Into yokuqala abatyeleli abaninzi abandwendwela eJakarta kukuhamba kwezithuthi. I-Jakarta ibekwe njenge-12th isixeko esixinene kakhulu kwihlabathi. Uhambo oluziikhilomitha ezingama-25 ukusuka kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya iSoekarno-Hatta ukuya kumbindi wesixeko kufuneka luthathe malunga nemizuzu engama-45 kodwa lunokuba luhambo oluthatha iiyure ngomonde. Uhambo lokuya kwizixeko ezikude njengeTangerang okanye iBekasi, apho uninzi lwabasebenzi baseofisini yaseJakarta bahlala khona, luhlala luthatha iiyure ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu. Ayimangalisi into yokuba i-Indonesia ibekwe phakathi kwawona mazwe mabi kakhulu emhlabeni ngokugcwala. Uphononongo luka-2015 olubizwa ngokuba yiJakarta sesona sixeko sixineneyo ehlabathini. Kwaye kwi-TomTom Traffic Index ka-2017 iJakarta ingene kwindawo yesithathu embi kakhulu, ibethwe kuphela sisiXeko saseMexico kunye neBangkok. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ama-70 ekhulwini ongcoliseko lomoya wesixeko abangelwa ngumbhobho weenqwelo-mafutha, ngoxa ilahleko yezoqoqosho ngenxa yokuxinana kweenqwelo-mafutha iye yafikelela kwii-R6.5 zamawaka ezigidi ngonyaka.
I-Jakarta sisixeko esixananazileyo esinabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezili-10 (enesixeko esikhulu esityhalela kufutshane nezigidi ezingama-30). Nangona ubukhulu bayo kunye nokuxinana kwabemi, ayinayo inkqubo yohambo olukhawulezayo. Umzila wokuqala we-MRT wesixeko, odibanisa iLebak Bulus kwiHotele Indonesia Roundabout usakhiwa ngoku - kumashumi amathathu eminyaka emva kophononongo lokuqala lokwenzeka kwezinto. Ngokutsho kwe-MRT Jakarta, eyakhayo kwaye iya kuqhuba inkqubo, kulindeleke ukuba iqalise imisebenzi yorhwebo ngo-Matshi 2019, ukuba akukho kulibaziseka.
Okwangoku, iimfuno zezithuthi zikawonke-wonke zesi sixeko zibonelelwa ikakhulu yinkqubo yebhasi yaseTransjakarta. Ezi bhasi zinemizila yazo ezinikeleyo, ibhodi yabakhweli kwizikhululo eziphakamileyo kwaye iimali zokukhwela zixhaswa. Inqanawa yeyangoku kwaye igcinwe kakuhle kwaye ukhuselo luye lwanda ngokuthe chu kule minyaka ili-13 idlulileyo ukuze ngoku lunceda uninzi lwe-Jakarta, kunye nenani leenkonzo ze-feeder eziqhagamshela kwi-suburbs. Ezi nzame zivelise iziphumo ezilungileyo ngo-2016, njengoko abakhweli benyuka ukuya kwirekhodi ye-123.73 yezigidi zabakhweli abaphakathi kwama-350,000 ngosuku.
Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kobukho bale nkqubo yebhasi iqingqelwe kakuhle kwaye iphunyezwe kakuhle, iJakarta ihleli ixinene ziitrafikhi. Nangona inkqubo yothutho kawonke-wonke eyilwe kakuhle inceda ekudambiseni eyona ndlela imbi yokuvala igridi, ngokungabikho kwemizamo eyongezelelweyo yomgaqo-nkqubo wokuphucula ukusebenza kwayo, okona kulungileyo, sisisombululo nje esingaphelelanga.
Izisombululo zihlala zingaphelelanga
Izibonelelo ezinkulu ziye zatyalwa ekuphuculeni iimeko zendlela, kodwa iziphene ezithile kwinkqubo yokwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo ziye zayiphazamisa impembelelo yazo. Inkqubo yebhasi yokuhamba ngokukhawuleza eTransjakarta ngumzekelo omhle woku. Ukunikela nje ngenkonzo akwanelanga ukusombulula iingxaki zezithuthi zesixeko. Abanini-moto kufuneka bakhuthazwe ekuqhubeni, kwaye banikwe inkuthazo yokusebenzisa izithuthi zikawonke-wonke. Ngamanye amazwi, izithuthi zikawonke-wonke kufuneka zibonwe njengendlela ekhuselekileyo, ecocekileyo nefanelekileyo yokuhambahamba esixekweni.
Esi sikimu senkuthazo asikhange siphuhliswe nzulu ngoko ke abo banako ukufikelela kulo basakhetha ukuziqhubela izithuthi zabo. Ukwandisa inzuzo yokuhamba kukawonke-wonke, amanyathelo aqatha ngakumbi achasene nemoto aya kufuneka njengerhafu ephezulu ngokwaneleyo kwizithuthi zabucala, okanye umlinganiselo onzima kwinani leemoto ezivunyelweyo ukufikelela kwezona ndlela zixakekileyo. Urhulumente usenokwandisa intsebenziswano nabaqeshi babucala, abanike inkuthazo yezemali ukuze baphazamise iiyure zabo zokusebenza, abafuduse abaqeshwa okanye babonelele ngeenkonzo ze-carpool. Abasebenzi banokuhendelwa ukuba basebenzise izithuthi zikawonke-wonke ngesikim sebhonasi senyanga, umzekelo. Imigaqo-nkqubo enjalo, ukuba iphuhliswe ngomlinganiselo omkhulu ngokwaneleyo kwaye ixhaswa ngenkxaso yezopolitiko ezinzileyo, ayinakuphembelela abantu ukuba bakhwele izithuthi zikawonke-wonke kuphela kodwa ikwabatyhafisa ekuqhubeni izithuthi zabucala, inciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ingxinano kwiindlela zaseJakarta.
Indlela esetyenziswayo ngoku iyeye-ad-hoc ngakumbi kwaye ayinambono obanzi, wexesha elide womgaqo-nkqubo. Imigaqo-nkqubo ethe yaphunyezwa ithande ukuba yimicimbi yokudibanisa, eyilelwe ukusabela kwiimeko ezithile zezopolitiko okanye imiba yaloo mihla, kwaye isoloko iguqulwa ngokukhawuleza okanye inyanzeliswe ngokulula. Ukwakha ibhasi esebenzayo - okanye enye indlela yokuhamba ngobuninzi - inkqubo ke ngoko sisiqingatha sesisombululo. Ezinye iinzame zomgaqo-nkqubo, ezijolise ekukhupheni iimoto endleleni kunye nokukhuthaza abakhweli ukuba basebenzise ezo ndlela zoluntu, zibaluleke ngokufanayo ukuba ukulungiswa kwengxinano yaseJakarta kufuneka kusebenze kwaye kuzinze.
Indlela yokusabela
Lo mba wenziwa mandundu nangakumbi kukuba xa urhulumente esenza imigaqo-nkqubo, isoloko ifuna ukusabela, eyexeshana okanye ayinyanzeliswa kakuhle. Kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, amagosa avavanye iindlela ezininzi zomgaqo-nkqubo wokufumana itrafikhi phantsi kolawulo eJakarta. Esinye isicwangciso sasiquka inkqubo yokukhwela imoto eyayifuna ukuba abaqhubi babe nabakhweli abathathu ubuncinane ukuze bafikelele kwiindlela ezinkulu. Abantu base-Indonesia abashishinayo basebenzise eli thuba ngokunikela iinkonzo zabo njengabakhweli abaqeshiweyo kubaqhubi ababodwa. Umgaqo-nkqubo ugcinwe ngokukhawuleza ngo-Epreli ka-2016 kwintshukumo ethi ngokutsho kophononongo lwe-MIT yenze ukuba i-traffic ibe mandundu ngakumbi. Ukunyanzeliswa kwale migaqo-nkqubo, nokuba iyasebenza, ikwangumba. Izithuthi zihlala zibonwa kusetyenziswa iindlela zebhasi ezinikezelweyo zeTransjakarta, kwaye amapolisa akahambelani nokumisela iindawo zokukhangela ukubamba abophuli mthetho.
Mhlawumbi eyona nto iyingozi nangakumbi ekuqulunqeni izilungiso zemigaqo-nkqubo yexesha elide kukuba amagosa ahlala ebonakala ekhokelwa zizisombululo eziphendulayo ezithi zikhutshwe ngendlela engacwangciswanga okanye edityanisiweyo ukuphendula isikhalo sikawonke-wonke okanye iimeko zezopolitiko zexeshana. Ukwenziwa komgaqo-nkqubo okunjalo kudla ngokungacingelwa kakuhle kwaye kutshintshe rhoqo, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuphuhlisa uhlobo lwendlela engaguqukiyo, ebanzi efunekayo ukujongana nemiba esisiseko. Ngowama-2015, umzekelo, uMphathiswa wezoThutho u-Ignasius Jonan wakhupha isithintelo esingesolinye kwii-apps zokukhwela inqwelo moya ezifana neGo-Jek, mhlawumbi phantsi koxinzelelo lweenkampani zeeteksi ezixhalabileyo malunga nokuphulukana nesabelo semarike. Kwiintsuku nje ezingephi lo myalelo wawujingisiwe ngaphandle kwengcaciso.
Ngokuchanekileyo indlela yokuphatha ifuthe le-apps zokukhwela, ngokungathandabuzekiyo sesona sixhobo sinamandla sokunciphisa ingxinano yezithuthi ukuba ilawulwa ngokufanelekileyo, iyaqhubeka ingumba wamaqhosha ashushu eJakarta. Kunyaka ophelileyo, izithuthuthu zavalwa ekusebenziseni iindlela ezinkulu ezifana neJalan Thamrin phakathi kwe-6am kunye ne-11pm. Lo mgaqo-nkqubo wawungumsebenzi walowo wayesakuba yirhuluneli yaseJakarta, uBasuki Tjahaja Purnama. Xa u-Anies Baswedan ethatha uburhuluneli ekupheleni konyaka, enye yeentshukumo zakhe zokuqala yayikukubiza ukuba ukuvalwa kurhoxiswe kwaye, ngokubongoza kwakhe, iNkundla ePhakamileyo kutshanje yenze njalo. Olu hlobo lwe-whiplash yokwenza izigqibo lungumqobo ekuphuhliseni imigaqo-nkqubo ehambelanayo nesebenzayo.
Uqhankqalazo lwasesitratweni ngokuchasene nokuvalwa umlomo ngo-becak, ngoDisemba 2008. Umthombo: Cak-cak, Flickr Creative Commons
NgoJanuwari ka-2018, u-Anies uphinde wabhengeza isicwangciso sokubuyisela abaqhubi be-becak kwizitrato zaseJakarta ngokuguqula umthetho ka-2007 wokuba bangabikho mthethweni. Ngokuqhelekileyo kuvunyelwene ukuba i-pedicabs ehamba ngokucothayo yebhayisikile iqhubela phambili iimeko ze-traffic e-Jakarta kodwa u-Anies uye walungisa ukutshitshisa ukuvinjelwa ngengqiqo ethandabuzekayo yokuba kuya kunceda amashishini amancinci naphakathi. Kwakhona umntu usenokugqiba kwelokuba eyona njongo kukuqinisa iziqinisekiso zakhe njengentshatsheli yabantu abaninzi abakumgangatho ophantsi ongenamalungelo ngokwezoqoqosho. I-optics, kule meko, inokubaluleka ngakumbi kunokuyila umgaqo-nkqubo olungileyo.
Ngaphandle kokukhala koluntu malunga nombono, u-Mohamad Taufik, usekela-somlomo webhunga lezomthetho laseJakarta, ubhengeze ngoFebruwari ukuba uceba ukuqhubela phambili umgaqo-nkqubo, eqala eMntla Jakarta. Iinzame zokuhlaziya lo mthetho ka-2007 nazo zisezandleni kodwa, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, usahleli ezincwadini – nto leyo ethetha ukuba urhulumente uceba ukuwuqhuba lo mgaqo-nkqubo nokuba awukho semthethweni ngokomthetho. Oku kuye kwabangela ukuba amaqela ahlukahlukeneyo anomdla athembise ngokuwusa lo mbandela kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo, ukuba kuyimfuneko, eqinisekisa ukuba le migudu ayisayi kuzinceda iingxaki zeenqwelo-mafutha kweso sixeko kungekudala.
Ngelixa ikamva labaqhubi be-becak lingekho kwaye ngokwalo lineziphumo ezibi kakhulu, oko kubonisa into yokuba xa umgaqo-nkqubo usenziwa ngendlela engxamisekileyo, eqhutywa kukulungelwa kwezopolitiko okanye imfuno yokubeka indawo ethile yovoto okanye umdla okhethekileyo, ayinako ukujongana ngempumelelo nemingeni entsonkothileyo enezizathu ezinzulu, ezifana nokuvalwa kwegridi okungapheliyo. Xa imigaqo-nkqubo itshintsha ngesiquphe, kuba nzima ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwayo, kwaye oku kuthintela abasemagunyeni ekubeni bafikelele kwisigqibo esinolwazi malunga nokuba yeyiphi imigaqo-nkqubo esebenza kakuhle.
Unobangela wokuba nethemba?
Kwakhona kuye kwakho impumelelo. Omnye umzekelo yinkqubo ekwimithambo emikhulu yendlela ethintela ukufikelela kwiimoto ezinomnqakathi kunye neenombolo-pleyiti ngeentsuku ezitshintshanayo. Ngexesha lovavanyo lwenyanga enye ngo-Agasti ka-2017 isantya esiphakathi sezithuthi ecaleni kwendlela ekujoliswe kuyo senyuke ngepesenti ezingama-20, iibhasi zeTransjakarta zabona ukunyuka kweepesenti ezingama-32.6 zokukhwela kwipaseji ephakathi kunye nexesha lokuhamba phakathi kwezikhululo lancitshiswa phantse nge-3 kunye nesiqingatha. imizuzu. Emva kokuphumelela kolu lingo kujoliswe kulo, inkqubo yenziwa isigxina. Ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwehla ngokuhamba kwexesha ngokunyanzeliswa okungaguqukiyo, kwaye umgaqo-nkqubo ukususela ngoko wandiswa ukuya empuma nakumazantsi eJakarta. Imigaqo-nkqubo efanayo (apho amalingo ekujoliswe kuwo abonisa ubungqina bengcamango ngaphambi kokuba inyuswe), ukuba iphuhliswe ngokuhambelana nokwandiswa kotyalo-mali kwiziseko zophuhliso lwezothutho lukawonke-wonke kunye nokunyanzeliswa ngokuqhubekayo kwinqanaba elikhulu, kunokuba nohlobo lwempembelelo esemgangathweni kwimeko yezothutho loo mgaqo-nkqubo. -abenzi bebefuna.
Kukwakho nenye into ebonisa ukuba njengoko urhulumente esiba nzulu ngokuthotyelwa kwerhafu, oku kunokubonelela ngethuba lokunciphisa inani lezithuthi endleleni ngokuthi kungabizi kakhulu ukuthenga nokusebenzisa imoto yomntu. Kudala kuthethwa ngokunyuswa kwerhafu yezithuthi, kodwa kubonakala ngathi le nto ekugqibeleni ifumana ingqalelo enzulu. Ekupheleni kuka-2017 amagosa e-Jakarta abambe uxolelo lwerhafu kubanini bezithuthi abaye baphula iirhafu zabo, bebonisa ukuba baya kuba ngqongqo kakhulu malunga nokunyanzeliswa kwerhafu kwixesha elizayo. Kuse early kakhulu ukuxelela indlela elisebenza ngayo eli nzame lokuthobela irhafu, kodwa iingxelo zakwangoko zibonisa ukuba abasemagunyeni bebekufutshane ekufikeleleni iinjongo zabo zengeniso zika-2017. Amagosa erhafu kukwaxelwa ukuba aya kwindlu ngendlu kwaye enza umzamo onzima wokuthobela, ukushenxa kabukhali kwishishini njengesiqhelo. Ukuba ukuthobela ngokwenene kuphuculwe ngendlela ephawulekayo, kunokunika abasemagunyeni eJakarta isixhobo esinentsingiselo somgaqo-nkqubo wokunciphisa inani lezithuthi endleleni ngeentlawulo zemvume kunye neerhafu.
Ngokunikwa konke oko, ikamva lomgaqo-nkqubo wezothutho eJakarta limi kwindawo enika umdla.
Umbhali, uJames Guild, [imeyile ikhuselwe] ngumgqatswa wePhD kuQoqosho lwezoPolitiko kwiSikolo seS. Rajaratnam seZifundo zaMazwe ngaMazwe eSingapore. Mlandele kuTwitter @jamesjguild.
