AMEHLO AVUKE KAKHULU
Unyaka ka-2011 ibe ngunyaka weenguqu nemingeni emandla. Ingxaki yezoqoqosho, inguqu kwingingqi kunye nohlaziyo, iintlekele zendalo, ilahleko engalindelekanga yemifanekiso kunye namaziko - amaxesha amaninzi ebengaphaya kwentsomi, ngaphaya kwengqikelelo, ngaphaya kokulindelweyo, nangaphaya kokuqonda.
Kwishishini lehlabathi lokhenketho kunye nokhenketho, unyaka ubonise kwakhona, ukuba ayisiyiyo kuphela imveliso ekwaziyo ukomelela ngokumangalisayo, ngokunjalo nabahambi. Ngombulelo. Iziganeko ezinkulu zingqina amaxesha ngamaxesha ukuvuselela umdla omkhulu kunye nomnqweno wokuzibonela. Apho kwenzeke khona ingxaki, abakhenkethi kwihlabathi jikelele baye baqaphela ifuthe lobukho babo ekufumaneni kwakhona indawo ekuyiwa kuyo. Ukubuyiswa koqoqosho, ngokupheleleyo. Kodwa kwakhona, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukubuyisela umoya wentlalo yoluntu. Umzekelo omnye ophambili: ITahrir Square yaseCairo, isembindini wemvukelo yase-Arab ekhawulezayo nephela ngoxolo, ngoku imide njengendawo enomtsalane kubakhenkethi. Ihlabathi lifuna ukubona, kwaye lizive, apho lenzeke khona.
Ngoku abantu beebhiliyoni ezisixhenxe abahleli kwihlabathi, kwaye icandelo lezohambo lizimisele ukufikelela kwinqanaba lesigidigidi sokufika kwamanye amazwe ngo-2012, umda wokutsalwa kohambo ukhula kuphela. Kwabanye abakhenkethi, eli phulo leholide elibavumela ukuba bajonge ihlabathi ngeendondo ezinombala orozi: iindawo zokuhlala zasesiqithini ezingaqhelekanga, iindawo zendalo ezingekachukunyiswa, iindawo zenkcubeko ezingaqhelekanga ezivisisana nendawo yazo kunye nendawo yazo kwindalo iphela. Kwabanye, ukufuna ukuhamba yindawo evula iindlela ezintsha zokufumanisa kunye nethuba leshishini okanye ukuzonwabisa. Kukho nabo bafuna iindawo ezibavumela ukuba babone ihlabathi kwimeko yalo ye-geo-political ekrwada, ukujonga imiba kunye neengcamango ngokuthe ngqo kwiso. Kwaye kukho abo bafuna ukubona ukuba bangenza njani umahluko ngokubakho kwabo, benceda iindawo zakhe ikamva elomeleleyo. Iminqweno kuhambo mininzi njengenani labahambi. Akukho mfuneko yokuba bacinge ukuba bashiywe ngaphandle.
Kwiindawo zokusingwa ngokwazo, nangona kunjalo, intlekele inokubangela ukusabela kwendalo ukothuka, iintloni, kunye nokufuna ukujonga kude njengoko uloyiko lokuphulukana nomdla wabahambi kunye nethuba lokusingwa lithatha indawo. Ingxaki ekuqaleni ibonakala isiqalekiso.
Iqhalo lesiTshayina legama elithi “ingxaki” elikwathetha “ithuba,” ibinzana eliye lasetyenziswa kakhulu xa kwaqalisa ukudodobala koqoqosho lwehlabathi ekupheleni kowama-2008, yinyani engenakubethwa ngoyaba.
Njengoko kulula kwiindawo ekusingwa kuzo ukuvala amehlo akho kwinto eyenzekileyo ngexesha lobunzima, nokuba kwezopolitiko, kwezoqoqosho, kwezendalo okanye ezinye, elona thuba liqaqambile xa le ngxaki ijongwe ngamehlo abomvu.
IX-RAY ENGABALULEKIYO
Xa kusenzeka ingxaki, iinkokeli zeshishini lezokhenketho, kwicandelo likarhulumente nelabucala, ziye zaphosa phambi kwazo ix-reyi ekhawulezileyo yendawo ekusingwa kuyo kunye nayo yonke imisebenzi yayo. Amanqaku onxibelelwano, ulungelelwaniso, kunye nongquzulwano lubonakala ngokukhawuleza. Njengomzimba womntu ofakwe kwi-x-reyi, ngoko nangoko amalungu omzimba abuthathaka avela - amathambo enzelwe ukunika amandla athe abuthathaka, imithambo eyenzelwe ukondla umzimba othe wavaleka, izinto zangaphandle eziye zangena emzimbeni kwaye zithe kratya. ukwenza ukwenzakala.
Kwimeko yeshishini lezokhenketho, le x-reyi ibonelela ngembono ecacileyo kungekuphela nje apho impilo kufuneka ibuyiselwe ekusebenzeni kwendawo ekusingwa kuyo, kodwa indlela ikamva lendawo ekusingwa ngayo inokomelezwa ngokuphawulekayo.
Ngenjongo yomzekeliso, ummandla we-MENA - ingqokelela yezizwe ezixhomekeke kakhulu kukhenketho kwinkqubela phambili yentlalo noqoqosho - okwangoku ithwaxwa ziinguqu ezinkulu zemo yezopolitiko, ezikhokelela ekwehleni okungenakuthelekiswa nanto kumsebenzi weshishini lokhenketho.
I-Arab Spring's revolution kunye nohlaziyo kuMbindi Mpuma nakuMntla Afrika (MENA) ibonelele ihlabathi ngenkqubo yemfundo engakholelekiyo nexabisekileyo malunga nenxalenye yehlabathi ehlala ingahoywa kwaye ivavanywa phantsi. Kwinqanaba elisisiseko, uvukelo lwengingqi ye-MENA lufundise ijografi yengingqi yehlabathi. Akusekho uMbindi Mpuma ubonwa njengenkitha yamazwe ama-Arabhu awakhelwe phezu kwe-oli kwaye ekhokelwa ngoosolusapho abanxibe ngokwesiko. Njengoko i-Arab Spring yaqala ukuvela, imbewu yolwazi yatyalwa kuwo wonke ummandla. Njengoko ixesha lalihamba neziganeko zihambela phambili, ezi mbewu zakhula elwazini, ekuqondeni, eluvenweni nakuxabiso.
Namhlanje, xa kuthelekiswa nonyaka nje omnye odlulileyo, ummandla we-MENA uye wavela ekubonweni njenge-geo-block, ukuqondwa ngokwahlukana okucacileyo njengezizwe, iinkokeli, iinkcubeko, iindawo, kunye nokulwela ikamva.
Ngelixa ezinye izizwe ziqhubeka nokulwela inkululeko, ezinye ziye zasebenza ngempumelelo ngamaxesha azo otshintsho kwaye zathatha amanyathelo awo okuqala kwindlela entsha yekamva. Ulonyulo luyaqhuba. Sekunjalo, ukuchacha kwakhona kwecandelo lezokhenketho kuhlala kubuthathaka – kucotha, kuyagungqa kwaye kuzinzile. Noko ke, ithemba lihleli lomelele. Isizathu sokuba, kwiintlanga ezifana neTunisia, iMorocco, i-Egypt kunye neJordani, icandelo libonwa, ngokucacileyo njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yezoqoqosho, kwaye ngoku, amandla alo okubuyela ezinyaweni zawo. Njengoko kuchaziwe ngu-Amr Badr, uMlawuli oLawulayo we-Abercrombie & Kent (A&K) e-Egypt nakuMbindi Mpuma ukusukela ngo-1999, "abantu base-Egypt bakholelwa ukuba ukhenketho sisixhobo sobomi esiyimfuneko ekuvuseleleni uqoqosho lwethu."
Izehlo zeNtwasahlobo yama-Arabhu zanyanzelela amazwe ukuba abe namava oqhankqalazo aye ezantsi apho amanani abakhenkethi abandakanyekayo. Kuyaqondakala ukuba, abakhenkethi balahlekelwa yintembelo ekukwazini ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo, ngokukhuselekileyo, nangoxolo kwiindawo zabo zokuhamba ze-MENA abazikhethileyo. Kwishishini lezohambo, amakhonkco abuthathaka ecandelo lezokhenketho atyhileka ngoko nangoko.
Njengoko amanani abafikayo ebesiya engumphunga, into eye yabonakala ngokucacileyo yayiziindawo apho indawo ekusingwa kuyo, iyonke, kunye neendawo ezixhomekeke kuzo, kufuneka zomeleze ukuze kwakhiwe ngokutsha ixabiso elibalulekileyo kunye nefuthe lecandelo lezokhenketho.
Njengoko kunjalo kuzo zonke iindawo zehlabathi ezijongene nengxaki, nokuba yezopolitiko, ezendalo, ezoqoqosho, okanye ezinye, "ubunjineli" obubalulekileyo bendawo yokufikela bubhenceka. Ubuchule obungundoqo bavavanywa, izakhono zavezwa. Njengeeparadigms, kunye nesidingo sokutshintsha kweparadigm. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo: ukuba ukhenketho luzimele lodwa.
U-Amr Badr we-A&K uqhubeke wathi: “Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ibiyinto engaqhelekanga kwishishini (lokhenketho) ukudibanisa imeko yezopolitiko nentlalo esingqongileyo kwishishini lethu. Abantu kwezokhenketho babengadli ngokucinga ngemiba ye-geopolitical kwaye balibona ishishini njengobunewunewu, ukuzonwabisa, kunye nokwahlukileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Nangona kunjalo, kubantu abakushishino lokhenketho, kubalulekile ukudibanisa imiba yengingqi, yezoqoqosho, kunye nezopolitiko kuhambo lwabakhenkethi. ”
Ngeebhiliyoni ezilahlekileyo kuqoqosho lwezokhenketho ngamaxesha obunzima, indima edlalwa lukhenketho kuhlumo loqoqosho nophuhliso loqoqosho lwesizwe icacile. Ngoku ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili ifuthe loqoqosho lweshishini lezokhenketho liyatyhilwa, ngokucacileyo. Imisebenzi, ingeniso, utyalo-mali, kunye nokuzithemba okulahlekileyo akubetheli nje umoya wendawo, kodwa amaxwebhu ebhalansi. Enoba iYiputa, iJordan, iJapan, iTunisia, iThailand, okanye nayiphi na enye indawo yokhenketho ijamelene nentlekele, isigidimi “semiba yokhenketho!” ayinakomelela.
UKUFUMANA AMANDLA NGOKUBONA UBUTHATHAKA
Ingxaki kwiindawo zokhenketho kulo nyaka uphelileyo, kunye neminyaka, inike iinkokeli zezokhenketho kwihlabathi lonke ithuba lokuchonga, kwiimeko ezininzi ngokukhawuleza, apho kukho ubuthathaka kwindawo abasingise kuyo kwaye, ke, apho kukho amathuba okuqiniswa kwexesha elizayo.
Ingxaki izisa ingqwalasela, izisa ulwazi, izisa ithuba. Kukwazisa uvelwano, intsebenziswano, umanyano, ukuzazi, kunye nokubizela phambili amandla angaphakathi.
Ukujonga kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo, u-Amr Badr ucacile ukuba utshintshe njani umbono wakhe kubunkokeli beshishini lokhenketho. “Xa ndibuyela emva kule minyaka ili-10 idlulileyo, ukuba ndifunde nantoni na, kukuhlala ndiprojekthi, ndilungiselela, ndicwangcise. Kwishishini lethu, uhlala ujonge ngokusondeleyo kwimicimbi yasekhaya, i-geopolitics yengingqi, kwaye uyidibanise neshishini lakho ukuze wenze iprojekthi, ulungiselele kwaye ucwangcise, ”utshilo.
Ngezinto ezininzi eziguqukayo, ukuqhuba ishishini lokuhamba, kunye nendawo ekusingwa kuyo, zombini iinkokeli zoshishino kunye namagosa okhenketho e-ofisini kufuneka bacinge: “Ukuba kukho into eyenzekayo e-____, ingaba loo nto ilichaphazela njani ishishini/indawo endisingise kuyo? Ichaphazela njani ukukhula kweshishini lam kwixesha elizayo? ”
Le ndlela yokusebenza iyasebenza kokubini ukulungela okubi kunye nokulungileyo kwintlekele. Kwicala elibi elithi "ukuba yintoni na," imboni yokuhamba kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba iinkqubo kunye nezakhiwo zikhoyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe indawo yabahambi, ukukhuselwa, unxibelelwano, kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, ukukhutshwa. Isicwangciso sokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kufuneka senziwe, kwangaphambili, ukujongana neemeko ezahlukeneyo ezinokuvela phantsi.
Kwinqanaba likarhulumente, inkxaso ekhawulezileyo kufuneka ifumaneke kubasebenzi bolu shishino, ibeka phambili ukhuseleko lwabahambi kunye nolwazi lwendawo yokusingwa kuqala naphambili.
Kwiindawo ezibona amazwe angabamelwane esengxakini, ibinzana elithi “kuthekani ukuba” lisenokuba ngumphumo wokuguquguquka. Njengoko kubonwa eJordani naseMorocco, ngelixa iimeko zabo zasekhaya zazimbi kakhulu kunamanqanaba amabi eengxaki ezijongene nezizwe ezingabamelwane njengeLibya, Yemen, Tunisia, kwaye, ngelishwa, kwakhona i-Egypt, ukusondela kwabo engxakini kunokuba nefuthe elibi. kushishino lwabo lokhenketho.
Kwi-flipside, xa izinto zingahambi kakuhle kwindawo enye, kukho ulwabiwo lwendalo lweshishini olunokwenza izinto zihambe kakuhle kwenye indawo. Ezinye iindawo ezinokufikela, enyanisweni, zifumanise ukuba intlekele ekufutshane ivula ithuba. Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, ishishini lokuhamba liyomelela kuba abahambi bayomelela. Kubenzi beeholide baye eLuxor kulo nyaka uphelileyo, kodwa benoloyiko malunga nomngcipheko wokungqubana kwezopolitiko, umnqweno wokuhamba awuzange uphele, usuke wasuka waya kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo. Ummandla we-GCC kunye neGrisi ukonwabele ukukhula ekufikeni kwabo kwezokhenketho njengoko abahambi bavula isiCwangciso B sabo.
Nokuba lilungile okanye alilunganga, icandelo lezokhenketho xa lilonke kufuneka libe neempendulo ezikhawulezayo malunga nendlela yokuhlanganisa ngokukhawuleza iinkqubo nezakhiwo ezibalulekileyo (oko kukuthi, iinqwelo-moya, izikhululo zeenqwelo moya, iihotele, abasebenzi bokhenketho, ii-ofisi zamazwe angaphandle, njl. njl.), ukulungelelanisa ishishini lokhenketho. kunye (re)vula icandelo lezoqoqosho.
UKUJONGA KWIZISISEKO
Ngelixa kukho intaphane yezifundo eziphuma kwintlekele, iziganeko zowama-2011 ziveze iinkalo ezintlanu eziphambili zamathuba okuqonda icandelo lezokhenketho, kwaye, ngoko, ukomelezwa kobunjineli bendawo yokusingwa kuwo omabini amanqanaba ecandelo likarhulumente nelabucala, ezizezi:
1. Ulwazi lweNdawo kunye neMfundo:
Ingxaki ifundisa ijografi. Njengoko iingcingo zeendaba zidlulisa amabali entlekele, iinkcukacha ezijikeleze apho kufundiswa khona abaphulaphuli (kunye nabasenokuba ngabakhenkethi) malunga neendawo ezahlukeneyo zesizwe-indawo zabo, iyantlukwano yejografi, ukwakheka kwabo kwezentlalo nenkcubeko, kunye nezinto ezinomtsalane zabo. Olu lwazi olutsha kufuneka lwakhiwe phezu kwexesha- kunye nasemva kwentlekele ukwenza ukuqonda okuqhubekayo kwemeko emhlabeni, indawo yayo i-vis-a-vis kwezinye iindawo zendawo ekuyiwa kuyo, kwaye xa ilungile, isimemo sayo kubahambi ukuba (phinda) batyelele. .
2. INtsebenziswano yeCandelo laBucala:
Xa kusonjululwa ingxaki, amandla okusabela ngenene ngamanani, nokuba la manani akhuphisana ngokwendalo. Njengoko kuchaziwe ngu-Amr Badr: “Xa kufikwa kwicandelo labucala, ubudlelwane bethu buhambela phambili abufanelanga bube malunga nokhuphiswano, kodwa malunga nokwabelana, kunye nokuhlanganisa ishishini ukufaka uxinzelelo lokuqinisekisa ukuba impendulo yentlekele iyakhawuleza kwaye inye. Ingcinezelo yoontanga iyasebenza, ngakumbi xa kufuneka inkxaso nenyathelo likarhulumente.”
3. Uthethathethwano lwemidiya:
Ngelixa intlekele iqhawuka, abeendaba bakhona, begubungela ibali macala onke. Yiloo nto kanye iinkokeli zendawo kufuneka zibe khona ecaleni, zifumaneke njengomthombo wokuqala wokufowuna kunye nesixhobo. Uthethathethwano olusebenzayo namajelo eendaba lubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba ibali libaliswa ngokuchanekileyo, ngokungaguquguqukiyo, ngokugqibeleleyo, nangamazwi okukhokela achanekileyo kushishino. Oku kufuna ukuba iinkokeli zeli candelo - zombini icandelo labucala kunye nelikarhulumente - zimanyane njengelizwi elinye, ngokucaca kwemiyalezo kunye nabathunywa. Umzekelo oqinileyo wentsebenziswano yamajelo eendaba esebenzayo nesebenzayo yindlela iKenya yokusingatha ingxaki kwi-Q3/4 ngo-2011 njengoko abavukeli be-al-Shabaab bawela umda waseKenya neSomalia bathatha ubomi babakhenkethi kwiindawo ekuchithelwa kuzo iiholide kunxweme olusemantla. UMphathiswa wezoKhenketho kuzwelonke, oHloniphekileyo uNajib Balala, uye wahambela phambili ngoko nangoko njengendawo yokuqala yoqhagamshelwano kunye nezimvo malunga nefuthe lentlekele kukhenketho, esebenza ngokuthe ngqo nangokuselubala namajelo eendaba ehlabathi, engingqi kunye nesizwe. Ukubhideka malunga nokuba kuqhubeka ntoni, phi, kutheni, kwaye kwenziwa ntoni ngayo, kudala ukuphaphazela, kusasaza umonakalo, kwaye kunokuba nefuthe elibi ngaphaya kwengxaki ngokwayo. Ukuchaneka, ubumbano, ukusebenza kunye nokungafihli kunye namajelo eendaba kunokusebenzela kuphela indawo ekuyiwa kuyo.
4. Ulawulo lweeNgcebiso zoKhenketho
Iingcebiso zohambo zihlala zingomnye weyona micimbi ixakayo xa kufikwa kwintlekele yendawo ekuyiwa kuyo. Okuphambili kule ngxaki kukusetyenziswa kweengcebiso zohambo ngokukhawuleza zizizwe zasekhaya zabahambi abanokubakho ngesantya esikhulu, i-geospecification encinci, kunye nokulandela okuncinci ukuhlaziya kunye nokususa izilumkiso. Iinzame ziyenziwa ngamaqumrhu okhenketho ehlabathi afana ne UNWTO ukusebenza noorhulumente kwihlabathi liphela ukuqinisekisa ukuba iingcebiso zokuhamba zezi:
-i-geo-specific,
-ixesha elibekiweyo, kwaye
– ihlaziywe.
Ukongeza kwezi nzame, iinkokeli zoluntu lwamashishini kunye nabasemagunyeni kwezokhenketho kurhulumente kufuneka basebenzisane noluntu lwehlabathi ukuqinisekisa ukuba iingcebiso zohambo zilawulwa ngononophelo, kwaye zisuswe kwangethuba, ukuze zingabambezeli iinzame zokubuyisela indawo ekusingwa kuyo.
5. INtsebenziswano yoRhulumente weNgingqi
Okokugqibela, kusemdleni wokhenketho lwengingqi ukuba iindawo zokusingwa ziphinde zihlaziyeke, kwaye ziphakamise ummandla ngokubanzi. Ukusebenzisana kunye ukuvuselela umsebenzi wokhenketho, izivumelwano zengingqi zingadlala indima ebalulekileyo, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ekwakheni kwakhona ukuzithemba kwabahambi, okuya kuthi emva koko kwakhiwe ngokutsha umsebenzi. Amaxesha obunzima ngokwemvelo avula umnqweno wokusebenzisana, ukugqabhuka kuxanduva oluyingxaki kwisizwe. Imfesane yomntu yodlula ukhuphiswano. Ukuthatha indlela yommandla kwintlekele kukhenketho kunye nohlaziyo oluhlangeneyo kwiinzame zokubuyisela, njengoko UNWTO iye yazintshatsheli kummandla we-MENA umzekelo, ivumela zonke izizwe ukuba ziphakame ngaphezu kweengxabano ukuze zibe nekamva elizinzileyo, elikhuselekileyo, nelithembisayo lokhenketho lwengingqi.
Ekugqibeleni, kuyabonakala, ubunkokeli obusebenzayo obuthi bukhuthaze kwaye busikhokele kwintlekele. Njengoko kuchazwe ngu-Amr Badr, ecinga ngento eza kuthatha ukuba i-MENA iphinde iphinde ibe ngummandla wokhenketho olinganayo nozinzileyo: “Sifana nalo naliphi na ishishini. Sifuna uzinzo, sifuna ukhuseleko, sifuna ithemba.”
Kula maxesha aguqukayo, ahlala ecela umngeni, inye into ecacileyo: njengeshishini, njengoqoqosho olukhula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye njengawona mandla ozakuzo uxolo lwehlabathi kunye nokuqonda kwihlabathi, ukuhamba kunye nokhenketho yinto efunwa lihlabathi. hambela phambili.
Njengoko uqalisa unyaka omtsha, kunye nezizwe zithatha iimo ezintsha kunye nekamva, ngamana umzamo wethu wokuwela imida ungaqhubeka usisondeza kunye, ngazo zonke iindlela ezibalulekileyo.
