhulu. Apha ngezantsi kwesi sihloko yayilulwimi lulandelayo: 'Ikhontrakthi izakulawulwa yimithetho kaRhulumente waseColorado kwaye zonke iimbambano ziya kuziswa eWeld County, eColorado'… nge-4 ka-Agasti ka-2013 barhaxwa ngamanzi eCosta Rica ngexa bequbha elwandle … Emva kokuba ukhenketho lweCR luhanjisiwe nesikhalazo… (sasisusa isikhalazo) ngokusekwe kwisigatshana sokhetho lweforum ”.
Ukukhethwa kweQonga Igatya liyanyanzeliswa
Emva kokuphonononga iimpikiswano zommangali ngokubhekisele kwisaziso esaneleyo, ukungazithembi kunye nokubonakala inkundla inyanzelise igatya lokukhetha iqonga laseColorado. "Apha, uxwebhu oluqulathe igatya lokukhetha iforum (ukunamathela kwi-imeyile kwemiqathango) inephepha elinye kuphela, kwaye igatya lokukhetha iqonga libekwe kumhlathi omnye owahlukileyo, omfutshane. Lo mhlathi unesihloko esithi 'esebenzayo Umthetho' ngamagama akekeleyo, nangonobumba abakhulu. Ke ngoko, nangona isicatshulwa segatya sasibhalwe kumgangatho olinganayo nowamanye amacandelo, 'ayingcwatywanga elwandle' ngokulinganayo. Ukongeza, ifonti yokubhaliweyo yayingeyonto incinci kakhulu. Ngokwenene, olu xwebhu lwaluthunyelwe nge-imeyile kuVardanyan, ifonti ibinokwenziwa nkulu emva kokuyivula kwikhompyuter ”.
Icandelo 3
Kwityala lika-Wilmot v. Marriott Hurghada Managements, Inc., iNkundla iqaphele ukuba “Eli tyala lisusela kwityala lokonzakala kwicala lamachibi athe uGuy Wilmot, ongummi nongumhlali wase-United Kingdom, wasokola ngexesha leholide eMarriott Resort eHurghada, e-Egypt. . Emva kokonzakala, uWilmot wenziwa utyando ngenxa yegxalaba elaphukileyo e-Egypt kwaye wafuna olunye unyango koogqirha nakwezonyango e-United Kingdom. Abo bawabonayo lo msitho, bancedisa uWilmot emva koko wanyanga ukwenzakala kwakhe bonke bahlala e-Egypt okanye e-United Kingdom. Naziphi na iirekhodi zonyango eziveliswe kukhathalelo lukaWilmot nokuba kuse-Egypt okanye e-United Kingdom ngokunjalo. UWilmot uzise eli nyathelo kwiSithili saseDelaware ”.
Isizathu sokuGxotha
"Ukuphendula (kwityala) uMarriott wafaka isindululo sokuba kugxothwe iforamu engenziwanga lula, esithi i-Egypt yayiliforamu efanelekileyo yokusombulula eli tyala. UMarriott uvumile ukwamkela inkonzo yenkqubo yase-Egypt kunye nokuvuma kolawulo lweenkundla zase-Egypt, u-Marriott wangenisa ingxelo efungelweyo ka-Tarek Ahmed Roushdy Ezzo, uMphathi weQela le femu yezomthetho yase-Egypt i-Ezzo Advocates, eyangqina ibango lika-Wilmot ukuba liyakwazeka kwiinkundla zase-Egypt. . Emva kokuba uWilmot ephendule, impendulo kaMarriott yanikezela nge-United Kingdom njengeqonga elikhoyo nelaneleyo ”.
Iqonga elingelulo
“Imfundiso yeqonga ayizenzi lula indawo kwindawo yenkundla yesithili ukhetho 'lokumelana nokunyanzeliswa kolawulo lwayo'… xa ityala liza 'kumisela ... ingcinezelo kunye nengqumbo kulowo umangalelweyo… kuwo wonke umlinganiso wommangali… Sine ichaze izinto ezine zokukhokela inkundla yezithili ukuba isebenzise ukuqonda: '(1) isixa sokubonisa ekufuneka sinikezelwe [kummanqali] ukukhetha iforum, (2) ukubakho kwenye indawo efanelekileyo apho abatyholwa banakho ukuqhubekeka kunye [nommangali ] amabango ayaqatshelwa; (3) 'inzala yabucala' echaphazelekayo ekuchaphazeleni ukubambana kwabamangaleli; kunye (4) 'nomdla woluntu' ochaphazela ukwenziwa kweforum '”.
Izinto ezine
Kuqala, iNkundla ivumile ukuba “ukhetho lukaWilmot kwiforum (kufuneka inikwe) 'ukungahlonitshwa kakhulu' kunokuba kunikwa ilungelo lommangali lokukhetha iforamu” kuba engummangali "welinye ilizwe" kwaye ukhetho lakhe kwiforum yaseUnited States "akunakwenzeka ukuba isekwe kuluncedo ”. Okwesibini, ngokubhekisele ekufumanekeni kweforum eyaneleyo yenkundla iNkundla yafumanisa ukuba i-United Kingdom ne-Egypt zanele nangona "u-Wilmot ukwalwela ubugrogrisi urhwaphilizo lenza ukuba iinkundla zase-Egypt zingonelanga". Okwesithathu, ngokubhekiselele kubucala [“Umdla wabucala wokuthathela ingqalelo kubandakanya ukufumaneka lula kwimithombo yobungqina; ukubanakho ukulawula ukubakho kwamangqina xa kukho imfuneko; kuthetha ukujonga indawo efanelekileyo kunye nezinto; nawo nawuphina omnye umqobo osenokuthintela elinye ityala elilula, elonga imali nelikhawulezayo ”] kunye nomdla woluntu [“ Umdla woluntu ubandakanya ubunzima kulawulo oluvela kwiinkundla ezisindwa ngumthwalo; imidla yendawo ekuxoxweni kwetyala elo ekhaya; ndinqwenela ukuba iqonga lihambelane nomthetho olawula ityala ukuze kuthintelwe ukungqubana kwemithetho… kwaye kuthintelwe ukuthwalisa abantu ngokungafanelekanga kwiforum engahambelaniyo nomsebenzi wejaji "], iNkundla iqaphele ukuba" phantse onke amangqina, ubungqina kunye neminye imithombo yobungqina ingaphandle kweMelika. Eli tyala libandakanya ingozi eyenzekileyo e-Egypt, ephethwe ngummi wase-Bhritane kunye nomhlali owonzakeleyo anyangwa ngoogqirha base-Egypt nabase Bhritane… iSithili sase Delaware asinamdla ungako ekusombululeni eli tyala xa kuthelekiswa ne-Egypt okanye i-United Kingdom ”. Isindululo sokugxothwa sinikiwe.
Icandelo 4
Kwityala likaBrown v. Marriott International, Inc., iNkundla iqaphele ukuba ummangali ngexa wayelundwendwe eSt. Kitts Marriott Resort “kwabangelwa ukuba atyibilike aze awe ngenxa yokuvuza kwamanzi kumatshini wokupholisa… oko kwabangela ukuba ummangali agwayithe aze eze kunxibelelwano olunobundlobongela nomgangatho… iSt. Isiqithi saseKitts kunye nesiqithi esingummelwane saseNevis lilizwe elizimeleyo 'eliziqithi ezibini eWest Indies; ebizwa ngokuba 'yiFederal of Saint Kitts and Nevis… Ummangali uhlala eBrooklyn, eNew York (kwaye) Ummangalelwa ngumbutho waseDelaware (oshukumise ukugxotha izizathu zeforum ezingekho lula) ”.
Kitts engonelanga Iforum
“Nangona kuyinyani ukuba ummangali akunyanzelekanga ukuba abenakho ukulandela 'esona sizathu sokwenza into' kwiforum eyenye, kufuneka abenakho 'ukuxoxa [e] umbandela ophikisanayo'… Nanku umbandela Impikiswano yoMmangali luxanduva olusebenzayo olusekwe kumthetho we-arhente… Ummangalelwa akaphumelelanga ukuhlangabezana nomthwalo wakhe wokubonisa into eyimfuneko… iSt. Kitts ivumela ukumangalelwa kwetyala elinobuzaza kunye / okanye amabango earhente. Ngalo mhlaba kuphela, iNkundla ingasikhaba ngokufanelekileyo esi sindululo… Ngaphezu koko, nokuba umhlali waseNew York angabamba inkampani yaseMelika eyenza ushishino eNew York enoxanduva phantsi kwethiyori ebonakalayo ye-arhente inomdla kubemi baseNew York ”. Isindululo sommangalelwa sokugxotha kwizizathu zeforum ezingekho lula siyaliwe.
Icandelo 5
Kwityala laseGuezou v. IYunivesithi yaseMelika yaseBeirut, iNkundla iqaphele ukuba ummangali wayengummi waseFrance kwaye ngelixa eLebhanon kunxweme loluntu kwaye kugcinwa ngummangalelwa wayehleli esihlalweni esaphukileyo, azive ebuya umva kwaye enzakele. Wafumana unyango eLebhanon naseFrance. "Ummangalelwa yiyunivesithi ebandakanywe phantsi komthetho waseNew York (kunye) neeofisi zolawulo eNew York nangona oko yasekwayo, ikhampasi kunye nezixhobo zayo ziseLebhanon". Ummangalelwa ushukuma ngokugxothwa ngenxa yeforum ezingekho lula.
Isindululo sokuGxotha siyaNikwa
"[T [nantsi ingxoxo engenakuphikiswa phakathi kweli tyala neNew York, ngakumbi njengoko iLebhanon iyindawo yokuhlala kwengozi kunye nendawo ekuyo amangqina anokubakho ngaphandle koogqirha bommangali kunye nommangali, bonke abahlala eFrance… Kwaye akukho Umqondiso wokuba ukugweba eLebhanon akunakunceda kumthetho wobulungisa… Njengokuba ulungelelwaniso lwezi zinto 'luxhasa ummangalelwa' kwaye nomdla wobulungisa obugqithisileyo, iLebhanon yeyona ndawo ingcono ".
Umbhali, uThomas A. Dickerson, liLungu leZibheno elidla umhlala-phantsi kwiCandelo leZibheno, kwiSebe lesiBini leNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseNew York kwaye ebhala malunga noMthetho wokuHamba kangangeminyaka engama-42 kubandakanya neencwadi zakhe zomthetho ezihlaziyiweyo minyaka le, uMthetho woKhenketho, iLaw Journal Journal. (2018), Litigating International Torts in US Courts, Thomson Reuters WestLaw (2018), Class Actions: The Law of 50 States, Law Journal Press (2018) nangaphezulu kwamanqaku angama-500 asemthethweni uninzi lwawo afumaneka nycourts.gov/courts/ 9jd / taxcertatd.shtml. Ukufumana iindaba ezongezelelekileyo zomthetho wokuhamba kunye nophuhliso, ngakumbi, kumazwe angamalungu e-EU jonga IFTTA.org
Eli nqaku alinakuphinda liveliswe ngaphandle kwemvume kaThomas A. Dickerson.
Funda ezininzi ze Amanqaku kaJustice Dickerson apha.
