NgoSuku lweNkululeko eComoros

I-Comoros lichwebakazi elinentaba-mlilo elikude nonxweme olusempuma ye-Afrika, kumanzi oLwandlekazi lwaseIndiya afudumeleyo kuMjelo waseMozambique.

Umanyano lweComoros liqela labathathu. Isiqithi saseGrand comores, i-moheli kunye ne-anjouan. Isiqithi saseMayotte siyinxalenye yesiqithi saseComoros kodwa asiyiyo yomanyano. Imi kumjelo waseMozambique kunxweme olusempuma ye-Afrika, umanyano ulilungu leManyano ye-Afrika.

IComores ikwalilungu le Iziqithi zeVanilla
Ukhenketho lubaluleka ngakumbi to uqoqosho lweManyano.

Kanye njengezityalo, izilwanyana zahlukene kwaye zilungelelene, nangona zimbalwa izilwanyana ezincancisayo. Kukho ngaphezu kwama-24 eentlobo zezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo kuquka neentlobo ezili-12 ezihlala zikho. Iindidi ezili-1,200 XNUMX zezinambuzane nekhulu leentlobo zeentaka zinokubonwa.

Umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo wayila unxweme. Iimangrove zifumaneka kuzo zonke iziqithi. Zivelisa, zibonelela ngezinto eziphilayo kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo kwiintlobo ezininzi. Umhlaba, amanzi acwengileyo (iintaka, njl.njl.), kunye nezilwanyana zaselwandle (intlanzi, i-crustaceans, i-mollusk kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezingenamqolo) kwi-mangroves.

Iingqaqa zekorale zinomtsalane kubakhenkethi. Zimibalabala ngendlela emangalisayo, zenza iindawo zokuhlala ezimile ngendlela emangalisayo, kwaye zilikhaya leentlobo ngeentlobo zezilwanyana zasendle. Iingqaqa lihlabathi elinomdla wokuphononongwa xa untywila kwaye zibalulekile kubakhenkethi bazoba umzobo wabakhenkethi bethu.

IFAUNA YOMALI

Izilwanyana eziseluNxwemeni nezaselwandle zaseComoros zahlukene kwaye ziquka iindidi ezibalulekileyo kwihlabathi. Iilwandle kunye nonxweme lwezi ziqithi likhaya lezinto ezimangalisayo ngokwenene. Kukho malunga nama-820 eentlobo zeentlanzi zasemanzini anetyuwa, kuquka i<em>coelacanth, nofudo lwaselwandle, iminenga enee<em>humpback namahlengesi.

I-insularity yeComoros ikhokelela kwiindawo ezininzi zobuhle bendalo kunye nomhlaba ongaqhelekanga ngokumangalisayo. Izinga le-endemism kwizilwanyana ezisemhlabeni kunye nezaselwandle kunye nezityalo, kuquka i-algae, liphezulu kakhulu. Ke iyaqondakala into yokuba iComoros ibona ukhenketho lwendalo njengento ephambili.

Esona siqithi sikhulu selizwe, iGrande Comore (Ngazidja) ijikelezwe ziilwandle kunye nodaka oludala olusuka kwintaba-mlilo iMt. Karthala. Ngaphakathi kwezibuko kunye ne-medina kwikomkhulu, i-Moroni, kukho iingcango eziqingqiweyo kunye ne-mosque ene-colonnaded emhlophe, i-Ancienne Mosquée du Vendredi, ekhumbuza i-Arabia yeziqithi.

Inani labantu ngo-2020 lalingama-869,595.

Ngomhla wama-22 kuDisemba 1974, kwabanjwa uvoto lwenkululeko eComoros.

Iziqithi ezithathu zakhetha ukuzimela. E-Mayotte, nangona kunjalo, i-63.8% yabemi ivotele ukuhlala yinxalenye yeRiphabhliki yaseFransi. Nge-6 kaJulayi 1975, abasemagunyeni baseComorian babhengeza ukuzimela kwabo ngokuzimeleyo.

IComoros isenokuba yayimiwe ngabantu bomnombo waseMalayo-Polynesia ngenkulungwane yesi-5 okanye yesi-6 yeXesha Eliqhelekileyo yaye mhlawumbi ngaphambilana. Abanye babevela kufuphi eAfrika naseMadagascar, yaye ama-Arabhu nawo ayeyinxalenye enkulu yabemi bamandulo.

Ezi ziqithi azizange zivele kwimaphu yehlabathi yaseYurophu de kwangowe-1527 xa zaboniswa ngumzobi weemaphu ongumPhuthukezi uDiego Ribero. Abemi bokuqala baseYurophu abaziwa ngokutyelela eli chwebakazi, ngaxa lithile kamva kwinkulungwane ye-16, kubonakala ukuba babengamaPhuthukezi.

INgesi uMhlekazi uJames Lancaster watyelela iGrande Comore malunga nowe-1591, kodwa eyona mpembelelo ibalaseleyo yangaphandle kwezo ziqithi yahlala iyiArabhi de kwayinkulungwane ye-19.

Ngowe-1843 iFransi yayithabatha ngokusemthethweni iMayotte, yaza ngowe-1886 yabeka ezinye iziqithi ezithathu phantsi kokhuseleko lwayo. Iphantsi kolawulo lwaseMadagascar ngowe-1912, iComoros yaba ngummandla ophesheya kweFransi ngowe-1947 yaza yamelwa kwiNdibano Yesizwe yaseFransi.

Ngowe-1961, emva konyaka iMadagascar ifumene inkululeko, ezi ziqithi zanikwa inkululeko yokuzimela geqe. Uninzi lwabemi kwiziqithi ezithathu zabotela inkululeko ngo-1974, kodwa uninzi lwabemi baseMayotte lwaluthanda ukuqhubeka nolawulo lwamaFrentshi.

Xa iNdlu yoWiso-mthetho yaseFransi yathi isiqithi ngasinye sifanele sizenzele isigqibo ngemeko yaso, uMongameli waseComorian Ahmed Abdallah (owashenxiswayo ekupheleni kwaloo nyaka) wathi lonke elo chwebakazi lizimele ngoJulayi 6, 1975.

Emva koko iComoros yamkelwa kwiZizwe eziManyeneyo, eyathi yaqaphela ingqibelelo yalo lonke ichwebakazi njengelizwe elinye. I-France, nangona kunjalo, yavuma ulongamo lweziqithi ezithathu kuphela kwaye yaphakamisa ukuzimela kweMayotte, ichaza ukuba "ngummandla wokuqokelela" (okt, ingengommandla okanye indawo isebe) yaseFransi ngowe-1976.

Njengoko ubudlelwane bebusiba buthathaka, iFransi yarhoxisa lonke uphuhliso kunye noncedo lobuchwephesha eComoros. U-Ali Soilih waba ngumongameli kwaye wazama ukuguqula ilizwe libe yiriphabliki yehlabathi, i-socialist.

NgoMeyi 1978 ubhukuqo-mbuso olwalukhokelwa ngummi waseFransi, uCol. Robert Denard, neqela lamajoni aseYurophu labuyisela u-Abdallah, owayesakuba ngumongameli owayegxothiwe elubhacweni.

Ubudlelwane bezozakuzo kunye neFransi baphinda baqalisa, kwaqulunqwa umgaqo-siseko omtsha, waza uAbdallah waphinda wanyulwa njengomongameli ekupheleni kowe-1978 yaye kwakhona ngowe-1984, xa wabalekayo ngaphandle kokuchaswa.

Wasinda kwiinzame zobhukuqo-mbuso izihlandlo ezithathu, kodwa ngoNovemba 1989 wagwintwa. Unyulo lukamongameli olunamaqela ngamaqela lwabanjwa ngo-1990, waza uSaïd Mohamed Djohar wonyulwa njengomongameli, kodwa ngoSeptemba 1995 wagxothwa ngobhukuqo-mbuso olwalukhokelwa nguDenard. Ubhukuqo-mbuso lwaphazamiseka xa ungenelelo lwaseFransi lwasusa iDenard kunye namajoni.

Unyulo olutsha lwabanjwa ngowe-1996. Phantsi komongameli owayesandul’ ukunyulwa, u-Mohamed Abdoulkarim Taki, umgaqo-siseko omtsha wavunywa kwaza kwazanywa ukuba kucuthwe inkcitho karhulumente nokunyusa ingeniso.

Ngo-Agasti 1997 imibutho elwela ukwahlulahlula kwiziqithi zaseAnjouan naseMohéli yayisele yomelele ngokwaneleyo kangangokuba iinkokeli zabo zabhengeza ukuba isiqithi ngasinye sizimele kwiriphabliki.

Kwinyanga elandelayo urhulumente wobumbano wenza ilinge lokucinezela lo mbutho wocalucalulo, kodwa imikhosi eyathunyelwa kwisiqithi saseAnjouan yagxothwa ngokupheleleyo. Ukuzimela kwezi ziqithi zibini akuzange kuvunywe nayiphi na ipolitiki yezopolitiko ngaphandle kweziqithi, nangona kunjalo, kwaye iinzame zokulamla le meko yimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe ayizange iphumelele.

U-Taki usweleke ngesiquphe ngoNovemba ka-1998 kwaye kwangena umongameli wethutyana, uTadjiddine Ben Saïd Massounde.

Umgaqo-siseko wawufuna unyulo olutsha, kodwa, ngaphambi kokuba kuqhutywe naluphi na unyulo, umongameli wethutyana wagxothwa ngoAprili 1999 ngobhukuqo-mbuso lomkhosi olwalukhokelwa ngumphathi-mkhosi, uCol. Azali Assoumani, owathabatha ulawulo lukarhulumente.

Urhulumente omtsha akazange amkelwe luluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa ngoJulayi u-Assoumani wathethathethana ngesivumelwano kunye nabaqhekeki kwisiqithi sase-Anjouan.

Abaqhekeki batyikitya isivumelwano esaseka ixesha likamongameli eliza kujikeleza phakathi kweziqithi ezithathu. Ixesha elijikelezayo likamongameli lamkelwa zizo zontathu iziqithi ngoDisemba 2001, njengomgaqo-siseko oyilwayo omtsha owabonelela isiqithi ngasinye ngokuzimela okungaphelelanga kunye nomongameli waso wendawo kunye nendibano yowiso-mthetho.

Unyulo lokuqala lomanyano phantsi kwemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko omtsha lwabanjwa ngo-2002, kwaye uAssoumani, waseGrande Comore, wonyulwa njengomongameli. Ngo-2006 ixesha likamongameli lajikeleza kwisiqithi saseAnjouan. U-Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi wabhengezwa njengophumeleleyo unyulo lukamongameli ngoMeyi kwaye wathatha ulawulo lorhulumente wobumbano ngokudlulisela amandla ngoxolo.

Uxolo olucekethekileyo lwasongelwa ngo-2007 xa urhulumente wobumbano, ekuphenduleni ubundlobongela kunye nobungqina bokugrogriswa kwabavoti, wayalela urhulumente wase-Anjouan ukuba aluhlehlise unyulo lomongameli wasekhaya wesiqithi kwaye wacela umongameli we-Anjouan, uCol. Mohamed Bacar, ukuba ehle kwaye avumele umongameli wethutyana.

UBacar akazange awuhoye lo myalelo kwaye ngoJuni ka-2007 wabamba unyulo apho wabhengezwa njengophumeleleyo. Iziphumo azizange zamkelwe ngurhulumente womanyano okanye iManyano yeAfrika (AU): bobabini bafuna unyulo olutsha, awathi uBacar walile ukulubamba.

Njengoko imeko ibimaxongo, i-AU yawisa izohlwayo kulawulo luka-Bacar ngo-Okthobha, nto leyo engazange ibe nampembelelo ingako ekumnyanzeleni ukuba athobele iimfuno zabo.

Imikhosi yaseComorian kunye ne-AU yahlasela i-Anjouan ngo-Matshi 25, 2008, kwaye yasikhusela ngokukhawuleza isiqithi; UBacar wakuphepha ukubanjwa waza wabaleka ilizwe.

Ubume be-Mayotte-eyayisabangwa yi-Comoros kodwa ilawulwa yiFransi-yayingumxholo we-referendamu kaMatshi ka-2009. Bangaphezulu kweepesenti ezingama-95 zabavoti baseMayotte bavumile ukutshintsha imeko yesiqithi neFrance ukusuka kwindibano yesithili ukuya kwisebe laphesheya ngo-2011, ukomeleza ubudlelwane balo nela lizwe. I-Comoros, kunye ne-AU, basikhabile isiphumo sevoti.

Ngo-2010 ixesha likamongameli lajikeleza kwisiqithi saseMohéli, kunye no-Ikililou Dhoinine, omnye wabakwaSambi. vice abongameli, bafumene iivoti ezininzi kumjikelo wokuqala wokuvota, owawubanjwe ngoNovemba 7. Uqhubekile waphumelela unyulo oluyi-26 kaDisemba ngevoti ye-61 ekhulwini, nangona uloyiso lwakhe lwalugubungele ngenxa yezityholo zobuqhetseba ezivela kwiqela eliphikisayo. I-Dhoinine yasungulwa ngoMeyi 26, 2011.