Kwihlabathi eliphawulwe kukuqhekeka kunye nokhuphiswano, inguqu eluhlaza imele zombini imfuneko engxamisekileyo kunye nethuba lobuchule. Emva kokuba kujongwe njengepheripheral, idiplomacy yendalo esingqongileyo ngoku ivela njengesakhelo esiphambili sokuqonda ubudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe, ukudibanisa intsebenziswano, ukhuphiswano, kunye neengcinga ezintsha zolongamo lwamandla.
Ukunyuka kunye nokudityaniswa kwecandelo elitsha lozakuzo
Idiplomacy yokusingqongileyo yaqala ukumila kwi-1970s, iqala ngeNkomfa ye-Stockholm ye-1972 kunye nokufumana indawo yeziko kunye ne-1992 Earth Summit e-Rio. Ezi ndibano zabeka isiseko seendibano ezinkulu zokusingqongileyo malunga nokutshintsha kwemozulu, izinto eziphilayo ezahlukeneyo, nokuba yintlango. Ekuqaleni zibonwa njengezozakuzo ezikumgangatho ophezulu, ziye zakhula ngokuthe ngcembe ukubaluleka, ngakumbi ngokunyuka kokufaneleka kweengqungquthela ze-COP (iNkomfa yamaQela).
ISivumelwano saseParis sika-2015 siphawule utshintsho oluyimbali, phantse lonke ilizwe lizibophelele ekunciphiseni ukufudumala kwehlabathi. Ngaphandle kweenkcukacha zaso zobugcisa, isivumelwano sibonisa intando yezopolitiko ukubethelela iinkxalabo zokusingqongileyo kulawulo lwehlabathi. Ikwabhentsisa imigca yeziphene enzulu phakathi kweGlobal North kunye noMzantsi, abangcolisi bembali kunye noqoqosho olusahlumayo olubonisa indlela inguqu yohlaza eyenze ngayo iqhinga.
Inguqu eluhlaza njengesixhobo samandla kunye nefuthe
Izizwe zenza utyalo-mali kakhulu kubuchwephesha obucocekileyo, obunokuhlaziywa, i-hydrogen eluhlaza, iibhetri, kunye nekhabhoni yokubamba. Olu gqatso lutsha luhlengahlengisa ulawulo lwemizi-mveliso kwaye ludala ukuxhomekeka okutsha. I-China, umzekelo, yinkokeli yehlabathi jikelele kwiphaneli yelanga kunye nemveliso yemoto yombane, izibeka entliziyweni yoqoqosho lwekhabhoni ephantsi. Ukutshintshela kumandla acocekileyo kwakhona kutshintshe ukugxila kumafutha e-fossil ukuya kwizinto ezibalulekileyo ezifana ne-lithium, i-cobalt, i-nickel, kunye nomhlaba onqabileyo. Ezi zixhobo ziyimfuneko kubuchwephesha bohlaza zigxininiswe kumazwe ambalwa (afana ne-DRC, iChile, neTshayina), ikhuthaza ulungelelwaniso olucwangcisiweyo. Izizwe zibaleka zikhusela amakhonkco obonelelo kunye nokwakha oovimba bobuchule. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa idiplomacy yokusingqongileyo ukwandisa impembelelo yawo kumazwe ngamazwe. Iziqithi ezincinci ezifana neMaldives kunye neTuvalu, zisengozini enkulu yokutshintsha kwemozulu, ziye zafumana ubunzima bokukhulisa amazwi abo kwihlabathi liphela. Abanye, njengeNorway okanye iKhanada, iprojekthi yomfanekiso oluhlaza ukuxhasa imigaqo-nkqubo yamandla ngamanye amaxesha ephikisanayo, ebonisa indlela ubunkokeli bezinto eziphilayo ezinokusebenzela iimfuno zesizwe.
Uxinzelelo kunye nentsebenziswano kulawulo lwehlabathi jikelele
Ukulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu kufuna ulungelelwaniso lwamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa izicwangciso ziyahlukana. I-EU ikhuthaza imimiselo engqongqo (efana nenkqubo yohlengahlengiso lwekhabhoni), athi amanye amazwe abavelisi ayijonge “njengokhuselo lohlaza.” Ngokuxhomekeke kulawulo, i-US iyatshintsha phakathi kobunkokeli bemozulu kunye nokuzahlula, ngelixa i-China idibanisa idiplomacy yemozulu kunye nokwanda kwezorhwebo.
Nangona ubuncinci bunoxanduva lokukhupha izinto ezikhutshwa yimbali, amazwe akuMzantsi weGlobal athwaxwa kakhulu ziimpembelelo zemozulu. Bafuna ukuqondwa ukuba sesichengeni kwabo, ukuhanjiswa kwetekhnoloji, kunye nenkxaso-mali eyaneleyo yemozulu. INgxowa-mali yeMozulu yoHlaza, eyenzelwe ukuqokelela i-100 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi ngonyaka, ibe luphawu lwalo mzabalazo kunye nokulibaziseka okuphindaphindiweyo kweMantla ekufezekiseni izithembiso zayo.
Ukuthotywa kokusingqongileyo kunye nokunqongophala kwezixhobo (umzekelo, amanzi, umhlaba weefama, iintlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo) kunokubangela unxunguphalo, ngakumbi kwimimandla esele ibuthathaka njengeSahel okanye uMbindi Asia. Nangona kunjalo intsebenziswano yezendalo iphinda ibe sisixhobo soxolo: imigodi yemilambo ekwabelwana ngayo (njengeNayile okanye iMekong), izivumelwano zehlathi zengingqi, kunye namanyathelo okuqala e-biodiversity awela umda abonisa amandla e-diplomacy eluhlaza ukukhuthaza uzinzo.
Nyaka ngamnye, ngaphezu kwe-11 yezigidi zeetoni zenkunkuma yeplastiki iphelela elwandle, inani elinokuthi liphindwe kathathu ngo-2040 ngaphandle kokulungelelaniswa kwentshukumo yehlabathi. Olu ngcoliseko aluyontlekele nje yendalo esongela indalo ephilayo yaselwandle, engcolisa amatyathanga okutya, kwaye ibeka impilo yabantu emngciphekweni kodwa ngumba wezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko. Imisinga yolwandle ayiyihoyi imida yelizwe, nto leyo eyenza ungcoliseko lweplastiki lube yingxaki echaphazela amazwe ngamazwe. Imilambo efana neYangtze, iGanges, iMekong, okanye iNiger ithutha inxalenye enkulu yale nkunkuma kwiilwandle, nto leyo ethetha imfuneko yentsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe agudle umlambo ukuze asebenze ngokufanelekileyo emantla. Ukusabela kubungakanani bentlekele, uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe luyahlanganisana. NgoMatshi ka-2022, iNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yokusiNgqongileyo (i-UNEA) yasungula inkqubo eyimbali yokuthethathethana ngesivumelwano sehlabathi esibophelela ngokusemthethweni kungcoliseko lweplastiki, oluquka ukuveliswa kwayo, ukusetyenziswa, kunye nokuphela kobomi. Injongo kukufikelela kwisivumelwano ngo-2025.
Eli nyathelo linyathelo elikhulu eliya phambili. Iphawula ukuvunywa ngokusemthethweni kwemfuneko yenkqubo-sikhokelo yehlabathi, efana neSivumelwano saseParis malunga nemozulu. Nangona kunjalo, uthethathethwano sele lubonisa ukungafani: amanye amazwe amakhulu avelisa iplastiki (afana ne-United States, i-China, kunye ne-Saudi Arabia) akhetha izisombululo zokuzithandela okanye zobugcisa, ngelixa abanye (kuquka i-EU, i-Rwanda, ne-Peru) ikhuthaza imida engqongqo kwimveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa.
Ulawulo lwenkunkuma yeplastiki luphakamisa imibuzo yolongamo. Amazwe aliqela kuMzantsi weGlobal, abafumana inkunkuma yeplastiki ixesha elide ethunyelwa ngaphandle isuka kuMantla eGlobal anjengeMalaysia, Philippines, kunye ne-Indonesia baqalisile ukwala okanye ukubuyisela ukuthunyelwa kwenkunkuma evela kumazwe angaphandle, begxeka into abayibiza ngokuba “yinkunkuma yobukoloniyali.” Olu xinzelelo lubonisa ukuqinisekiswa okubanzi kwakhona kolongamo lwendalo kunye noxinzelelo lokuchaza ngokutsha zombini uxanduva lwembali kunye nolwangoku longcoliseko. Ngelo xesha, ukusasazeka "kweendawo ezifileyo" kumanzi onxweme kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukhuseleko lokutya kwimimandla emininzi, ngokukodwa eNtshona Afrika kunye ne-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia, ukuqinisa ingcamango yokuba ungcoliseko lweplastiki luyinto yokhuseleko lomntu.
Ekubhekaneni ne-inertia evela kumagunya amakhulu, imibutho emitsha iyavela. Iphulo leeLwandle eziCocekileyo, elasungulwa yiNkqubo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo zokusiNgqongileyo (UNEP), lidibanisa amazwe angaphezu kwama-60 azibophelele ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa kweeplastiki kanye. Amanye amalinge, afana neGlobal Plastic Action Partnership, amanyanise oorhulumente, amashishini, kunye neeNGOs ukukhawulezisa ukurisayikilishwa, ukuphelisa ukusetyenziswa kweplastiki enye, nokukhuthaza uqoqosho olusetyhula.
Ii-NGO zezeNdalo, ezifana ne-Ocean Conservancy kunye ne-Surfrider Foundation, zidlala indima engekho semthethweni kodwa ebalulekileyo yozakuzo. Babhala ungcoliseko, baphembelela uthethathethwano, yaye bamanyanisa abemi bezizwe ngezizwe, beguqula ukucocwa kweelwandle kube sisenzo sezobupolitika. Ezinye ii-NGOs, ezifana neLungu loLondolozo lwe-Ocean Alliance (ezikhuthazwa yiZizwe eziManyeneyo), zicinga ngokutsha ngemodeli yoqoqosho lwehlabathi ngokuthetha-thethana ngokuthe ngqo ngobuhlakani. (OACM SOS: Inkqubo yoLondolozo lweZisombululo zoLwandle oluZinzileyo) noorhulumente kunye namaqumrhu amakhulu ezizwe ngezizwe, kwinqanaba lesizwe nelengingqi.
Ezi ntsebenziswano zenza ukuba kuphuhliswe iinkqubo zokucoca iilwandle kunye nonxweme (INkqubo yeSiqinisekiso se-White Flag CSMA / i-SOCS Sustainable Ocean Cleaning System) iqinisekisa ukucoceka kweziza, iziqinisekiso zazo (i-CSMA Certified SAFE Marine Area), kunye nokubekw'esweni kwazo kusetyenziswa ubuchwepheshe obutsha (CEPS & GEPN Communication System). Lo mzekelo unceda ekuqinisekiseni ukukhula okuzinzileyo koqoqosho, ngakumbi olokhenketho (Utyalo-mali oluZinzileyo loPhuhliso loKhenketho lwaseLwandle), ngelixa kulondolozwa iilwandle, iilwandle, amachibi kunye nemilambo.
Ngokubhekiselele kwi-eco-diplomacy yamazwe ngamazwe? Abadlali abatsha, iiparadigms ezintsha
Idiplomacy yendalo esingqongileyo ayiseyiyo yodwa yamazwe. Izixeko, amaqumrhu, ii-NGO, iziseko, kunye nemibutho yasekuhlaleni iya isanda kuphumeza izisombululo zokwenyani zendalo. Imibutho efana ne-Under2 Coalition okanye iC40 Cities idibanisa ii-metropolises ezinkulu ezizinikele ekungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni. Ngeli xesha, iinkampani eziphantsi koxinzelelo oluvela kubathengi kunye neemarike zamkela izibhambathiso ezibukhali zemozulu, kwezinye iimeko zidlula oorhulumente.
Uluntu ludlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni i-ajenda yendalo esingqongileyo yehlabathi. Ukusuka kubaphembeleli bolutsha ukuya kumatyala amakhulu asemthethweni, idiplomacy yemozulu iya iqhutywa "ukusuka ngaphantsi." Ezi ntshukumo zichaza ngokutsha ulongamo oludumileyo malunga nokhuselo lwehlabathi eliphilayo.
Ngenxa yokuntsonkotha kwemingeni yanamhlanje, indlela ecwangcisiweyo ibalulekile. Iinkxalabo ngemekobume azinakwahlulwa kurhwebo, amalungelo oluntu, ukhuseleko, okanye ubulungisa bentlalo. Idiplomacy yokusingqongileyo epheleleyo ithatha i-ecology njengelensi yehlabathi apho kuqondwa umdla wesizwe kunye nokuphila kakuhle. Lo mbono ubeka isiseko sohlobo olutsha lwamandla, oluluhlaza, lwentsebenziswano, nolujoliswe kwixesha elizayo.
Idiplomacy yokusingqongileyo ilungisa ngokutsha amandla ehlabathi. Ayithathi indawo yengqiqo yemo yezopolitiko kodwa iyaziguqula ngokwesiseko. Kwihlabathi elithwaxwa yimozulu, amandla kunye neemeko zezopolitiko, libonelela ngeendawo apho ukujongana khona nokudibana. Inyanzela amazwe ukuba acinge ngokutsha ngemidla yexesha elide, adlule kulawulo lwesizwe, aze ayile ulwimi olutsha lwamandla olusekelwe kuxanduva, intsebenziswano kunye nozinzo. Ikamva lophuhliso oluzinzileyo liza kubhalwa kungekuphela nje kumagumbi othethathethwano kodwa nakwimizabalazo yasekhaya, ukusungula izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, kunye nokuhlanganisa ihlabathi. Kwesi sidibaniso, i-geopolitics yenkulungwane yama-21 iyakhula