Impembelelo kunye nendlela eya phambili e-Afrika ngendlela yokusinda kwi-COVID-19

The IBhodi yezoKhenketho yaseAfrika yaseka iQela le-COVID-19 lezoKhenketho phantsi kobunkokeli bukaGqr. Taleb Rifai kunye no-Alain St. Ange ukukhokela ishishini le-Afrika lokuHamba kunye noKhenketho kwintlekele yeCoronavirus.

Umbutho wamazwe ase-Afrika usanda kukhupha ingxelo malunga nefuthe leCoronavirus kuQoqosho lwase-Afrika.

Ukusukela nge-9 ka-Epreli, ukusasazeka kwale ntsholongwane kuye kwafikelela kumazwe angama-55 aseAfrika: amatyala ayi-12,734 1,717, abuyayo ayi-629 aza asweleka angama-19; kwaye ayibonisi zimpawu zokwehla. I-Afrika, ngenxa yokuvuleleka kwayo kurhwebo lwamanye amazwe kunye nokufuduka, ayikhuseli kwiziphumo eziyingozi ze-COVID-XNUMX.

Emva kokosulelwa okokuqala e-China ekupheleni kwe-2019, isifo seCoronavirus (i-COVID-19) siye saqhubeka nokusasazeka kwihlabathi liphela. Akukho zwekazi likwazileyo ukubalekela le ntsholongwane, eye yarekhodisha ukusweleka okuphakathi kwe-2.3% (ngokweZiko laseTshayina loLawulo noKuthintela izifo). Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, baphantse baba ngama-96,000 abantu abaswelekileyo ngaphezulu kwe-1,6 yezigidi zabantu abosulelekileyo kunye ne-356,000 yokufumana kwakhona.

Ibhengeze ubhubhane nguMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (i-WHO) nge-11 ka-Matshi 2020, i-COVID-19 iye yangxamiseko kwihlabathi liphela, inikwe ifuthe kubemi behlabathi nakuqoqosho. Ngokweziganeko ezilinganayo zeNgxowa-mali yeMali yeHlabathi (i-IMF), ukukhula kwehlabathi kunokuhla nge-0.5 kunyaka we-2020.

Eminye imithombo yolwazi ikwathelekelela ukuwa kokukhula kwehlabathi ngenxa yeempembelelo ngqo zokuqhambuka kwe-COVID-19. Uqoqosho lwehlabathi lunokungena kuqoqosho okungenani kwisiqingatha sokuqala sonyaka wama-2020, xa kusongezwa iziphumo ezingathanga ngqo nezingathanga ngqo zengxaki (umz. Ukuhanjiswa kunye nemfuno yothuselo, ukuhla kwempahla yorhwebo, ukuwa kwabafika kwezokhenketho, njl.). Nangona kunjalo, njengoko ubhubhane uqhubeka kancinci kwilizwekazi laseAfrika, uphononongo lwemibutho yamanye amazwe alujonganga kangako kwimpembelelo yezoqoqosho kwilizwe ngalinye laseAfrika. Ewe iAfrika ayigonywanga kwiCovid19. Ukusukela namhlanje, ngokweCovid19 Surveillance kwaye lwangaphandle.

• Iziphumo zangaphandle zivela kumakhonkco orhwebo phakathi kwamazwekazi angamaqabane achaphazelekayo afana neAsia, iYurophu kunye neMelika; ukhenketho; ukwehla kweemali ezivela kwamanye amazwe ezivela e-African Diaspora; UTyalo-mali oluNgqo lwaNgaphandle kunye noNcedo loPhuhliso olusemthethweni; ukuhamba kwemali ngokungekho mthethweni kunye nokuqiniswa kwemarike yezemali yasekhaya, njl.

• Iziphumo ezingapheliyo zenzeka ngenxa yokwanda ngokukhawuleza kwentsholongwane kumazwe amaninzi aseAfrika.

Kwelinye icala, banxulunyaniswa nokugula kunye nokufa. Kwelinye icala, zikhokelela kuphazamiseko lwemisebenzi yezoqoqosho. Oku kunokubangela, ukwehla kwemfuno yangaphakathi kwingeniso yerhafu ngenxa yokulahleka kweoyile kunye nexabiso lempahla kudityaniswa nokonyuka kwenkcitho yoluntu ukukhusela impilo yoluntu kunye nokuxhasa imisebenzi yezoqoqosho.

Mna.2. Iinjongo

Kubalulekile ukuvavanya ifuthe loqoqosho lwentlalo lwe-COVID-19, nangona ubhubhane ukwinqanaba eliphantsi e-Afrika, ngenxa yobuncinane bokufika kwabafuduki bamazwe aphesheya xa kuthelekiswa neAsia, iYurophu, kunye noMntla Melika kunye neendlela zokuthintela kwamanye amazwe aseAfrika. Uqoqosho lwase-Afrika luhlala lungekho sikweni kwaye ludlamke kakhulu kwaye lusengozini yothuko lwangaphandle. Kwisifundo, sisebenzisa indlela esekwe kwimeko, ukuvavanya ifuthe elinokubakho lo bhubhane kubukhulu obahlukeneyo boqoqosho lwaseAfrika. Ngenxa yobunzima bokulinganisa iimpembelelo zokwenyani ngenxa yokungaqiniseki, imeko ekhula ngokukhawuleza yesifo, kunye nokunqongophala kwedatha, umsebenzi wethu ugxile ekuqondeni iimpembelelo ezinokubakho kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho ukuze kuphakanyiswe izindululo zomgaqo-nkqubo wokuphendula. ingxaki. Izifundo ezifundiweyo kolu phando ziya kunika ukukhanya ngakumbi kwindlela eya phambili, njengoko ilizwekazi likwisigaba esibalulekileyo sokuphunyezwa kweNgingqi yoRhwebo oluSimahla lweLizwekazi (i-AfCFTA).

I.3. Indlela yokusebenza kunye noLwakhiwo

Eli phepha libonisa imeko yezoqoqosho yangoku yehlabathi kwaye lihlalutya ifuthe elinokubakho kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Ngokusekwe kwinkcazo yezalathi ezingundoqo ezithile zoqoqosho lwaseAfrika iimeko ezintathu zakhiwe.

Emva koko, sivavanya ifuthe kuqoqosho lwase-Afrika kwimeko nganye kwaye sibonisa amanye amanyathelo aphambili athathwe ngaMazwe angamaLungu oMbutho we-Afrika akhethiweyo. Eli phepha liphela ngesiphelo kunye neengcebiso eziphambili zomgaqo-nkqubo.

UMXHOLO WAMANJE WOQOQOSHO WAMAZWE NGAMAZWE

Ubunzima obubangelwe sisifo secoronavirus sibeka uqoqosho lwehlabathi ezinzulwini zobomi ezingaziwayo ukusukela ngeMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi, isongeza kubuhlwempu boqoqosho olwalusele lunzima ukubuyela kwimeko-ntle yangaphambi kuka-2008. Ngaphandle kwempembelelo yayo kwimpilo yabantu (eyenziwe yimpilo kunye nokufa), i-COVID-19 iphazamisa uqoqosho lwehlabathi oluxhumeneyo ngokusebenzisa ixabiso lehlabathi, elijongene nesiqingatha sezorhwebo lwehlabathi, ngokukhawuleza ukuwa kwexabiso lezinto, imali-mali, iirisithi zokutshintshiselana kwamanye amazwe, ukuhamba kwemali yamanye amazwe, ukuthintelwa kohambo, ukwehla kwezokhenketho kunye neehotele, imakethi yabasebenzi engumkhenkce, njl.

Ubhubhane weCovid-19 uchaphazela lonke uqoqosho oluphambili lwehlabathi, uxela kwangaphambili ingxaki enkulu yezoqoqosho kwihlabathi ngo-2020.

I-European Union, i-United States ne-Japan zenza i-akhawunti yesiqingatha se-GDP yehlabathi. Oluqoqosho lusekwe kurhwebo, iinkonzo kunye nemizi-mveliso. Nangona kunjalo, amanyathelo okuphelisa ubhubhane abanyanzele ukuba bavale imida yabo kwaye banciphise kakhulu imisebenzi yezoqoqosho; Okuya kuthi kukhokelele ekudodobeni kweminye yezoqoqosho luphuhlileyo. Uqoqosho lwase China lubanga malunga ne-16% ye-GDP yehlabathi kwaye lelona qabane likhulu kwezorhwebo kumazwe amaninzi ase-Afrika nakwilizwe liphela. Uqikelelo lwe-OECD lokwehla kwezinga lokukhula kwezoqoqosho kwezi ndawo ziphambili zoqoqosho ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: China 4.9% instead of 5.7%, Europe 0.8% instead of 1.1%, the rest of the world 2.4% instead 2.9%, with the GDP world fall by 0.412 from Ikota yokuqala yowama-2020. I-UNCTAD iqikelela uxinzelelo olusezantsi kutyalo-mali lwangaphandle ngqo ukusuka -5% ukuya kwi-15%. IMali yeHlabathi

INgxowa-mali ibhengeze ngomhla wama-23 kweyoKwindla 2020 ukuba abatyali mali barhoxise i-US $ 83 yezigidigidi kwiimarike ezisakhulayo ukusukela oko yaqala le ntlekele.

Ngokwe-Outlook yezoQoqosho yeHlabathi ye-IMF, ukukhula koqoqosho bekucingelwa ukuba kube yi-2.5% ngo-2020, ukunyuka okuncinci xa kuthelekiswa ne-2.4% ngowama-2019, ngenxa yokuqalisa ngokuthe ngcembe kurhwebo notyalo-mali.

Kuqoqosho oluphambili, ukwehla ukusuka kwi-1.6% ukuya kwi-1.4% bekulindelwe, ikakhulu ngenxa yobuthathaka obuzingisileyo becandelo lezemveliso. I-OECD yehlise uqikelelo lwayo kuqoqosho lwehlabathi, ibonisa ukuba ukukhula kwehlabathi kunokuhla ukuya kwi-1½% ngo-2020, isiqingatha senqanaba eliqikelelweyo ngaphambi kokuqhambuka kwentsholongwane. Nangona kunjalo, nangona kunzima ukulinganisa ifuthe ngqo le-COVID-19 kuqoqosho lwehlabathi, ezinye iinyani ezibhaliweyo zingabonisa ukuba uqoqosho lwehlabathi luza kuchaphazeleka njani:

Ukuwa okubonakalayo kumaxabiso eempahla. Amaxabiso eoyile aphulukene neepesenti ezingama-50 zexabiso lawo liyehla ukusuka kwi-US $ 67 umphanda ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-US $ 30 emgqonyeni

Ukuphendula ukuxhasa amaxabiso eoyile ekrwada abethwe sisifo seCoronavirus, abavelisi beoyile abaphambili bacebisa ukunciphisa imveliso, njengoko abantu besitya kancinci kwaye behla kuhambo. Iqela labathumeli beoyile i-OPEC livumile ukunciphisa ukubonelelwa nge-1.5 yezigidi zemiphanda ngemini (bpd) kude kube nguJuni kwaye isicwangciso yayisesamazwe angengawo e-OPEC, kubandakanya

Rhashiya, ukulandela umkhwa. Nangona kunjalo, oku akwenzekanga njengoko iSaudi Arabia nge-08 Matshi ibhengeze ukuba iyonyusa imveliso, eyonyusa iimfazwe zeoyile njengoko amalungu angengawo e-OPEC aziphindezelayo, kukhokelela ekuweni kwamaxabiso eoyile.

Ukwehla kuka-2014 ngamaxabiso e-oyile ekrwada kube negalelo ekwehleni okukhulu ekukhuleni kwe-GDP kumazantsi e-Sahara e-Afrika ukusuka kwi-5.1 yeepesenti ngo-2014 ukuya kwi-1.4 yeepesenti ngo-2016. Ngelo xesha, amaxabiso eoyile ekrwada ehle ngeepesenti ezingama-56 kwisithuba seenyanga ezisixhenxe. Ukwehla kwamaxabiso eoyile ekrwada sele kukhawuleze kakhulu, abanye abahlalutyi beqikelela ukwehla kwexabiso elibi kakhulu kunango-2014. Sele amaxabiso eoyile ekrwada ehle ngeepesenti ezingama-54 kwiinyanga ezintathu ezidlulileyo ukusukela ekuqaleni konyaka, ngoku amaxabiso awela ngaphantsi kwe- $ 30 ngomgqomo. Amaxabiso ezinto ezingezo-oyile nawo ehlile ukusukela ngeyoMqungu, ngexabiso legesi yendalo kunye nentsimbi lehle ngeepesenti ezingama-30 kunye neepesenti ezi-4 ngokwahlukeneyo (iBrookings Institution, 2020). IAluminiyam nayo iwile nge-0.49%; ubhedu 0.47% kwaye zikhokelela kwi-1.64%. I-cocoa ilahlekelwe yi-21% yexabiso layo kwiintsuku ezintlanu ezidlulileyo.

Amaxabiso ehlabathi okutya okuphambili, okufana nerayisi kunye nengqolowa, anokuchaphazela amazwe ase-Afrika. Amazwe aliqela aseAfrika ngabathumeli bemveliso abasuka kwamanye amazwe kwezi mveliso. Ukuba ukuqhambuka kwe-COVID-19 bekuza kuhlala kude kube sekupheleni kwe-2020 okanye nangaphaya, umbuzo ke uyakuba kukuba amaxabiso ezi mveliso aya kuvela njani

Icandelo lokuhamba ngenqwelomoya kunye nokuhamba lelinye lawona macandelo achaphazelekayo.

Ingeniso yeshishini lokubhabha ngenqwelomoya yayiyi- $ 830 yezigidigidi ngo-2019. Ezi ngeniso zaqikelelwa kwi- $ 872 yezigidigidi ngo-2020. Njengokuba inani losulelo olutsha luqhubeka ukonyuka kuzo zonke iindawo zehlabathi, oorhulumente basebenza ngokungadinwa ukunciphisa ukosuleleka. Amazwe amaninzi amise umgama omde. Kwi-5th Ngomhla wama-2020 kuMatshi

Umbutho wezothutho lomoya (IATA) uqikelele ukuba iCovid-19 inokuliphazamisa kakhulu ishishini kwaye ibangele ilahleko malunga ne-US $ 113 yezigidigidi. Eli nani alithathelwa phantsi njengoko uninzi lwamazwe luvala imida yawo kwaye akukho mntu waziyo ukuba aza kuvulwa nini kwakhona.

Ishishini lezokhenketho nalo lijongene nemingeni efanayo. Ngokutsho koMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo woKhenketho lweHlabathi (UNWTO) uqikelelo lwamva nje, kuya kubakho ukuwa okulindelekileyo phakathi kwe-20-30% enokuthi iguqulele ekunciphiseni kweerisithi zezokhenketho zamazwe ngamazwe (ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle) phakathi kwe-US $ 300-450 yebhiliyoni, phantse isinye kwisithathu se-US $ 1.5 yetriliyoni eyenziwe ngo-2019. Ukuthathela ingqalelo iindlela zokuthengisa ezidlulileyo, kubonisa ukuba ukukhula okuxabisa phakathi kweminyaka emihlanu ukuya kwesixhenxe kuya kulahleka ngenxa yeCoronavirus. Ukwaziswa okungazange kubonwe ngaphambili kwezithintelo zokuhamba kwihlabathi liphela, abakhenkethi abafika kumazwe ngamazwe baya kuhla nge-20% ukuya kuma-30% ngo-2020 xa kuthelekiswa namanani ka-2019. Izigidi ezininzi zemisebenzi kweli shishini zisemngciphekweni wokulahleka njengoko malunga nama-80% awo onke amashishini okhenketho ingamashishini amancinci naphakathi (SMEs). UShishino lweeHotele noBundwendwe luya kuphulukana ne-20% yengeniso yalo kwaye le pesenti inokuba phezulu ukuya kuma-40% ukuya kuma-60% kumazwe afana neCambodia, Vietnam neThailand (apho icandelo limele malunga nama-20% engqesho). Ezona ndawo ziphambili zokhenketho eHlabathini yiFransi enabakhenkethi abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-89 ngonyaka, iSpain emalunga nezigidi ezingama-83; I-USA (izigidi ezingama-80), iTshayina (izigidi ezingama-63), iItali (izigidi ezingama-62), iTurkey (izigidi ezingama-46), iMexico (izigidi ezingama-41), iJamani (izigidi ezingama-39), iThailand (izigidi ezingama-38), neUnited Kingdom (izigidi ezingama-36). Ukhenketho kunye nenkxaso yohambo umsebenzi omnye kwi-10 (izigidi ezingama-319) ehlabathini kwaye ivelisa i-10.4% yeGDP yehlabathi. Ukuvalwa kwala mazwe kubonisa ukuba iya kuba nzima kangakanani impembelelo ye-Covid19 kushishino lwezokhenketho kwihlabathi.

Iimarike zezemali zehlabathi jikelele zivakalelwa ngamandla ziziphumo ezibi.

Emva kwesiqendu soMvulo oMnyama (nge-9 kaMatshi), ezona ndawo ziphambili zentengiso yesitokhwe zisandula ukufumana olunye lolona phuculo lubi kwimbali yabo kumashumi eminyaka. UDow Jones waphulukana namanqaku angama-3000 ngosuku olunye. I-FTSE ifakwe malunga ne-5% kunye nelahleko eqikelelwa ngaphezulu kwe-US $ 90 yezigidigidi, ukubiza nje ezimbini. Icandelo lebhanki liphulukene phantse ne-40% yexabiso lalo kwinyanga ephelileyo kwaye imeko isese-bearish.

Isiphathamandla sabaphathi baseTshayina sokuThengwa kweMveliso-Imilinganiselo yenqanaba lomsebenzi wefektri, esekwe KwiBloomberg. Ikhonkco lonikezo lwehlabathi lifumene ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kwi-COVID-19. Njengoko kubonisiwe kwidatha nakwitshathi kwiGrafu 7, okoko kwaqala ubhubhane we-COVID-19, imveliso e-China yehla kakhulu ukusuka kwi-50% ngoJanuwari ukuya ekupheleni kukaFebruwari 37.5%. Oku kwehla ngamandla kwezemveliso kunefuthe elibi kwizizwe njengoko i-China ingumbonelelo omkhulu woomatshini beziseko zophuhliso kunye neemoto. Ukuxhasa ukunwenwa kwesi sifo uninzi lweefektri kuye kwafuneka lucime ukusebenza.

Ukunyuka kokungabikho kwemisebenzi phakathi kwe-5.3 yezigidi (imeko "ephantsi") kunye ne-24.7 yezigidi (imeko "ephezulu"). Ukuhla ngoku kuqoqosho lwehlabathi kungonyusa intswela-ngqesho malunga nezigidi ezingama-25, ngokutsho kovavanyo olutsha lwe-International Labour Organisation (ILO). Uqikelelo lwe-ILO lunokusekwa kwicandelo lokuqesha ngokusesikweni kumazwe ahambele phambili. Ngokwengqikelelo zamvanje, izinga lengqesho elisemngciphekweni lalikwipesenti ezingama-76.6 kwiAfrika eseMazantsi eSahara, nengqesho engeyiyo yezolimo kuqoqosho olungekho sesikweni emele iipesenti ezingama-66 zengqesho iyonke kunye neepesenti ezingama-52 eMntla Afrika. Izinga lengqesho elisemngciphekweni liqikelelwa kwiipesenti ezingama-76.6 ngo-2014 (ILO, 2015).

Ukuphendula kwingxaki kumazwe ahlukeneyo Oorhulumente kwihlabathi liphela bazilungiselela impembelelo yentlekele engazange ibonwe. Impembelelo zobhubhane kunye namanyathelo okuthintela asetyenzisiweyo ukucothisa ukosuleleka kunye "nokuthambisa ijika" kuya kuchaphazela amanqanaba emisebenzi yezoqoqosho. Ngokwahlukileyo kwintlekele edlulileyo, imeko entsha idibanisa ubonelelo kunye necala lokufunwa kumacandelo amaninzi.

Ukuze kuthintelwe isiphumo sengxaki kumakhaya nakwiifemu, oorhulumente bayila uluhlu olubanzi lweempendulo zomgaqo-nkqubo, kubandakanya inkxaso-mali ethe ngqo, ukongezwa kwerhafu yeziqinisekiso, ukuhlawulwa kwenzala emiselweyo.

I-OECD ivelise ingqokelela yamanyathelo athathwe ngamazwe angamalungu ayo afumanekayo www.oecd.org/coronavirus/en/

Amazwe aliqela kunye nemimandla yezoqoqosho ithathe amanyathelo ezoqoqosho nezemali ukuhambisa i-Covid-19 ngelixa ikwabonelela ngenkxaso yemali kwimisebenzi yabo yezoqoqosho. Amaziko eBretton Woods abeke indawo ekhawulezayo yokuhlawula ityala kunye nokuxhasa ngemali ukuxhasa amazwe abo angamaLungu. Oku kulandelayo kushwankathela amanyathelo akhethiweyo athathiweyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kwinqanaba lamanye amazwe ukusukela nge-Matshi 25th, 2020:

G20: Ukujova ngaphezulu kwe- $ 5 trillion kuqoqosho lwehlabathi, njengenxalenye yomgaqo-nkqubo wezemali ekujoliswe kuwo, amanyathelo ezoqoqosho kunye nezikim zokuqinisekisa ukuthotywa kwezoqoqosho kubhubhane.

China: Oovimba abaphantsi kwaye bakhulule ngaphezulu kwe-70.6 yezigidigidi zeedola ukonyusa uqoqosho kwaye babhengeze uncedo nge-154 yezigidigidi zeedola.

Emaznstie ekorea: I-Bank yaseKorea (BOK) (ukunciphisa inzala ukusuka kwi-1.25 ukuya kwi-0.75%) kunye ne-16, 7 yezigidigidi zeedola njengempendulo kwiCovid-19.

ENgilani: I-Bhanki yaseNgilane (ukunciphisa inzala ukusuka kwi-0.75% ukuya kwi-0.25%) kwaye yabhengeza i-37 yezigidigidi njengempendulo kwiCovid-19

I-European Union: I-ECB ibhengeze iNkxaso ku-EU Uqoqosho lwe-750 yezigidi zeerandi.

Fransi: ibhengeze i-334 yezigidigidi ze-Euro njengempendulo kwiCovid-19

Jemani: I-13.38 yezigidigidi ze-Euro njengempendulo kwiCovid-19

I-United States: I-US Federal Reserve iye yanciphisa umgaqo-nkqubo wayo ngamanqaku ayi-150 kwisiseko se-0 - 0.25 yeepesenti kwezi veki zimbini zidlulileyo kwaye yazisa amanyathelo okuhlawula amatyala ukunciphisa imeko yezemali kunye noRhulumente wase-US wabela i-2000 yezigidigidi ukuxhasa ii-SME, iKhaya : Usapho lwabantu abayi-4 $ 3000; Iinkampani ezinkulu ezingama-500 ezibhiliyoni zeedola, i-50 yezigidi zeedola kwiShishini leenqwelo moya

Ostreliya: I-10.7 yezigidi zeedola

Nyu Zilend: I-7.3 yezigidi zeedola

Ibhanki yeHlabathi: I-12 yezigidi zeedola

IMF: Ihleli ilungele ukudibanisa i-1 trillion yokubolekisa ngemali yokunceda amalungu ayo. Ezi zixhobo zinokubonelela ngokulandelelana kwe- $ 50 yezigidigidi kuqoqosho olusakhulayo kunye nophuhliso. Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10 yezigidigidi zeedola kunokwenziwa ukuba ifumaneke kumalungu anengeniso ephantsi kusetyenziswa izibonelelo zemali ezihlawulwayo, eziphethe inzala

UHLAHLELO LWEmpembelelo KWEZOQOQOSHO ZASEMZANTSI AFRIKA

Ingxaki ye-Covid-19 ichaphazela uqoqosho lwehlabathi liphela kunye neAfrika. Amanye amacandelo aphambili kuqoqosho lwaseAfrika sele enengxaki yokudodobala ngenxa yalo bhubhani. Ukhenketho, uthutho lomoya, kunye necandelo le-oyile zichaphazeleka ngokubonakalayo. Nangona kunjalo, iimpembelelo ezingabonakaliyo zeCovid-19 kulindeleke kwi2020 ngaphandle kwexesha lobhubhane. Ukuvavanya, iimeko zenziwe (jonga isihlomelo 1) ngokusekelezelwe ekucingeni ethathela ingqalelo iingxaki zoqoqosho, ezabemi kunye nezentlalo.

Ukuvavanya ifuthe, iphepha lijonga ezi meko zimbini zilandelayo:

Inkcazo 1: Kule meko yokuqala, ubhubhane uhlala iinyanga ezi-4 eYurophu, eTshayina naseMelika ngaphambi kokulawulwa oku kulandelayo: Disemba 15, 2019 - 15 Matshi 2020 eChina (iinyanga ezi-3), ngoFebruwari-Meyi 2020 eYurophu (iinyanga ezi-4 ), Matshi-Juni 2020 (US) (iinyanga ezi-4) i-China, i-Yurophu ne-Melika (i-USA, Canada kunye nabanye) kumaxesha kaDisemba 15, 2019 - 15 Matshi 2020 e-China (iinyanga ezi-3), ngoFebruwari-ngoMeyi 2020 eYurophu. (Iinyanga ezi-4), Matshi-Juni 2020 (US) (iinyanga ezi-4). Uqoqosho lwabo kulindeleke ukuba lubuyele kwimeko yesiqhelo kaJulayi 2020. Kule meko, ubhubhane uza kuhlala iinyanga ezi-5 ukusukela ngoMatshi ukuya kuJulayi 2020 ngaphambi kokuba uzinze (i-Afrika ayichaphazeleki kakhulu, imigaqo-nkqubo kunye namanyathelo abekiweyo ukuthwala kunye neenkxaso zamaqabane. , kwaye unyango luya kunciphisa ukusasazeka kwalo bhubhane.

Inkcazo 2: Kule meko, sithathela ingqalelo iindlela ezi-3 zobhubhane: iinyanga ezi-4 (kweyoMnga -Matshi) e-China, iinyanga ezi-6 (ngoFebruwari-Juni) kumazwe aseYurophu nawaseMelika kunye neenyanga ezisi-8 (Matshi-Agasti) kumazwe aseAfrika. Kule meko, ipharamitha kukusebenza kwamanyathelo ezopolitiko athe ongezwa kubuchule beziseko zokuvavanya ixesha elinokubakho lobhubhane kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo.

Impembelelo yeHlabathi kuQoqosho lwaseAfrika
Eli candelo livavanya ifuthe likaCovid-19 kuhlumo loqoqosho lwaseAfrika nakwamanye amacandelo athile.

Impembelelo kuhlumo loqoqosho lwaseAfrika

Ukukhula kwe-Afrika kuye kwaphucuka kakhulu kule minyaka ilishumi ka-2000-2010. Emva kweli shumi leminyaka lokuzithemba okuhlaziyiweyo, amathandabuzo anyukile kwisakhono seAfrika sokugcina amanqanaba aphezulu okukhula okuzinzileyo. Isizathu esibalulekileyo soku kuthandabuza yayikukuxhomekeka okungagungqiyo koqoqosho olukhulu eAfrika kumaxabiso ezinto zehlabathi.

Ukuguqulwa kwexabiso lezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo eziqale ngo-2014, kumisa kwisiqendu sokukhula okuphezulu okungazange kubonwe ngaphambili ngo-2000, ukusukela ngeminyaka yee-1970. Ukukhula kwezoqoqosho kuye kwehla, ukusuka kwi-5% nge-avareji phakathi ko-2000 ukuya ku-2014 ukuya ku-3.3% phakathi ko-2015 no-2019. Emva kwexesha elifutshane lomdlandla kunye nemincili, i-Afrika iphinde yajongana nezinga elaneleyo lokukhula ukuze lifikelele kumgangatho wezoqoqosho. . Nangona kunjalo, iManyano yase-Afrika iqikelele ukukhula kwe-7% yelizwekazi ukunciphisa intlupheko.

Uqikelelo benqanaba eliphakathi elinikezwe ukukhula kwe-3.4% kwi-2020 (AfDB, 2019). Nangona kunjalo, zinefuthe elibi kumacandelo aphambili ezoqoqosho afana nokhenketho, uhambo, nokuthumela ngaphandle; Ngokwehla kwamaxabiso ezinto zorhwebo, ukwehla kwezixhobo zikarhulumente ukuxhasa ngezemali utyalo-mali loluntu, akunakuba lula ukufumana olu qikelelo luqinisekileyo lwamazinga okukhula ngo-2020.

Ukukhula okucetywayo ngo-2020 (phambi kweengxaki ze-COVID-19 ze-S1 (Ukuhla kwexabiso xa kuthelekiswa nexabiso ngo-2020) Iimpembelelo ze-S2 (Ukunciphisa xa kuthelekiswa nexabiso ngo-2020)

Kwimeko ezimbini, ukukhula kwe-Afrika kuya kwehla kakhulu kumazinga amabi. Ukuqala kwesiseko esisezantsi S0 , ngaphandle kokuvela kweCovid-19, izinga lokukhula kwe-3.4% ukuya e-Afrika kwi-2020 (AfDB, 2020). S1  kunye S2 iimeko (eziyinyani kunye nethemba) ziqikelela ukukhula okungalunganga koqoqosho -0.8% (ilahleko ye-  I-4.18 pp ngokuthelekisa ingqikelelo yokuqala) kunye -1.1 ipesenti (ilahleko ye-4.51 iphe xa kuthelekiswa neyokuqala  ingqikelelo) yamazwe ase-Afrika ngo-2020. Umndilili wecandelo elingumndilili ophakathi wobungakanani bamathuba1  kwezi meko zimbini kwaye ibonisa ukukhula okungalunganga kwe -0.9 yeepesenti (-4.49% pp xa kuthelekiswa nengqikelelo yokuqala).

Ubhubhane we-COVID-19 uhlasele phantse onke amazwe ase-Afrika kwaye ubonakala elungele ukuba mandundu ngakumbi. Ukuphazanyiswa koqoqosho lwehlabathi kusetyenziswa amaxokelelwane amaxabiso ehlabathi, ukwehla ngesiquphe kumaxabiso ezinto kunye neengeniso zemali kunye nokunyanzeliswa kohambo kunye nezithintelo zentlalo kumazwe amaninzi ase-Afrika zezona zinto zibangela ukukhula okungalunganga. Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kunye nokungeniswa kwamazwe aseAfrika kuqikelelwa ukuba kwehle okungenani i-35% ukusuka kwinqanaba elifikelelwe ngo-2019. Yiyo ke loo nto, ilahleko yexabiso iqikelelwa kumawaka angama-270 ezigidi zeedola zaseMelika. Ukulwa nokusasazeka kwintsholongwane kunye nonyango lonyango kuya kukhokelela ekunyukeni kwenkcitho yoluntu e-Afrika eqikelelwa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-130 yezigidigidi.

Uqikelelo olwenziwe kwezi meko zimbini kukuba zinokuxhotyiswa ngenxa yoko zinethuba elifanayo lokufezekiswa.

 

Ukuphulukana nomsebenzi kunye nemisebenzi kwi-Afrika yoKhenketho kunye noShishino lwezohambo

Ezokhenketho, icandelo elibalulekileyo lomsebenzi wezoqoqosho kumazwe amaninzi e-Afrika, liya kuchaphazeleka kakhulu yi-COVID-19 ngokwenziwa kwemida yokuhamba, ukuvalwa kwemida kunye nokudideka kwezentlalo. IATA iqikelela igalelo lezoqoqosho kumzi mveliso wezothutho lomoya e-Afrika kwi-US $ 55.8 yezigidigidi zeedola, ixhasa imisebenzi ezizigidi ezi-6.2 kunye negalelo le-2.6% ye-GDP. Ezi zithintelo zichaphazela iinkampani zeenqwelo moya zamanye amazwe ezibandakanya iinqwelomoya zaseAfrika iIthiopia Airlines, Egyptair, Kenya Airways, South African Airways, njl. Nangona kunjalo, kumaxesha aqhelekileyo, iinqwelomoya zihamba zijikeleze iipesenti ezingama-35 zorhwebo lwehlabathi, kwaye umsebenzi ngamnye kwizithuthi zomoya uxhasa abanye abangama-24 kwikhonkco lokuhamba nokhenketho, elidala imisebenzi engange-70 yezigidi (IATA, 2020).

Unxibelelwano oluvela kwi-IATA lubonise ukuba “ukubhukisha kwamazwe e-Afrika kwehle malunga ne-20% ngo-Matshi nango-Epreli, ukubhukisha kwasekhaya kwehle malunga ne-15% ngo-Matshi ne-25% ngo-Epreli. Ngokwedatha yamva nje, ukubuyiswa kwamatikiti kunyuke nge-75% ngo-2020 xa kuthelekiswa kwangexesha elifanayo ngo-2019 (nge-01 kaFebruwari-11 kweyoKwindla) “.

Ngokwedatha efanayo, iinqwelomoya zaseAfrika sele zilahlekile i-US $ 4.4 yezigidigidi kwingeniso ngo-Matshi 11, 2020 ngenxa ye-COVID19. I-Ethiopian Airlines ibonakalise ilahleko ye- $ 190 yezigidi.

Inani labakhenkethi kwilizwekazi liqhubekile nokukhula ngomndilili wokukhula ngonyaka we-5% kwi-15 rhoqo kwi-70 kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Inani labo lalimalunga ne-2019 yezigidi ngo-75 kwaye liqikelelwa kwi-2020 yezigidi ngo-XNUMX (UNWTO). Ukuhamba kunye nokhenketho yenye yeenjini eziphambili zokukhula koqoqosho lwase-Afrika, zibalelwa kwi-8.5% ye-GDP ngo-2019 ngokweBhunga leHlabathi loKhenketho kunye nokuHamba (WTTC).

 Ingeniso yezoKhenketho kwi-GDP (%) kwamanye amazwe ase-Afrika ngo-2019

Kumazwe ali-15 ase-Afrika, icandelo lezokhenketho limele ngaphezulu kwe-10% ye-GDP nakuma-20 kwama-55 ama-Afrika aseMelika, isabelo sokhenketho kubutyebi besizwe singaphezulu kwe-8%. Eli candelo lifaka isandla kakhulu kwi-GDP kumazwe afana neSeychelles, Cape Verde kunye neMauritius (ngaphezulu kwama-25% eGDP).

Ezokhenketho ziqeshe abantu abangaphezulu kwesigidi kula mazwe alandelayo: ENigeria, iTopiya, uMzantsi Afrika, iKenya, neTanzania. Ingqesho yezokhenketho iquka ngaphezulu kweepesenti ezingama-20 zengqesho epheleleyo eSeychelles, eCape Verde, eSão Tomé nasePríncipe, naseMauritius. Ngexesha lobunzima obudlulileyo, kubandakanya nengxaki yemali ka-2008 kunye nokothuka kwamaxabiso eemveliso zango-2014, ukhenketho lwase-Afrika lwafumana ilahleko efikelela kwi-7.2 yezigidigidi zeedola.

Ngaphantsi komndilili, icandelo lokhenketho kunye nezohambo e-Afrika zinokuphulukana ne- $ 50 yezigidigidi ngenxa yobhubhane we-Covid 19 kwaye ubuncinci zizigidi ezi-2 zemisebenzi ethe ngqo nengathanga ngqo.

Ukuthumela kwelinye ilizwe eAfrika

Ngokwe-UNTACD, ngeli thuba (2015-2019), i-Afrika iyonke i-avareji yexabiso lokurhweba yayiyi-US $ 760 yezigidigidi ngonyaka emele i-29% ye-GDP yase-Afrika. Iakhawunti yorhwebo lwangaphakathi e-Afrika yi-17% kuphela yorhwebo olupheleleyo lwamazwe aseAfrika.

Urhwebo lwangaphakathi e-Afrika lolunye lwezona ziphantsi xa kuthelekiswa neminye imimandla yehlabathi, nge-16.6% yetotali iyonke. Amanqanaba asezantsi otshintsho kwimizi-mveliso, uphuhliso lweziseko zophuhliso, ukudityaniswa kwezezimali nezemali kunye nomrhumo kunye nezithintelo ezingezizo zerhafu, zingumthombo wale meko. Oku kwenza uqoqosho lwaseAfrika lube luqoqosho oludlamkileyo kwaye luthathelwe kwizothuso nakwizigqibo zangaphandle.

Amaqabane oRhwebo eAfrika

Ukuthunyelwa kwelinye ilizwe kwilizwekazi kulawulwa zizinto ezisetyenziswayo, ezizibeka kwizibonelelo eziphantsi ezivela kumashishini aseYurophu, eAsia naseMelika. Ukuhla kwamaxabiso eoyile ekrwada kunye nokufunwa kwesivumelwano kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukukhula kwamazwe aseAfrika.

Amaqabane aphambili kwezorhwebo e-Afrika aquka i-European Union, i-China kunye ne-United States. I-European Union, ngokusebenzisa i-EU ngenxa yobudlelane obomeleleyo bembali nezwekazi lase-Afrika, yenza utshintsho oluninzi, olwenza i-34%. Amashumi amahlanu anesithoba eepesenti (iipesenti ezingama-59) zokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe eMntla Afrika ziseYurophu, xa kuthelekiswa nama-20.7% kuMazantsi eAfrika. I-China kwimizi-mveliso yayo eguqukayo sele iphakamise inqanaba lorhwebo lwayo ne-Afrika: i-18.5% yokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe e-Afrika isiya e-China. Amashumi amane anesine eepesenti (44.3%) yokuthunyelwa kwelinye ilizwe e-Central Africa aya e-China, xa kuthelekiswa ne-6.3% ye-North Africa (AUC / OECD, 2019).

Ngaphezulu kwesithathu samazwe ase-Afrika afumana uninzi lwezixhobo zawo kuthumelo lwezixhobo ezingafunekiyo. Ukukhula okumangalisayo koqoqosho phantse kweepesenti ezi-5 okufumene iAfrika kwiminyaka eli-14 eyandulela u-2014 kuxhaswe ikakhulu ngamaxabiso emveliso aphezulu. Umzekelo, ukwehla kuka-2014 kumaxabiso eoyile kube negalelo ekunciphiseni ukukhula kweGDP kwi-Afrika esemaZantsi eSahara ukusuka kwiipesenti ezi-5.1 ngo-2014 ukuya kuma-1.4 epesenti ngowama-2016.

Izixhobo ezingavuselelekiyo zaseAfrika zithunyelwa ngaphandle njengepesenti ye-GDP ukusukela ngo-2000 ukuya ku-2017.

Namhlanje, i-oyile ekrwada ijongene nokothuka okukhulu kwimbali yayo, iwela ngaphantsi kweedola ezingama-30 umphanda, ngenxa yokupheliswa korhwebo lwehlabathi (olwaqala e-China ukusukela ngoJanuwari) kulandela ubhubhane we-Covid-19 kwaye kwangaxeshanye ukungavisisani phakathi ISaudi Arabia neRashiya. Ngenxa yokuhla kwamaxabiso eoyile ngoku, olona phazamiso lukhulu kwezorhwebo luza kuba kwezoqoqosho olubuthathaka, kunye neAlgeria, iAngola, iCameroon, iChad, iEquatorial Guinea, iGabon, iGhana, iNigeria, kunye neRiphabhlikhi yaseCongo phakathi kwezona zichaphazelekileyo.

Amazwe e-CEMAC aya kubethwa kanobom kukuhla kwexabiso leoyile, okuya kuthi kwandise ukunqongophala kwemali yamanye amazwe kwaye mhlawumbi kuqinise umbono wokuthotywa kweCFA. Ukuthumela kwelinye ilizwe i-oyile kususela kwipesenti ezi-3 ze-GDP eMzantsi Afrika (sele ikwimo yokudodobala kwaye ibonakalisa isimo sokukhula esibuthathaka) ukuya kuthi ga kuma-40 eepesenti e-Equatorial Guinea kwaye phantse kuwo wonke umzi othunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle eSouth Sudan, kwaye ingumthombo ophambili wengeniso yelizwe. ENigeria naseAngola, abona bavelisi beoyile baninzi kwilizwekazi, ingeniso yeoyile imele ngaphezulu kwe-90% yokuthumela ngaphandle kunye nangaphezulu kwe-70% yohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwesizwe, kwaye ukwehla kwamaxabiso kuya kubabetha ngendlela efanayo.

IKhomishini yezoQoqosho yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ye-Afrika (i-UNECA) iqikelela ilahleko enxulumene nokuwa kwamaxabiso emgqomo kwi-65 yezigidigidi zeedola zaseMelika, apho ukuya kuthi ga kwi-19 yezigidigidi zeedola zaseMelika kulindeleke eNigeria. Umzekelo, iNigeria yenze uqikelelo lwayo lohlahlo-lwabiwo mali kwikota yokuqala ngokusekwe kwintelekelelo yexabiso elidala lomgqomo kwiidola ezingama-67 zaseMelika. Eli xabiso ngoku lehle ngaphezulu kwe-50% (iZiko loPhuhliso le-OECD, 2020). Ityala laseNigeria lishwankathela imeko yamazwe ngokuxhomekeke kwimali eyingeniso ngokukodwa kwizinto ezingafunekiyo ngokubanzi, zonke ezi kufuneka ngoku zinciphise uqikelelo lwengeniso ubuncinci kwikota ezimbini zokuqala. Uqikelelo lubonisa ukuba iAngola neNigeria ngokudibeneyo banokulahla ukuya kuthi ga kwi-65 yezigidigidi kumvuzo. Oku kuyakuba nesiphumo sokunciphisa oovimba betshintshiselwano bangaphandle bala mazwe kunye nokukwazi kwabo ukuphumeza iinkqubo zabo zophuhliso ngokulula, kwaye iinzame zokunciphisa indlala ziya kuthatha inxaxheba. Ngapha koko, la mazwe azakufuna izixhobo ezibalulekileyo ukulwa ubundlobongela be-Covid-19 kunye nefuthe lezoqoqosho. Ukusukela nge-4 ka-Matshi, malunga neepesenti ezingama-70 zemithwalo yeoyile ekrwada evela eAngola naseNigeria bezingathengiswanga, kwaye abanye abathengisa i-oyile baseAfrika abanjengoGabon neCongo nabo bafumana ubunzima ekufumaneni abathengi. ISouth Sudan kunye ne-Eretria nazo ziyachaphazeleka ngenxa yokuwa korhwebo kunye nokuqhekeka konikezelo eChina. I-China ithenga iakhawunti yeepesenti ezingama-95 zazo zonke izinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle eSouth Sudan kunye neepesenti ezingama-58 ze-Eritrea.

Ukungeniswa kwe-Afrika kungeniswa yi-Covid-19. Ukungeniswa kwempahla ngaphakathi elizweni kunye nokunqongophala kwezinto ezisisiseko zabathengi ezingeniswe zivela e-China zonyuse ukunyuka kwamaxabiso eMzantsi Afrika, eGhana, njl. Njl. Abangenisi abancinci, abarhwebi kunye nabathengi eNigeria, eUganda, eMozambiki naseNiger bachaphazeleke kakhulu yile ngxaki njengoko befumana imali yokuthengisa iimveliso zaseTshayina ezinje ngamalaphu, izinto ze-elektroniki kunye nempahla yabaninimzi.

Inkxaso mali yangaphandle eAfrika

Uqoqosho lwaseAfrika luhlala lujamelene nokungalingani kweakhawunti ngoku okuqhutywa kukusilela kwezorhwebo. Njengoko ukuhlanganiswa kwengeniso yasekhaya kuhlala kusezantsi e-Afrika, amazwe amaninzi ase-Afrika axhomekeke kakhulu kwimithombo yamanye amazwe yokuxhasa ngezemali intsilelo yabo yangoku. Babandakanya i-FDI, utyalo-mali lweepotifoliyo, ukuthunyelwa, uncedo olusemthethweni lophuhliso, kunye namatyala angaphandle. Nangona kunjalo, ukucuthwa okulindelweyo okanye ukwehla kwamazwe okuqala kungakhokelela ekwehleni kwinqanaba loNcedo oluSemthethweni loPhuhliso (i-ODA), uTyalo mali oluNgaphandle lwaNgaphandle (FDI), ukungena kwePotifoliyo yotyalo-mali kunye nokuThunyelwa kwemali eAfrika. Ilahleko enokubakho kwirhafu nakwinkxaso-mali yangaphandle ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwemisebenzi yezoqoqosho iya kuthintela amandla amazwe ase-Afrika ukuxhasa ngemali uphuhliso lwawo kwaye ikhokelele kwixabiso langaphandle lemali yalapha ehla ize yehle.

Iintlawulo: Ukuthunyelwa kwemali kuye kwaba ngowona mthombo mkhulu wokuhamba kwemali e-Afrika ukuya e-Afrika ukusukela ngo-2010, kubalwa malunga nesinye kwisithathu semali engenayo yangaphandle. Amele owona mthombo uzinzileyo wokuqukuqela, kuba iphantse yanda ngokuqhubekayo ivolumu ukusukela ngo-2010. Nangona kunjalo, ngemisebenzi yezoqoqosho egolide ebalekayo kumazwe amaninzi ahambele phambili kunye nasakhulayo, ukuthunyelwa e-Afrika kunokuba namava okwehla okukhulu.

Ukuthunyelwa kwemali njengesabelo se-GDP kudlula kwipesenti ezi-5 kumazwe ayi-13 ase-Afrika, kwaye kuluhlu oluphezulu ukuya kuma-23 eepesenti eLesotho nangaphezulu kwipesenti ezili-12 eComoros, eGambia naseLiberia. Ithathiwe kunye, uqoqosho olukhulu e-Afrika, i-Egypt kunye ne-Nigeria, zenza iipesenti ezingama-60 zokungeniswa kwemali e-Afrika.

Utyalomali ngqo lwangaphandle: Ngokutsho kwe-UNCTAD (2019), ukuhamba kwe-FDI ukuya e-Afrika kunyuke ukuya kwi-46 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngaphandle kokuhla kwehlabathi, ukunyuka kweepesenti ezili-11 emva kokuhla okulandelelanayo ngo-2016 kunye no-2017. eMzantsi Afrika emva kweminyaka emininzi yokungena kwinqanaba eliphantsi. Amazwe aphezulu ama-5 afumana i-2017: uMzantsi Afrika (i-5.3 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, + 165.8%), iYiputa (i-6.8 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, -8.2%); IMorocco (i-3.6 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, + 35.5%), iCongo (i-4.3 yezigidigidi, -2.1%); kunye Ethiopia ($ 3.3 billion, -17.6%). Ngeemeko zokusasazeka kobhubhane ukusuka kuzinziso lwexesha elifutshane ukuya ekuqhubekeni unyaka wonke, ukuhla okulindelweyo kokuqukuqela kwe-FDI yehlabathi kuya kuba phakathi kwe-5% kunye ne-15% (xa kuthelekiswa noqikelelo lwangaphambili olubonisa ukukhula komda kwindlela ye-FDI 2020-2021). Ngokusekwe kwidatha ye-UNCTAD, i-OECD ibonise kwangethuba, imiqondiso enokubakho ye-Covid-19 yempembelelo kwi-FDI ephinde yatyalwa imivuzo kumazwe asaphuhlayo. Ngaphezulu kwesibini kwisithathu samashishini ezizwe ngezizwe (MNEs) kwi-UNCTAD's Top 100, i-bellwether yeendlela zotyalo-mali ngokubanzi, akhuphe iingxelo ngefuthe le-Covid-19 kumashishini abo.

Uninzi luyehlisa isantya senkcitho kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo. Ukongeza, inzuzo esezantsi-ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-41 ikhuphe izilumkiso zenzuzo-iya kuguqulela kwimivuzo ephantsi ebuyiselwe (icandelo eliphambili le-FDI). Ngokomndilili, ii-MNEs ezingama-5000 eziphezulu, ezenza isabelo esibalulekileyo se-FDI yehlabathi, zikubonile ukuhla kohlaziyo lwengqikelelo yomvuzo we-2020 ye-9% ngenxa yeCovid-19. Okona kubethwa kakhulu kushishino lweemoto (-44%), iinqwelomoya (-42%) kunye namandla kunye nezixhobo ezisisiseko kumzi mveliso (-13%). Inzuzo yee-MNE esekwe kuqoqosho olusakhulayo zisemngciphekweni ngakumbi kunaleyo yamazwe aphuhlileyo i-MNE: ilizwe elisaphuhlayo Isikhokelo senzuzo ye-MNE iphinde yahlaziywa nge-16%. E-Afrika, olu hlaziyo lufikelela kwi-1%, xa kuthelekiswa ne-18% e-Asiya, kunye ne-6% kwi-LAC (UNCTAD, 2020). Ngapha koko, sele kukho ukurhoxiswa kwemali enkulu enkulu kwilizwekazi; umzekelo, eNigeria i-All Share Index ibhalise ukusebenza kwayo okona kubi kwiminyaka elishumi ekuqaleni kuka-Matshi njengoko abatyali mali baphesheya baphuma. Iingcali ziqikelela ukuba iAfrika iphela inokulahleka ukuya kuthi ga kwi-15% yokungena kwe-FDI kwilizwekazi.

Amazwe amaninzi ase-Afrika asaqhubeka nokuxhomekeka kakhulu kuncedo olusemthethweni lophuhliso lwezemali ukuxhasa uphuhliso lwabo ngenxa yeemeko zabo zoqoqosho. Ngokwedatha ye-OECD, ukuphela kuka-2017, i-ODA imele i-4% kunye ne-6.2% ye-GDP ngokwahlukeneyo kuMbindi we-Afrika naseMpuma Afrika.

Kumazwe ali-12 ase-Afrika, ukungena kwe-ODA ngo-2017 kudlule kwi-10% ye-GDP (nge-63.5% eSouth Sudan). I-ODA yenze i-9.2% ye-GDP yamazwe aseAfrika anengeniso ephantsi (i-AUC / OECD, 2019). Imeko yezoqoqosho yangoku kumazwe abaxhasi inokuba nefuthe kubungakanani be-ODA ehanjiswe kula mazwe.

Ingeniso kaRhulumente, inkcitho karhulumente kunye netyala elizimeleyo

Ukusukela ngo-2006, ingeniso yerhafu inyuke kakhulu ngokugqibeleleyo, njengoko amazwe ase-Afrika ebekhula etyeba. Ingeniso yerhafu inyuke ngokugqibeleleyo. Owona mthombo wengeniso yerhafu yayiyirhafu kwimpahla kunye neenkonzo, ezenza i-53.7% yengeniso iyonke ngokomyinge kwi-2017 ngeVAT kuphela emele ama-29.4%. Umyinge werhafu ukuya kwi-GDP ususela kwi-5.7% eNigeria ukuya kwi-31.5% eSeychelles ngo-2017. Kuphela yiSeychelles, iTunisia, uMzantsi Afrika neMorocco ezazinomlinganiselo weRhafu-to-GDP ongaphezulu kwama-25% ngelixa uninzi lwamazwe ase-Afrika ehla phakathi kwe-11.0% kunye ne-21.0%. Umyinge weRhafu-to-GDP umyinge we-17.2% usezantsi kakhulu (xa kuthelekiswa namazwe aseLatin American (22.8% kunye namazwe e-OECD (34.2%) (AU / OECD / ATAF, 2019) yokuxhasa iinkonzo ezisisiseko kwezentlalo ingakumbi ukhathalelo lwempilo ngamathuba aphezulu okusasazeka kweCovid19 eAfrika. Amazwe angama-20 eAfrika jikelele angalahlekelwa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-20 ukuya kwi-30% yengeniso-mali yayo, eqikelelwa kwi-500 yezigidigidi ngo-2019. Oorhulumente abayi kuba nandlela yimbi ngaphandle kokuthembela kwiimarike zamanye amazwe. ezinokuthi zonyuse amanqanaba amazwe etyala.

Ityala kufuneka lisetyenziselwe utyalo-mali olunemveliso okanye utyalo-mali lokukhulisa ukukhula kunokugcina izicwangciso zabo zenkcitho. Kukho amathuba aphezulu okuba amazwe amaninzi anokujamelana nokunyanzeliswa kwityala langaphandle kunye neendleko zokulungisa ngenxa yokwanda kwentsilelo yemali njengoko kugxininiswa ngakumbi ekuzalisekiseni iimfuno zentlalo kubandakanya iinkqubo zokhathalelo lwempilo, ukhuthazo lwentlalo noqoqosho kubaninikhaya, Ii-SME kunye namashishini. Ukanti isinye kwisithathu samazwe ase-Afrika sele okanye sele eza kuba semngciphekweni omkhulu ngenxa yokunyuka ngokukhawuleza kwamanqanaba etyala ngenxa yelizwe jikelele (ukunyuka kwabanikeli bamazwe amabini kunye nabangengabo abahlali kwimirhumo ekhutshwe kuzwelonke kwimakethi yase-Afrika) . Amatyala kumazwe amaninzi ase-Afrika akwimvumelwano kwaye amaziko amaninzi akanayo enye indlela ngaphandle kokunceda amazwe ukuba afumane imiqathango elula. Nangona kunjalo, amazwe ane-acommercial matyala avela kuqoqosho olusakhulayo ayakudinga ukucokisa kule ngxaki yezoqoqosho ikhoyo. Ngokwe-EIU Viewswire (2020), iirhafu zokutshintsha okungagunyaziswanga kwimicimbi emihlanu ezimeleyo inyukile (iAngola ngama-408% ngonyaka ngasekupheleni kuka-Matshi, eNigeria ngama-270% naseMzantsi Afrika ngo-101%.

Lo mkhwa unxunguphalisa ngakumbi kuba umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali kumazwe ase-Afrika ujikeleza kakhulu, oko kuthetha ukuba inkcitho inyuka ngamaxesha amnandi kodwa iwele kokubi. Inkcitho yoluntu iyachaphazeleka ngenxa yokunqongophala kwezixhobo eziza kwenziwa yingxaki yeCovid-19. Inkcitho kulwakhiwo lwezixhobo zokuhla inokuhla okungenani i-25% ngenxa yengeniso ephantsi yerhafu kunye nobunzima ekuhlanganiseni izixhobo zangaphandle.

Inkcitho karhulumente kumazwe ase-Afrika imele i-19% ye-GDP yelizwekazi kwaye inegalelo kwi-20% kuhlumo loqoqosho lonyaka. Inkcitho yoluntu e-Afrika ilawulwa yinkcitho kwezempilo, kwezemfundo nakwezokhuselo nokhuseleko. Ezi ndawo zintathu zimele ngaphezulu kwe-3% yenkcitho yoluntu. Inkcitho karhulumente kwinkqubo yokhathalelo lwempilo kulindeleke ukuba inyuke ukuze kuthintelwe ukusasazeka kweCovid70 kunye nokunciphisa ifuthe kuqoqosho. Njengesikhumbuzo, i-Ebola yathatha ubomi be-19 kwaye iBhanki yeHlabathi yaqikelela ilahleko yezoqoqosho eyi- $ 11,300bn, kanti intsholongwane yahlasela kuphela uMbindi kunye neNtshona Afrika.

Ingqesho: Ngelixa amanyathelo oqoqosho enzelwe ukuxhasa icandelo elisesikweni, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba singazi ukuba icandelo elingekho sesikweni kumazwe asakhasayo lifaka igalelo malunga neepesenti ezingama-35 ze-GDP kwaye liqeshe ngaphezulu kweepesenti ezingama-75 zabasebenzi. Ubungakanani bokungacwangciswanga bubonisa phantse iipesenti ezingama-55 zemveliso yekhaya eyongezelekileyo (i-GDP) ye-Afrika esemaZantsi eSahara, ngokweBhanki yoPhuhliso yase-Afrika (2014) nokuba izifundo ezizezinye zibonise ukuba isusela kumgangatho ophantsi wama-20 ukuya kuma-25 eepesenti eMauritius , EMzantsi Afrika naseNamibia ukuya kuma-50 ukuya kuma-65 epesenti eBenin, eTanzania naseNigeria (IMF, 2018). Ngaphandle kwecandelo lezolimo, ukungabikho sikweni kumele phakathi kwe-30% kunye ne-90% yengqesho. Ukongeza, i-econo engacwangciswanga21 e-Afrika ihlala iphakathi kwezona zinkulu ehlabathini kwaye iqulathe uhlobo lwezothuso kwezentlalo kwizixeko ezikhulu zaseAfrika. Kumazwe amaninzi aseAfrika, ukuya kuthi ga kwiipesenti ezingama-90 zabasebenzi abakwingqesho engekho sesikweni (i-AUC / OECD, 2018). Phantse izigidi ezingama-20 zemisebenzi, kumacandelo asemthethweni nakwamatyotyombe, ayoyikiswa ngentshabalalo kwilizwekazi xa imeko iqhubeka. Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamatyathanga exabiso, ukutshixwa kwabemi nokuvalwa kweendawo zokutyela, iindawo zentselo, abathengisi, urhwebo olungekho sikweni njalo njalo kungakhokelela kuphazamiseko kwimisebenzi emininzi engekho sikweni. Imibutho emalunga ne-10 yabadlali abangaqhelekanga eMzantsi Afrika yenze ikhwelo kuRhulumente ukuba abonelele ngeniso endaweni yabantu abangakwaziyo ukusebenza ngexesha lokuvala. Amanye amazwe afana neMorocco sele ebeka iindlela zokuxhasa amakhaya. Ngokunika ubungakanani becandelo elingamiselekanga e-Afrika, urhulumente wesizwe kufuneka athathe amanyathelo kwangoko okuxhasa abantu abaziphilisa ngalo.

Ukuxhasa icandelo elingekho sesikweni, ayizukuqinisekisa nje ngokusebenza kwamanyathelo okuthintela ukusasazeka kwesi sifo kunye nokuxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwamakhaya kodwa iya kunciphisa umngcipheko woqhushululu lwentlalo. Kwixesha eliphakathi nelide, oorhulumente baseAfrika kufuneka baxhase ukwenziwa ngokusesikweni kwecandelo elingaqhelekanga ngokugxininisa kulwandiso lokhuseleko lwentlalo kubasebenzi becandelo. Kwicandelo elisemthethweni, abasebenzi beenqwelo moya kunye neenkampani ezibandakanyeka kwezokhenketho zezona zichaphazeleka kakhulu, kwimeko yokungaxhaswa yiRhulumente wase-Afrika.

Ngokubanzi, i-Covid19 inokuba nefuthe elisecaleni-ukungazinzi koluntu okunxulunyaniswa nesiqulatho seCoronavirus.

Kwelinye icala, imeko kaxakeka yezempilo yesizwe inokubangela ukuba abantu bashiye bucala izikhalazo zabo zopolitiko (nabani na uyazi ukuba iivesti ezimthubi ziyintoni eFrance kwezi ntsuku?) - kwelinye icala, nali ibali malunga nabasebenzi bezempilo abasibhozo ababulawa IGuinea ngexesha le-Ebola:

Kumazwe aneembali ezinde zobundlobongela bamahlelo, oku kunokubaxhalabisa.

Inkqubo yokhathalelo lwezeMpilo iya kujongana nengxaki: Ingxaki yeCovid19 izolula iinkqubo zezempilo esele zikho kweli lizwekazi. Ibango labaguli be-covid-19 liya kugqithisa kumaziko ezempilo kunye nezigulana ezinezifo ezinobunzima obufana noGawulayo, isifo sephepha neMalaria ziya kuswela ukufikelela kunye / okanye ukhathalelo olwaneleyo kwaye oku kungakhokelela ekuguleni nasekufeni. Ukongeza, ubhubhane we-Coivd-19 ekugqibeleni uza kudala ukunqongophala kwamayeza nezixhobo zempilo. Abona bathengisi bakhulu be-Afrika ngamayeza yi-European Union ne-Asia. Nangona kunjalo, iinkampani ezivelisa iziyobisi kula mazwe ziye zema ngenxa yamanyathelo okuphelisa ngokuqatha athathwe kumazwe achaphazelekayo njengeSpain, i-Itali neFrance. Ke ngoko, ukuba ubhubhane ukwinqanaba eliphezulu, kuya kuba nzima kula mazwe ukunyanga izigulana zawo. Landry, Ameenah Gurib-Fakim ​​(2020) uqikelela ukuba amazwe ase-Afrika azodinga imali eyongezelelweyo ye-10.6 yezigidigidi kwinkcitho yezempilo kulo bhubhane. Ingxaki yezempilo inokuba nefuthe ekunyangeni ezinye izifo e-Afrika. E-Yurophu, oorhulumente balurhoxisa unyango olungxamisekileyo emva kwesigaba sokutshixiza. Xa iGuinea ijongene nengxaki ye-Ebola ngo-2013-2014, uthethwano oluphambili lwezonyango lwehle nge-58%, izibhedlele nge-54%, kunye nokugonywa nge-30%, kwaye ubuncinci amatyala e-malaria angama-74,000 awakhange afumane nkathalo kumaziko onyango oluntu.

Imingeni yezokhuseleko: Ubhubhane kunokwenzeka ukuba lubangele imiceli mngeni kwezokhuseleko kwingingqi yaseSahel, njengoko uninzi lwala mazwe lusemngciphekweni ngenxa yeengxabano eziye zabangela abantu abaninzi ukuba bafuduke. I-Covid19 yeza ngexesha xa lo mmandla sele ujongene nemiceli mngeni eyoyikisayo yobuthathaka, ungquzulwano kunye nobundlobongela ngenxa yobunqolobi, Umxube wama-jihadists, amajoni asekwe ekuhlaleni, izihange, ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko kunye / okanye utshintsho lwemozulu. Ngelixa oorhulumente besizwe kunye namaziko engingqi bezama ukuthintela ukusasazeka kweCovid19, oku kubeka isoyikiso ekugcineni unyanzeliso lokhuseleko kunye nezokhuseleko kulo mmandla. Uhlaselo lwakutsha nje olwenziwe yi Boko Haram Iqela elixhobileyo eChad elibulale amajoni angama-92 ngomhla wama-25 kweyoKwindla, labonisa ukuba sesichengeni kwale ngingqi. Ngapha koko, ngokweZizwe eziManyeneyo (nge-30 ka-Matshi 2020), ukusukela ngoFebruwari 2020, ngabantu abangama-765,000 abafudukelwe ngaphakathi kwaye i-2.2 yezigidi ifuna uncedo lwabantu eBurkina Faso. Ukusasazeka kwe ubhubhane kulo mmandla uza kwenza nzima kwimikhosi yezokhuseleko, ababoneleli bezempilo kunye nemibutho yohlangulo yamazwe aphesheya ukubonelela ngokuhlangula kubantu basekuhlaleni.

I-Afrika ingenisa ngeenxa zonke iipesenti ezingama-90 zeemveliso zayo zoxubo-mayeza ezivela ngaphandle kwelizwekazi, ikakhulu zisuka e-China nase-India. Ngelishwa, uqikelelo lubonisa ukuba umvuzo wonyaka ovela kumgangatho ongekho mgangathweni kunye / okanye iziyobisi zomgunyathi zingaphezulu kwe-US $ 30 yezigidigidi, ngokuka Ingxelo ye-World Health Organisation 2017 yorhwebo lweziyobisi ezingezizo. I-Afrika ineyona ngxaki iphambili yezifo ezosulelayo nezingasuleliyo ezinegalelo kwintengiso ebalulekileyo kwishishini lamayeza. Ke ngoko, ngokusekwa kwe-Afrika yeZwekazi loRhwebo lwaSimahla (i-AfCFTA) kunye nokuvulwa kweentengiso ezingaphezulu kwe-1.2 kuya kubaluleka ekuqinisekiseni ukukhuselwa kwale marike ye-1.2 yeebhiliyoni kwiimveliso ezingezizo, ezingekho mgangathweni, nakwiinkonzo zomgunyathi.

Ngapha koko, ubhubhane wangoku ubonakalisile kwilizwekazi laseAfrika ukuba awunakuqhubeka nokuxhomekeka kubanikezeli bangaphandle kwimfuno yangaphakathi kwiimveliso ezinesicwangciso njengamayeza. Ke ngoko, amazwe kufuneka asebenzise eli thuba ukukhawulezisa ukuphunyezwa kwesiCwangciso seMveliso yoPhuhliso lwaMayeza e-Afrika kunye nokusekwa kwe-Arhente yoNyango yase-Afrika ngokubeka phambili utyalo-mali kuphuhliso lwezakhono zolawulo; ukulandela iinzame zokudibana kunye nokudityaniswa kommiselo weemveliso zonyango kwi-RECs; ukwaba izibonelelo ezoneleyo ze-AMA njengoko kuchaziwe kwizigqibo zeNdibano ye-AU ngokulandelelana ngalo mbandela.

Impembelelo kuqoqosho olukhulu lwaseAfrika

Uqoqosho oluphezulu lwase-Afrika oluphezulu (iNigeria, uMzantsi Afrika, i-Egypt, i-Algeria kunye neMorocco) zimele ngaphezulu kwe-60% ye-GDP yase-Afrika. Inqanaba lempembelelo kaCovid19 kwezi 5 zoqoqosho liyakumela uqoqosho lonke lwaseAfrika. Amacandelo okhenketho kunye nepetroleum abonisa ngokomyinge wekota (25%) yoqoqosho lwala mazwe.

Ukuqhambuka kweCovid19 kuthabathe umthwalo omkhulu koluqoqosho, njengoko uninzi lwazo lunezinga eliphezulu lamatyala osulelo. Ukukhula kulindeleke ukuba kwehle kakhulu kuzo zonke. Ukuhla kwamaxabiso eoyile kuya kukhokelela ekwehleni kwethemba loqoqosho lwaseNigeria nolweAlgeria.

Iziphumo zeCovid19 kumatyathanga exabiso lehlabathi zichaphazela icandelo lezithuthi laseMorocco; imele iipesenti ezi-6 ze-GDP kwisithuba se-2017-2019. Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwee-phosphates kunye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, enegalelo kwipesenti ze-4.4 kunye neepesenti ezi-6 ze-GDP yelizwe nazo ziya kubethwa. Imizi-mveliso yase-Egypt exhomekeke kwigalelo elivela e-China nakwamanye amazwe angaphandle ayachaphazeleka kwaye awanakho ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zentengiso zasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Icandelo lezokhenketho libona ukwehla ngezithintelo eziya kuthi zibe nefuthe elibi kutyalo-mali lwasekhaya kunye nokuqeshwa elizweni. Iimali ezithunyelwayo ngomnye wemithombo yezemali yase-Egypt yangaphandle Ifikelele kwi-2018 ngaphezulu kwe-25.5 yezigidigidi zeedola, xa kuthelekiswa ne- $ 24.7 yezigidigidi ngo-2017 ngelixa eNigeria, iimali ezithunyelwayo zazingama-US $ 25.08 yezigidigidi ngo-2018, zinegalelo kwipesenti ezi-5.74 ze-GDP. Omabini la mazwe enza ngaphezulu kweepesenti ezingama-60 zokungena kweAfrika. ICovid19 isoyikisa imithombo emibini ephambili yengeniso eMzantsi Afrika: ezemigodi nezokhenketho. Ukuphazanyiswa kwemakethi yaseTshayina kunokwenzeka ukuba kunciphise imfuno yezinto zokwenza izinto ezingafunekiyo eMzantsi Afrika kubandakanya i-iron, i-manganese kunye ne-chromium ores e-China (exabisa ixabiso elilingana ne-450 yezigidi zeerandi ezithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle minyaka le). Ilizwe lingene kwimeko yokudodobala kwemali kwikota yesine yonyaka ophelileyo, le ngxaki ikhoyo iza kongeza kwimali yoluntu esele idodobele kunye nentswela-ngqesho kweli lizwe.

Abavelisi beoyile abaphezulu

Amazwe eoyile aya kuba nethemba elimnyama kwezoqoqosho kunelizwekazi liphela. Abathumeli beoyile negesi baseAfrika khange bayibone kwangaphambili le ntlekele, kuba ingeniso yehydrocarbon ibalulekile kuhlahlo-lwabiwo mali nasekuhlangabezaneni nezibophelelo zabo zamanye amazwe. ENigeria (i-2,000,000 barrel / day), i-Angola (1,750,000 b / d), i-Algeria (1,600,000 b / d), i-Libya (800,000 b / d), i-Egypt (700 000b / d), iCongo (350,000b / d), i-Equatorial Guinea (280,000b / d), iGabon (200,000b / d), iGhana (150,000b / d) iSouth Sudan (150,000b / d), iChad (120,000 b / d) kunye neCameroon (85,000 b / d) bajongene neCovid Ingxaki ye -19 ekunokwenzeka ukuba ibe mandundu ngakumbi kunango-2014, ngexesha lokothuka kweoyile lokugqibela njengoko besilele ukwahlula uqoqosho lwabo. Ngo-2014, ixabiso leoyile ekrwada lehla lisuka kwi- $ 110 laya ngaphantsi kwe- $ 60 ngomgqomo kwaye kamva lehla laya ngaphantsi kwe- $ 40 ngomgqomo ngo-2015 (CBN, 2015). Oku kuthetha ukuba kwehle ngaphezu kwama-60% kwingeniso yesizwe yamazwe athumela ngaphandle.

Ukusilela kohlahlo-lwabiwo mali kuya kuba ngaphezulu kokuphindwe kabini. Ukungazinzi kwamaxabiso eoyile kunefuthe elibonakalayo kuhlumo lwezoqoqosho nakumanqanaba otshintshiselwano eNigeria kunye nefuthe elingathanga ngqo kwixabiso lentengo ngenqanaba lotshintshiselwano (Akalpler noBukar Nuhu, 2018). Ke ngoko, abavelisi beoyile baya kuba semngciphekweni wokuhla kwexabiso lemali zabo ngeli xesha lobunzima. Ngokukodwa, amazwe akuMbindi we-Afrika athi, kule minyaka idlulileyo, abephantsi komlilo wexabiso lokuvavanywa kwezakhiwo, aya kuvavanywa nangakumbi ngenxa yenqanaba eliphantsi lokwahluka kunye noqoqosho olungenamandla olomeleleyo nge-petroleum kunye neehydrocarbons njengezona zinto zingumthombo wengeniso. Iakhawunti yeoyile ingaphezulu kwesiqingatha sengeniso yerhafu kunye nangaphezulu kwama-70% ezinto ezithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle kweli. Ngokwehla kwexabiso le-hydrocarbon kunye nokwehla kwemveliso ngenxa yokuvalwa kweenkampani ezithile ezibandakanyekayo kumatyathanga exabiso, ingeniso enxulumene neoyile kunye nezinye iihydrocarbon zinokwehla nge-40 ukuya kwi-50% kwilizwekazi.

Ubunzima bezoqoqosho kulindeleke ukuba bube mandundu ngakumbi kunobo benzeka ngo-2014 .I-IMF iqikelela ukuba ukwehla kweepesenti ezili-10 kumaxabiso eoyile kuya kuthi, ngokomndilili, kukhule isezantsi kubathumeli beoyile ngaphandle ngepesenti eyi-0.6 kwaye yonyuse intsilelo yemali iyonke ngeepesenti ezi-0.8 ze-GDP.

Ixabiso leoyile lehle ukusuka kuJuni ka-2014 ukuya kweyoKwindla ngo-2015, ngenxa yokunyuka kwe-oyile e-US nakwezinye iindawo kunye nokwehliswa kwemfuno zehlabathi. Oku kwehla kukhokelele kwiziphumo ezichanekileyo kurhwebo kunye neziphumo ezingathanga ngqo ngokukhula notyalo-mali kunye notshintsho kumanani emali. Umzekelo, ukwehla nge-30% kumaxabiso eoyile (IMF kunye neWB kuqikelela oku njengokuhla phakathi ko-2014 no-2015) kulindeleke ukuba linciphise ngokuthe ngqo ixabiso lokuthunyelwa kweoyile kumazwe asezantsi eSahara nge-63 yeebhiliyoni zeedola (ezilahlekileyo zibandakanya iNigeria, iAngola , I-Equatorial Guinea, iCongo, iGabon, iSudan), kunye nokunciphisa ukungeniswa elizweni kuqikelelwa kwi-15 yezigidigidi zeedola (abona bantu bafumana kakhulu eMzantsi Afrika, eTanzania, eKenya, e-Ethiopia). Iziphumo zorhwebo zityhutyha ezoqoqosho kubandakanya iiakhawunti zangoku, isikhundla semali, iimarike zesitokhwe, utyalomali kunye nokuhla kwamandla emali. Ukwehla kwexabiso leoyile kulindeleke ukuba kunciphise ukukhula.

Ukonyuka kwetyala elizimeleyo le-5 ukuya kwi-10% ye-GDP kulindeleke kumazwe avelisa ioyile. Ukwehla kwamaxabiso eoyile kunye nezinye iihydrocarbons kuya kuyinciphisa kakhulu ingeniso yezemali kweli candelo. Ukumela isixa esikhulu semali yengeniso kurhwebo oluphezulu lwabavelisi beoyile abalishumi, ingeniso yehydrocarbon, ukwehla kwamaxabiso, kuya kuba nefuthe elikhulu kwinkcitho yamazwe aseAfrika. Ubuncinci i-10% yokwehla kwengeniso yeoyile kwilizwekazi kulindeleke.

Icandelo le-petroleum limele abavelisi beoyile abangama-10 abaphezulu base-Afrika abangama-25% kwi-GDP yabo iyonke. I-oyile, kunye nezinye ii-hydrocarbon, zenza ngaphezulu kwe-20% ye-GDP ye-10 ephezulu yezoqoqosho lwase-Afrika (eNigeria, eMzantsi Afrika, Egypt, Algeria, Morocco, Angola, Kenya, Ethiopia, Ghana naseTanzania). INigeria inokulahla ukuya kuthi ga kwi-19b yeedola njengoko ilizwe linokunciphisa ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweoyile ekrwada kwi-2020 phakathi kwe-US $ 14 yezigidigidi kunye ne-US $ 19 yezigidigidi (xa kuthelekiswa nokuthunyelwa ngaphandle ngaphandle kwe-COVID19).

Iziphumo zokubala kususelwa kwimeko S1 kunye S2 zibonisa ukuba uqoqosho lwaseAfrika olulawulwa yioyile kunye neeHydrocarbon okt iqela lamazwe aphambili avelisa ioyile aza kuchaphazeleka ngakumbi (-3% yokukhula kwe-GDP ngo-2020) kunezoqoqosho lweAfrika jikelele.

 Impembelelo kwiindawo eziphezulu zokhenketho

Ngokutsho kweWorld Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC), ishishini lokhenketho libe negalelo kwi-8.5% (okanye i-$ 194.2bn) yemveliso yelizwekazi elipheleleyo (GDP) ngo-2018. ireyithi ye-5.6%. Kwi-2018 yeebhiliyoni zabakhenkethi abafika kumazwe ngamazwe ngo-3.9, i-Afrika ifumene i-1.4% kuphela ngokutsho koMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo wezoKhenketho.UNWTO).

Iindawo eziphezulu zokhenketho e-Afrika zibandakanya iMorocco malunga nezigidi ezili-11 zokufika kwabakhenkethi ngonyaka, i-Egypt (11.35 yezigidi), uMzantsi Afrika (10.47 yezigidi), iTunisia (8.3 yezigidi) kunye neZimbabwe (2.57 yezigidi).

Amathemba eshishini lokhenketho laseAfrika lomelele kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa neminye imimandla yehlabathi. Bekulindeleke ukuba inyuke phakathi kwe-3% iye kwi-5% ngo-2020. Nangona kunjalo, ngezithintelo eziqhubekayo, iihotele ziyababeka abasebenzi kwaye iiarhente zokuhamba ziyavalwa kumazwe amaninzi ase-Afrika, ukukhula okungekuhle kulindeleke.

Impembelelo iyonke yeCovid19 kuqoqosho lwamazwe aphezulu abakhenkethi iya kuba phezulu kakhulu kunolo lonke uqoqosho lwaseAfrika. Icandelo lezokhenketho lifake isandla ngaphezulu kwepesenti ye-GDP yala mazwe alandelayo:

I-Seychelles, iCape Verde, iMauritius, iGambia, iTunisia, iMadagascar, iLesotho, iRwanda, iBotswana, i-Egypt, i-Tanzania, i-Comoros kunye ne-Senegal ngo-2019. Ngelixa kumazwe aseSeychelles, eCape Verde, eMauritius naseGambia, iimpembelelo ziya kuba phezulu kakhulu ubuncinci -3.3% ngo-2020.

Imilinganiselo yezoQoqosho nezeMali yokunciphisa ifuthe loqoqosho lwentlalo

Amazwe ase-Afrika sele efumana iimpembelelo ngqo (zokugula kunye nokusweleka) kunye neziphumo ezingangqalanga (ezinxulumene nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho) zeCovid19 kwaye imeko kulindeleke ukuba ibe mandundu phantsi kwayo nayiphi na imeko yentsholongwane yesifo sele ichaphazele amazwe angama-43 kwilizwekazi. Uninzi loorhulumente baseAfrika kunye namaziko engingqi athatha amanyathelo okunciphisa ifuthe lobhubhane kuqoqosho lwabo. Amanye ala manyathelo ashwankathelwe kule theyibhile ingezantsi:

Amanyathelo kaRhulumente (kubandakanya neebhanki eziphakathi) ukunciphisa ifuthe loqoqosho lweCoronavirus kuqoqosho lwesizwe

IQumrhu leNdibano yeNdibano

• Kuvunyelwene ngokusekwa kweNgxowa-mali yokulwa i-COVID-19 yelizwekazi apho amazwe angamalungu e-Bureau avumile ukufaka igalelo kwangoko kwi-US $ 12, 5 yezigidi njengenkxaso-mali yembewu. Amazwe angamalungu, uluntu lwamanye amazwe kunye namacandelo obubele ayabongozwa ukuba afake isandla kule ngxowa mali kwaye abele i-4.5 yezigidi zeedola ukwandisa amandla e-CDC yaseAfrika.

• Kubizwe uluntu lwehlabathi ukukhuthaza iipaseji zorhwebo ezivulekileyo, ngakumbi amayeza kunye nezinye izinto zempilo.

• Sibongoze i-G20 ukuba inikezele ngokukhawuleza amazwe ase-Afrika ngezixhobo zonyango, izixhobo zovavanyo, izixhobo zokukhusela ukulwa ubhubhane we-COVID-19 kunye nephakheji yokukhuthaza uqoqosho equka ukukhululeka kunye neentlawulo ezimiselweyo.

• Ebizelwe ukurhoxiswa kwazo zonke iintlawulo zenzala kwityala lamazwe amabini kunye namazwe ngamazwe, kunye nokwandiswa okunokwenzeka kokurhoxa kwixesha eliphakathi, ukulungiselela ukubonelela ngendawo yemali kwangoko kunye nemali kurhulumente.

• Sibongoze iBhanki yeHlabathi, iNgxowa-mali yeHlabathi yezeMali, iBhanki yoPhuhliso yase-Afrika kunye namanye amaziko engingqi ukuba asebenzise zonke izixhobo ezikhoyo kwindawo yokugcina izixhobo ukunceda ukunciphisa isibetho kunye nokubonelela ngoncedo kumacandelo abalulekileyo aseAfrika. ezoqoqosho kunye uluntu.

Abaphathiswa bezezimali base-Afrika batyikitye ngokubambisana ngabaphathiswa bezemali base-Afrika babhengeze ukuba ilizwekazi lidinga i-US $ 100bn ukukhusela iinkqubo zokhathalelo lwempilo nokulwa ukothuka kwezoqoqosho okubangelwe sesi sifo.

IBhanki yoPhuhliso lweAfrika

I-AfDB inyuse i-3 yezigidigidi zeedola kwisibophelelo seminyaka emithathu ukunceda ukunciphisa ifuthe loqoqosho nentlalontle ubhubhane weCovid-19 oya kuba nawo kwimpilo nakwezoqoqosho lwaseAfrika.

I-Fight Covid-19 bond bond, kunye neminyaka emithathu yokukhula, yafumana inzala evela kwiibhanki eziphambili kunye namaziko aseburhulumenteni, ubuncwane beebhanki kunye nabaphathi bee-asethi kubandakanywa abatyali-mali abajongene noLuntu, kunye neebhidi ezingaphezu kwe-4.6 billion.

Ukuthumela ngaphandle kweAfrika 

I-Bhanki (i-Afreximbank) ibhengeze indawo ye-US $ 3bn ukunceda amazwe angamalungu ayo ukuba ahlasele uqoqosho kunye nempembelelo yeCovid-19. Njengenxalenye yokuNciphisa ukuThintelwa kweMpembelelo zeziNdyikitya

Isixhobo (i-PATIMFA), i-Afreximbank iya kubonelela ngenkxaso yemali kumazwe angaphezu kwama-50 ngenkxaso-mali ethe ngqo, imigca yetyala, iziqinisekiso, ukutshintsha kwemali kunye nezinye izixhobo ezifanayo.

IKhomishini yezoQoqosho nezeMali yaMazwe akuMbindi we-Afrika (i-CEMAC)

Abaphathiswa bezemali bathathe la manyathelo alandelayo:

Ngokuphathelene nomgaqo-lawulo wemali kunye nenkqubo yezemali, kwagqitywa ekubeni kuvunywe ukusetyenziswa kwemvulophu eyi- $ 152.345m eyenzelwe ukuba ifumaneke kwiBhanki yoPhuhliso yamaZwe ase-Afrika eseMbindini (i-BDEAC) yi-Central Bank of African States (BEAC), yezemali Iiprojekthi zoluntu ezinxulumene nokulwa ubhubhane weCovid-19 kunye nokomeleza iinkqubo zempilo zesizwe. «

• Bacebise namazwe ukuba axoxisane ngokuhlangeneyo kwaye afumane ukurhoxiswa kwawo onke amatyala abo angaphandle ukubanika imida yohlahlo-lwabiwo mali ebavumela ukuba bajongane nobhubhane we-coronavirus kwangaxeshanye kunye nokuvuselelwa kogcino lwabo ngendlela esempilweni.

IBhanki eNkulu yaMazwe aseNtshona Afrika (BCEAO)

Amanyathelo amathathu okuqala (kwayi-8) athathwe yi-BCEAO abandakanya:

• Ukonyuka kwamazwe Ulwabiwo lweeBhanki ezikuMbindi ngeveki ukusuka kwi- $ 680million ukuya kwi- $ 9bn ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwezemali kwamashishini kumazwe angamaLungu;

• Ukubandakanywa kwoluhlu lweenkampani zabucala ezili-1,700 ezineempembelelo zazo ezazingamkelwanga ngaphambili kwiphothifoliyo yayo. Eli nyathelo liya kuvumela iibhanki ukuba zifikelele kwizibonelelo ezongezelelweyo ze- $ 2bn

Ukwabiwa kwe-50 yezigidi zeedola kwingxowa-mali yeBhanki yoPhuhliso yeNtshona Afrika (BOAD) ukuyivumela ukuba inike inkxaso-mali yenzala kwaye inyuse inani lemali mboleko eliza kuyinika oorhulumente ukuxhasa inkcitho kutyalo-mali kunye nezixhobo ekulweni isifo esikho elizweni jikelele

Ibhokisi yesi-3: Amanyathelo karhulumente (kubandakanya neebhanki ezinkulu) ukunciphisa ifuthe loqoqosho lweCoronavirus kuqoqosho lwesizwe

I-Algeria Bank yase-Algeria ithathe isigqibo sokunciphisa ireyithi enyanzelekileyo ye-10 ukuya kwi-8% kunye nokuhla ngamanqaku esiseko angama-25 (0.25%), elona zinga liphambili leBhanki yaseAlgeria ukuyilungisa nge-3.25% kwaye ukusukela ngoMatshi 15, 2020. .

Cote d'Ivoire Urhulumente ubhengeze i-200 yezigidi zeedola njengempendulo yeCovid19. Ukusekwa kweNgxowa-mali ukukhuthaza imisebenzi yezoqoqosho, ukuxhasa amashishini achaphazelekayo ukuze kuncitshiswe ukunqunyulwa kwemisebenzi, njl.

Yuthophiya Urhulumente ubhengeze ukuba wabela i-10 lezigidi zeedola kumlo wokulwa ubhubhane kwaye ubeka phambili isindululo esinamanqaku amathathu malunga nendlela amazwe e-G20 anokuwanceda ngayo amazwe ase-Afrika ukumelana nobhubhane we-coronavirus

• Iifowuni zephakeji yoncedo eyi- $ 150 yezigidigidi- I-Afrika kwi-Global COVID-19 yeNgxowa-mali yokuNgxamiseka

• Ukumiliselwa kwezicwangciso zokuncitshiswa kwamatyala,

• Ukubonelela ngenkxaso kuMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (i-WHO) kunye namaZiko e-Afrika ezeSifo

Ulawulo kunye noThintelo (CDC) ukomeleza ukuhanjiswa kwempilo yoluntu kunye nokulungela okungxamisekileyo kwilizwekazi.

I-Equatorial Guinea izibophelele ekunikeleni nge-10 lezigidi zeerandi kwingxowa-mali eyodwa engxamisekileyo

I-Eswatini Central Bank yase-Eswatini ibhengeze ukunciphisa inzala ukusuka kwi-6.5% ukuya kwi-5.5%

IGambia Central Bank yaseGambia ithathe isigqibo soku:

• ukunciphisa ireyithi yoMgaqo-nkqubo ngesi-0.5 seepesenti ukuya kwi-12 leepesenti. IKomiti nayo yathatha isigqibo

• yonyuse izinga lenzala kwindawo emileyo yokugcina imali Ngepesenti eyi-0.5 ukuya kwiipesenti ezi-3. Indawo yokubolekwa ezimileyo iyancitshiswa yaya kwiipesenti ezili-13 ukusuka kwiipesenti ezili-13.5 (i-MPR kunye nepesenti enye).

Ghana Urhulumente ubhengeze i-100 yezigidi zeedola ukuphucula ukulungiswa kwe-COVID-19 yaseGhana kunye nesicwangciso sokuphendula

I-MPC yeBhanki yaseGhana igqibe kwelokuba yehlise umGaqo-nkqubo weMali ngamanqaku angama-150 ukuya kwiipesenti ezili-14.5. Isidingo sokuGcina isiSiseko sincitshisiwe ukusuka kwiipesenti ezili-10 ukuya kwiipesenti ezisi-8 ukubonelela ngemali eninzi kwiibhanki ukuxhasa amacandelo abalulekileyo

Uqoqosho. ICapital Conservation Buffer (CCB) yeebhanki ze-3.0 ipesenti incitshisiwe yaya kwiipesenti ze-1.5. Oku kwenzelwa ukuba iibhanki zibonelele ngenkxaso yemali efunekayo kuqoqosho. Oku kunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ukwanela kweMfuno eNkulu ukusuka kwiipesenti ezili-13 ukuya kwiipesenti ezili-11.5. Ukuhlawulwa kwemali-mboleko esele idlulile ngenxa yamaZiko ezeMali-mboleko ukuya kuthi ga kwiintsuku ezingama-30 kuya kuthathwa “njengangoku” njengakwezinye ii-SDI. Bonke ababhalisele iifowuni eziphathwayo bavumelekile ukuba basebenzise iinkcukacha esele benazo zokubhalisa iifowuni eziphathwayo

Ubuncinci beakhawunti ye-KYC. I-Kenya Central Bank yaseKenya ukunceda ekunciphiseni iziphumo ezibi, la manyathelo alandelayo kaxakeka ayakufaka isicelo kubaboleki ababhatalwe ngemali mboleko yabo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ngoMatshi 2, 2020.

• Iibhanki ziya kufuna ukubonelela ngoncedo kubabolekisi kwimali mboleko zabo ezisekwe kwiimeko zabo ezivela kubhubhane.

Ukubonelela ngoncedo kwimali mboleko yomntu, iibhanki ziya kuthi ziphonononge izicelo ezivela kubaboleki zokwandiswa kwemali mboleko yazo ukuya kuthi ga kunyaka omnye. Ukuqala le nkqubo, ababoleki kufuneka banxibelelane neebhanki zabo.

• Amashishini aphakathi (ii-SMEs) kunye nababolekisi bamashishini banokunxibelelana neebhanki zabo kuvavanyo kunye nohlengahlengiso lwemali mboleko yabo ngokusekwe kwiimeko zabo ezivela kulo bhubhane.

• Iibhanki ziya kuhlangabezana nazo zonke iindleko ezinxulumene nokwandiswa kunye nohlengahlengiso lwemali mboleko.

• Ukuququzelela ukusetyenziswa okuthe kratya kwamaqonga edijithali, iibhanki ziya kurhoxisa zonke iindleko zokubuza imali eseleyo.

• Njengoko bekubhengeziwe ngaphambili, zonke iintlawulo zotshintshiselwano phakathi kweewallets zemali kunye neeakhawunti zebhanki ziya kucinywa. ENamibia Ngama-20th kweyoKwindla yowama-2020, iBhanki yaseNamibia igqibe kwelokuba ilinciphise iRepo rate nge-100 point point iye kwi-5.25%.

Nayija Urhulumente ubhengeze i-1.63 yezigidi zeedola ukuxhasa impendulo yeCovid19

ENigeria Onke amaziko okungenelela e-CBN ngokwenjenje anikwa ukunqunyanyiswa komnyaka omnye kuzo zonke iintlawulo eziphambili, nge-Matshi 1, 2020.

Ukuncitshiswa komyinge wenzala ukusuka kwi-9 ukuya kwi-5 yeepesenti ngonyaka kunyaka we-1 ukusukela nge-Matshi 1, 2020 Ukudalwa kwesibonelelo esijolise kwi-N50 Billion kumakhaya nakwii-SMEs;

Inkxaso yemboleko kushishino lokhathalelo lwempilo. Unyamezelo: Zonke iibhanki ezifaka imali ziya kushiya ingqwalaselo yohlengahlengiso lwethutyana kunye nexesha elilinganiselweyo lomthetho kunye nemigaqo yemali mboleko yamashishini kunye namakhaya achaphazelekayo.

I-CBN iya kuthi ixhase ngakumbi amanqanaba enkxaso mali kushishino ukugcina amandla e-DMBs okuhambisa ngqo ityala kubantu, emakhaya nakumashishini.

Madagascar Banky Foiben'I IMadagasikara (BFM) ndibhengeze:

• Xhasa imisebenzi yezoqoqosho ngokubonelela iibhanki ngemali eyimfuneko yokuxhasa ezoqoqosho;

• Utofe i-111 yezigidi zeedola ukuqala kweyoKwindla kwaye uza kuphinda atofe $ 53 yezigidi ekupheleni kuka-Matshi 2020;

• Gcina ukufumaneka kwemali zamanye amazwe kwintengiso yeebhanki;

Xoxa neebhanki kunye namaziko emali ngefuthe lobunzima unike iimpendulo eziyimfuneko.

I-Mauritius I-Bhanki yaseMauritius ineempendulo ezintlanu zokugcina ityala lingena kuqoqosho:

• Ukucutha iRepo Rate (KRR) ngama-50 point points ukuya kwi-2.85 yepesenti ngonyaka.

Isixa-mali soNcedo olukhethekileyo lwe-R5.0 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwiibhanki zorhwebo ukuhlangabezana nokuhamba kwemali kunye neemfuno zokusebenza zebhanki Ibhanki esembindini isike umyinge wemali egciniweyo ngokwepesenti ukuya kwi-8%;

• Kukhutshwe i-130 yezigidi zeedola ukuxhasa amashishini anengxaki yentsholongwane;

• Iyalele iibhanki ukuba zinqumamise intlawulo yenkunzi kwimali mboleko yamashishini achaphazelekayo;

• Izikhokelo zolawulo ezincitshisiweyo ekujonganeni nokuthotywa kwamatyala; kwaye wakhupha “ukonga

bond

I-Morocco Bank i-Al-Maghrib ibhengeze ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo ehlanganisiweyo yenkxaso yeshishini kunye nenkxaso-mali, i-dirham yokuhla inyuka ukusuka kwi-20% ukuya kwi-2.5% kwaye yathatha isigqibo sokunciphisa inzala ngama-5 eepesenti kwi-25% kwaye iqhubeke nokubeka iliso kuyo yonke olu phuhliso lusondele kakhulu.

Ukuxolelwa kwamashishini ekuhlawuleni igalelo kwingxowa-mali yomhlala-phantsi (CNSS) kunye nokumiswa kwamatyala njengenxalenye yamanyathelo okususa ifuthe loqoqosho lweCovid19; I-1 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ukuphucula amaziko ezempilo kunye nokunceda amacandelo achaphazelekayo. INgxowa-mali yeHassan II kunye nemimandla yabela i-261 yezigidi zeedola ukujongana nefuthe

Rwanda I-Central Bank ibhengeze:

• Ukubolekwa kwemali emalunga nezigidi ezingama- $ 52 kwiibhanki zorhwebo;

• Ukwehlisa umyinge weemfuno zolondolozo olusebenzayo ngomhla wokuqala ku-Epreli ukusuka kwi-1% ukuya kwi-5% ukuvumela iibhanki ukuba zifumane imali eninzi yokuxhasa amashishini achaphazelekayo.

• Ukuvumela iibhanki zorhwebo ukuba zihlengahlengise iimali mboleko ezingekahlawulwa zababoleki abajongana nethutyana imingeni yokungena nokuphuma kwemali evela kubhubhane.

I-Seychelles I-Central Bank ye-Seychelles (i-CBS) ibhengeze

• Ugcino lotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle luya kusetyenziswa kuphela ukuthenga izinto ezintathu - ipetroli, ukutya okusisiseko kunye namayeza

• lisike umyinge womgaqo-nkqubo wemali (MPR) ukuya kwiipesenti ezine ukusuka kwisihlanu sepesenti

• Iziko lokuthenga ngetyala elimalunga nezigidi ezingama-36 zeerandi liza kusekwa ukunceda iibhanki zorhwebo ngoncedo olungxamisekileyos.

I-Sierra Leone iBhanki eNkulu yaseSierre Leone

• Hlisa umyinge we-Monetary Policy Rate ngamanqaku ayi-150 ukusuka kwi-16.5 yeepesenti ukuya kwi-15 leepesenti.

• Yenza i-Le500 Billion yeZiko eliKhethekileyo laMatyala kwiMali yeMveliso,

• UkuThengwa nokuSasazwa kweeMpahla neeNkonzo eziBalulekileyo.

• ukubonelela ngezixhobo zonaniselwano lwangaphandle ukuqinisekisa ukungeniswa kwempahla yorhwebo ebalulekileyo.

Uluhlu lwempahla ezilulungeleyo olu ncedo luya kupapashwa kungekudala.

• Inkxaso yoTywala kwiCandelo leBhanki.

UMzantsi Afrika i-South African Reserve Bank yehlise inzala ukusuka kwi-6.25% ukuya kwi-5.25% Urhulumente ubhengeze isicwangciso se- $ 56.27m yokuxhasa amashishini amancinci ngexesha lokuqhambuka

IBhanki eNkulu yaseTunisia igqibe kwelokuba

• Ukubonelela ngeebhanki ngotywala olufunekayo ukuze zikwazi ukuqhubeka nemisebenzi yazo yesiqhelo,

Ukuqhuba iikhredithi (inqununu kunye nenzala) ezifanele ukuhlawulwa nge-1st Ngomhla wenyanga kaMatshi kude kube sekupheleni kukaSeptemba 2020. Eli nyathelo lichaphazela iikhredithi zobuchwephesha ezinikezelwe kubathengi abachongwa njenge-0 kunye ne-1, abayicela kwiibhanki nakwiziko lezemali.

• Ithuba lokunikwa kwenkxaso-mali entsha kubaxhamli bokumiswa kwemihla ebekiweyo.

• ukubala kunye neemfuno zekhredithi / umyinge wedipozithi ziya kuguquka ngakumbi.

I-Uganda Bank yaseUganda:

• Ungenelele kwimarike yotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle ukuze kulungiswe ukungabikho kwamandla okugqithisileyo okuvela kwiimarike zemali zehlabathi;

• Beka endaweni indlela yokunciphisa ukufana kweshishini lesandi ukuya kungena ematyaleni ngenxa yokungabikho kwetyala;

• Ukubonelela ngoncedo olukhethekileyo lwe-liguity kangangesithuba sonyaka omnye kumaziko emali abekwe esweni yi-BoU enokuyifuna;

• Ukuncipha kokuncitshiswa kohlengahlengiso lwamaziko emboleko kumaziko emali anokuba semngciphekweni wokubandezeleka

IZambia Bank yaseZambia ithathe isigqibo sokunyusa umda kwiiarhente kunye neewallets zeshishini: Abantu abakumgangatho wokuqala ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kuma-10000 ngemini (K) kunye ne-20000 yeLungu ngalinye kwi-100,000 ukusuka kwi-2 ukuya kwi-20,000 ngosuku (k) kunye ne-100,000 yee-SME kunye namafama asuka kwi-500,000 ukuya kwi-250,000 ngosuku (K) kunye ne-1,000,000 ephezulu yokunciphisa intlawulo ye-interbank kunye ne-settlement system (ZIPSS).

Isiphelo kunye nezindululo

Isifo seCoronavirus siye sanda kakhulu kwaye sibeka imiceli mngeni emininzi kwinqanaba lesizwe, lommandla kunye nehlabathi. Iziphumo, nokuba kunzima ukuzibala, kulindeleke ukuba zibe nkulu kakhulu ngenxa yokusasazeka okukhawulezileyo kweCovid-19 kunye namanyathelo angqingqwa athathwe ngamazwe nokuba angakanani na kubungakanani bawo kwihlabathi liphela.

Nokuba amazwe ase-Afrika awachaphazeleka kangako xa kuthelekiswa neminye imimandla okwangoku, isiphumo se-spillover esivela kuphuhliso lwehlabathi okanye imixokelelwane yonikezelo eyaphukileyo isenokukhokelela ekuwohlokeni kwemisebenzi yezoqoqosho. Ewe, ukuxhomekeka kakhulu kuqoqosho lwase-Afrika xa kuthelekiswa noqoqosho lwangaphandle kuqikelela isiphumo esibi sokungabikho koqoqosho kwilizwekazi, kuvavanywa ngelahleko yomndilili wamanqaku ayi-1.5 kuhlumo loqoqosho 2020.

Ngaphandle koko, akunakwenzeka ukuba ilizwekazi lithathe inzuzo kwezoqoqosho ekusasazeni ngokubanzi i-Covid-19 kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi, ngenxa yokungakwazi kwayo ukuguqula izinto zayo ukuze iphendule kwimfuno ephezulu yeempahla kunye neenkonzo. Iimarike zasekhaya nezamazwe aphesheya. Banokwenza njengesithintelo esongezelelekileyo kwinguqu yemveliso yaseAfrika, ngokwenza urhwebo ngexabiso longezwe nzima ngakumbi.

Nokuba ithini na imeko nokuba nethemba, iCovid-19 iya kuba nefuthe elibi kwintlalo noqoqosho e-Afrika.

izindululo

Impembelelo yezoqoqosho nezentlalo kwintlekele ye-Covid-19 iyinyani. Kuyimfuneko ke ngoko ukuba sazise abantu ngefuthe kunye neengcebiso kubenzi bemigaqo-nkqubo ukulungiselela ngcono kunye nokunciphisa ifuthe elibi lo bhubhane.

Ngokuphathelene noku, eli phepha lenza izindululo zomgaqo-nkqubo zibe ziindidi ezimbini: i) Abo baphendula kwi  imeko yangoku; kunye ii) ezo zihambelana nemva kwesifo.

Izenzo kwangoko:
Amazwe aseAfrika kufuneka:

 Jonga ngokuchanekileyo onke amatyala akrokrelwayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba usulelo lubhaqwe kwangoko, kwaye ufumanise usulelo kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kwaye unqande unxibelelwano phakathi kwezigulana ezosulelekileyo kunye nabemi abasempilweni;

 Ukutshixa yonke into engcolileyo ekhaya kunye nakwimida yelizwe ukuthintela ukusasazeka okwethutyana, kwaye kuvavanywe ukuba amanyathelo okuvalelwa kufuneka enziwe ngokubanzi:

Xela amanani-nkcazo ezempilo kwaye usebenze kunye ne-WHO kunye namaZiko ase-Afrika okuLawula nokuThintela izifo, ukuqinisekisa ukubekwa kweliso elubala kwentlekele, kunye nokugcina ukuzithemba kwabemi kwiinkqubo zempilo yoluntu zase-Afrika;

 Hlaziya uhlahlo-lwabiwo mali ukuze lubeke phambili inkcitho kwiinkqubo zokhathalelo lwempilo kubandakanya izibonelelo eziyimfuneko kunye nolungiselelo, ukuthengwa kwamayeza kunye neemveliso zonyango, izixhobo kunye nezinto, njl.

Yakha ingxowa-mali engxamisekileyo yokwandisa ukhuseleko lwasentlalweni, ngakumbi ekujoliseni abasebenzi abangafundanga bengenalo ukhuselo lwentlalo kwaye banokuba nefuthe elibi kule ngxaki;

Ukwandisa inkxaso-mali yophando lwezonyango. Amava abonakalisile ukuba phakathi kwengxowa-mali yenyikima eyabelwe uphando kunye nophuhliso lwezitofu phantse ayibikho ethintela amandla amazwe ukuba aphendule ngexesha lobhubhane.

 Sebenza noluntu lwasekhaya, oorhulumente kunye noosomashishini ukuyila urhulumente-wonke ngaphandle kwengxaki yezempilo kunye nezisombululo zetaylor zokuthintela nokunyanga imeko yendawo. Ukubonelela ngezemali, ukufikelela kwidatha, kunye nenkxaso yolawulo ukukhawulezisa ukukhawulezisa izisombululo ezitsha;

Ukukhuthaza ukwabelwa elubala kolwazi ukwazisa abemi kunye nokunciphisa ukusasazeka kwengcaciso engeyonyani31  mation ("iindaba ezingezizo");

 Lungiselela amaziko ezempilo ukuba akhathalele imimandla eyahlukeneyo echaphazelekayo, kubandakanya abasetyhini, ulutsha, abantu abadala.

 Cinga ngokuboleka imali ezingxamisekileyo kwintengiso yamanye amazwe ukuxhasa inkcitho njengoko inzala yorhwebo isezantsi ngoku; kwaye amazwe anokufumana ukusilela kwemali ngenxa yokwehla kwengeniso yerhafu kunye nenkcitho ephezulu;

 Thatha amanyathelo oqoqosho nawemali ukuxhasa amashishini, ii-SME kunye nabantu njengempendulo kwimisebenzi yexeshana ecuthwe ukukhusela imisebenzi yezoqoqosho, njengokuqinisekisa kwityala labucala.

Cela iiBhanki eziKhulu ukuba zinciphise inzala yokunyusa imali-mboleko kumashishini (kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zawo) kunye nokubonelela ngeebhanki zorhwebo ngemali engaphezulu yokuxhasa imisebenzi yeshishini. Apho kuyimfuneko,

IiBhanki ezingoMbindi kufuneka ziqwalasele ukuphinda ziqwalasele iithagethi ezithile (ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kungaphantsi kwe-3%) okwexeshana nangenxa yemeko yexesha likaxakeka;

 Rhoxisa ngoko nangoko yonke intlawulo yenzala kwiikhredithi zorhwebo, iibhondi ezihlanganisiweyo, iintlawulo zengqeshiso kunye nokusebenza kwemigca yokuthengiswa kwemali kwiibhanki eziphambili ukuqinisekisa ukuba amazwe kunye namashishini angaqhubeka nokuthenga izinto ezibalulekileyo ngaphandle kokunciphisa icandelo lebhanki.

Iti Qalisa iipasile zovuselelo lwezezimali ukunciphisa ifuthe lobhubhane wecoronavirus kuqoqosho lwesizwe. Lungiselela inkuthazo yezemali kubahlawuli berhafu abachatshazelwe yiCovid-19 kwaye baqwalasele ukumiswa kwerhafu;

Ukuhlawula irhafu kumacandelo abalulekileyo kunye nokufunyanwa kwendawo licandelo likarhulumente kwimpendulo yalo kwingxaki kuya kuxhasa ii-SME kunye namanye amashishini

Ene Phinda uthethathethane ngezicwangciso zangaphandle zokuhlawula amatyala, kunye neemeko zokuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kwetyala ngokufanelekileyo, kubandakanya ukumiswa kwentlawulo yemali yenzala ngexesha lobunzima, eliqikelelwa kwi-USD 44 yezigidigidi ngo-2020, kunye nokwandiswa kwexesha lokucwangciswa;

Mema ukuba kupheliswe umlilo nabavukeli kunye namaqela axhobileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho siphazamiso kwimizamo yokuthintela ubhubhane. I-Covid-19 iza kwindawo apho eminye imimandla sele ijongene nemiceli mngeni eyoyikisayo yokuqaqamba, ungquzulwano kunye nobundlobongela ngenxa yobunqolobi, ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko kunye / okanye utshintsho lwemozulu. Umzekelo, uhlaselo lwakutsha nje lweqela elixhobileyo e-Boko Haram eChad elibulale amajoni angama-92 ngomhla wama-25 kuMatshi.

I-AUC kufuneka:

Ukukhokelwa kothethathethwano ngesicwangciso esinamabhongo sokucinywa kwetyala liphela laseAfrika (iUS236 yezigidigidi zeedola). Umyalelo wokuqala wobukhulu ngumnxeba we-Nkulumbuso yase-Ethiopia u-Abiy Ahmed malunga ne-150 yezigidigidi zeerandi zoncedo njengenxalenye ye-Africa Global COVID-19 yeNgxowa-mali yokuNgxamiseka;

 Lungelelanisa iAfrika CDC yonke imizamo yokuhlanganisa ilabhoratri, ukubek'esweni, kunye nenye inkxaso yenkxaso ekuphenduleni apho iceliwe khona kwaye uqiniseke ukuba izinto zonyango ziya apho zifuneka khona kakhulu.

Ukulungelelanisa amanyathelo abo oonozakuzaku ukuba bathethe ngazwi-nye kwiiforam zamanye amazwe njenge-IMF, iBhanki yeHlabathi,

IZizwe eziManyeneyo, i-G20, iintlanganiso ze-AU-EU kunye nobunye ubuhlakani;

Ukulungelelanisa iinzame zabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo, uLuntu lwezoQoqosho lweNgingqi, kunye noluntu lwamanye amazwe ukubeka phambili ukungenelela kumazwe amaninzi abuthathaka athe achanabeke kwizothuso zangaphandle kurhwebo;

Ukukhuthaza ubumbano, intsebenziswano, ukuncedisana, ukuxhasana kunye nokufunda koontanga phakathi kwamazwe angamaLungu. Amanyathelo anokwenzeka, ngentsebenziswano ne-RECs: ukuseta ukujonga iimpendulo zomgaqo-nkqubo wezempilo noqoqosho ngaphambili kwi-Covid-19;

Vert Thintela urhwebo ekuphumezeni amanyathelo okhuseleko, ngokuqinisekisa ukuba ukuvalwa kwemida akubangeli ngxaki yokutya, ngakumbi eNtshona Afrika apho ukutya kunqongopheleyo kwaye apho amazwe axhomekeke ekuthengisweni kwezityalo ezisisiseko ezifana nerayisi kunye ingqolowa evela eAsia.

 Nika ingqalelo ekhethekileyo imeko yamalungelo oluntu yeembacu kunye nabafuduki, apho ukudana kwezentlalo kunokuba nzima ngakumbi ukuphumeza ngelixa besesichengeni sengxaki; kwaye

Ukuphuhlisa iindlela zokunxibelelanisa zokuchonga kunye nokubeka esweni ukusasazeka kwesifo, ukwenza imephu yeempendulo zomgaqo-nkqubo ngamazwe angamalungu nakwii-RECs, ukulungelelanisa amanyathelo oonozakuzaku ukwenza ilizwi leAfrika livakale kwinqanaba lehlabathi, ngakumbi ukupheliswa kwetyala.

Imimandla Yoluntu Yoqoqosho kufuneka:

• Ukuphuhlisa iindlela zokunxibelelanisa ezichonga ukusasazeka kwesifo, imephu yeempendulo zomgaqo-nkqubo ngamazwe angamalungu e-REC; kwaye

• Apho kufanelekileyo kuphuhliswa ngokudibeneyo imigaqo-nkqubo yezemali neyezezimali ukwandisa izibonelelo zamazwe angamalungu kunye namandla okwenza imigaqo-nkqubo yokuphikisana.

Izenzo zasemva kobhubhane

Amazwe aseAfrika abhenceke kakhulu kwizothuso zangaphandle. Utshintsho lweparadigm luyafuneka ukuze kutshintshwe iipateni zorhwebo zamazwe ase-Afrika ngaphakathi kwawo kunye nehlabathi liphela ngakumbi ne-China, i-Yurophu, i-USA namanye amazwe asahlumayo. I-Afrika kufuneka iguqule ubhubhane wangoku we-Covid-19 ube lithuba lokuguqula iingcebiso zomgaqo-nkqubo kutshintsho olunemveliso kutshintsho olunemveliso.

ichazwe kwi-Afrika yoPhuhliso lweDynamics (AfDD) 2019: Ngo-2019: Ukufezekisa iNguqulelo enemveliso ibe yinyani ngenjongo yokudala uqoqosho olukwaziyo ukumelana nezothuso zangaphandle kwaye lufezekise uphuhliso oluzinzileyo.

Ke ngoko, amazwe ase-Afrika acetyiswa ukuba:

 Hlukanisa kwaye uguqule uqoqosho lwabo ngokuqinisa amandla emveliso kwicandelo labucala laseAfrika ukuguqula izinto zokwenza imveliso ekuhlaleni. Oku kuza kuphucula ukuququzelelwa kobutyebi basekhaya kwaye kunciphise ukuxhomekeka kwelizwekazi kwimali engenayo yangaphandle, emi kwi-11.6% ye-GDP yase-Afrika xa kuthelekiswa ne-6.6% ye-GDP yezoqoqosho;

Ukwandisa imveliso yezolimo kunye nokunyusa ixabiso lokutya ukuhlangabezana nokusetyenziswa kwekhaya nakwilizwekazi. I-Sub-Saharan Africa ichithe phantse i-US $ 48.7 yezigidigidi ekungeniseni ukutya (i-US $ 17.5 yezigidigidi yokutya okuziinkozo, i-US $ 4.8 yezigidigidi ngeentlanzi, njl.), Inxalenye yazo inokuphinda ityalwe kulimo oluzinzileyo lwaseAfrika (FAO, 2019) . Inzame yaseTanzania malunga nokuzimela kwirayisi nombona kufuneka inconywe kwaye ibeke umzekelo kwamanye amazwe aseAfrika.

 Gqibezela ukutyikitywa nokuqinisekiswa kwe-Arhente yoNyango yase-Afrika (i-AMA) kunye nokuseka ubuhlakani bukarhulumente babucala bengingqi ukuvelisa iimveliso zonyango kunye nezamayeza ukuze kuncitshiswe ukungeniswa kweAfrika kunye nokuqinisekisa ulawulo olukumgangatho ophezulu wemveliso;

Up Misela iindlela ezintsha zenkcitho kwezempilo: oorhulumente kufuneka banyuse utyalo-mali olomeleza iinkqubo zempilo ukwenza ukuba unyango ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuthintela;

Il Ukuhlanganisa izibonelelo ezoneleyo zasekhaya zempilo ukwenza ukuba iinkqubo zempilo zikwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno kwiinkonzo zempilo kubandakanya ukupheliswa kwezifo ezinobunzima obukhulu, ukuthintela kunye nokulawula uqhambuko, kwilizwekazi;

 Ukubopha inguquko kwidijithali ukuguqula uqoqosho lwaseAfrika ukufikelela kwi-ajenda yowama-2063 nokusombulula intswela-ngqesho kulutsha, nokwenza ukuba kube nokusetyenziswa amanyathelo othintelo (umz. Ukusebenza ngemfonomfono kwabasebenzi abamhlophe); kwaye

 Ukukhawulezisa ukumiselwa kweZwekazi loRhwebo oluSimahla kunye namaZiko ezeMali ukufezekisa ushishino ngokukhawuleza okukhulu.

I-AUC kufuneka:

Ukumisela kwakhona iinkqubo zokukhusela ezempilo nezentlalo zamazwe aseAfrika;

 Qhubeka nokukhuthaza uguquko olunemveliso kunye nophuhliso lwamacandelo abucala ukuguqula iimveliso zalapha ekhaya;

 Thethana noqoqosho lwe-OECD ukuba imali abayisebenzisayo ayinampembelelo kwihlabathi jikelele ekubuyiseleni amaXabiso amaXabiso kwiHlabathi liphela kwi-OECD, ngaloo ndlela kujongelwa phantsi izicwangciso zenguqu zemveliso zaseAfrika;

Khokela uthethathethwano lokongezwa kokufumana ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zamazwe angamalungu, ngakumbi kwi-IMF, ekulungeleyo ukudibanisa i-1 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zokubolekisa ngemali ukunceda amalungu ayo. Ezi zixhobo zinokubonelela ngokulandelelana kwe- $ 50 yezigidigidi kuqoqosho olusakhulayo kunye nophuhliso. Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10 yezigidigidi zeedola kunokwenziwa ukuba ifumaneke kumalungu anengeniso ephantsi kusetyenziswa izibonelelo zemali ezihlawulwayo, ezinerhafu yenzala;

 Ukuqinisekisa ukuba impendulo iyanikezelwa kulungelelwaniso lokuqhubeka kokungena kwemali e-Afrika, kubandakanya ukuthunyelwa kwemali, i-FDI, i-ODA, utyalo-mali lweepotfoliyo, ngokukhuthaza iqonga leengxoxo zomgaqo-nkqubo eziqokelela oorhulumente base-Afrika, amaqabane abo kwihlabathi liphela, kunye namacandelo abucala Abadlali abanokuba negalelo ekupapasheni imeko yezempilo nezoqoqosho;

Ukuxhasa amazwe kwimizamo yawo yokuphucula ukuhlanganiswa kwezixhobo zasekhaya kunye nokulwa nokungena kwemali ngokungekho semthethweni ukuxhasa uphuhliso lwayo; kwaye

 Ukuphuhlisa nokulandelela i-ajenda yemveliso yenguqu kwixesha eliphakathi ngaMazwe angamaLungu;

Ukubeka iAfrika ukuba isebenzise ngokupheleleyo iinguqu ekulindeleke ukuba zenzeke emva kwengxaki ye-covid-19, njengoko uqoqosho olukhulu lusenokungafani amaziko emveliso ngokutshintshela kwezinye iindawo ngokuxhobisa ulutsha ngezakhono ezifunekayo ukutsala izizwe Amashishini (MNEs) kunye nabanye abadlali bezorhwebo behlabathi. Oku kunenzuzo yokunyusa inguqu yendawo kunye nokudlulisa okusebenzayo kwetekhnoloji kwimeko ye-AfCFTA. I-coronavirus ibonakalise umda we China njengeyona hub yokwenziwa kwehlabathi kuphela ngenxa yabasebenzi abancinci nabakufanelekileyo.