Ngaba uKhenketho noKhenketho lunokuphakama kwakhona njengeNdawo yokuFikela eKhanyayo?

Ishishini lokuhamba nokhenketho kwihlabathi liphela lifumana UKHENKETHO LOKUQALA

Njengomphumo wee-COVID-19 iihotele ezingubhubhane kwimimandla exhomekeke kubakhenkethi njengeehotele zaseHawaii kunye nezinto ezinomtsalane zivaliwe, abakhweli abangenayo bavaliwe, amabango okungabikho kwemisebenzi anyukile, kwaye amanani abakhweli mihla le asuka kuma-30,000 kunye nakumakhulu ambalwa.

Kwiveki nje ezimbalwa, iHawaii yasuka “kukhenketho olugqithisileyo” yaya phantse ingabikho kwezokhenketho. Olunjani utshintsho olukhulu ukusuka kwiinyanga nje ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo xa abanye babenexhala lokuba "baninzi kakhulu abakhenkethi".

Nangona iintlungu zoqoqosho lokuwa kwezokhenketho zibuhlungu, ingxaki ye-COVID isinike ithuba cinga ukubonisa ukuba iHawaii kufuneka ijongeke njani njengoko ichacha. Zeziphi iindwendwe esiziphosayo ngoku? Ngubani esimxabisileyo? WhIich zazidala zazibangela unxunguphalo phakathi kamaaina? Zeziphi iisayithi ezixhamlayo kwikhefu lokuphulukana neendwendwe? Ngamafutshane, lufanele lukhangeleke njani ukhenketho lwaseHawaii xa lubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo kwaye singenza njani umsebenzi ongcono wokulawula indawo esiya kuyo kwixa elizayo? Lithuba esingazange sibe nalo ngaphambili.

Ngaphambi kokuwa kokhenketho, i Igunya lezoKhenketho eHawaii (HTAUphando lufumanise indlela abahlali abaya ngayo malunga nokhenketho oluya lubi ngakumbi njengoko inani labatyeleli lisanda. Ukuxinana kweemoto ezindleleni, ukuxinana kwabantu, nokonakaliswa kwendalo zezinye zeengxaki ezixhalabisa kakhulu abahlali. Abatyeleli bayakhalaza nangokuxinana.

Ngelixa abanye bephikise ukuba isisombululo ngandlela thile "kukufaka" inani elipheleleyo labatyeleli baseHawaii, ingxaki inzima kakhulu. Itekhnoloji (ii-smartphones, imithombo yeendaba kwezentlalo, iinkqubo zeGPS) ziye zavumela abantu ukuba bafumane- kwaye bagqithe - uninzi lweendawo ezingakwaziyo ukufumana amanani abo. Ingxaki ayikho kangako ukuba iHawaii ineendwendwe ezizizigidi ezilishumi, kodwa sinaye, umzekelo, abantu abambalwa ababuthelene kwindawo enokuhlala abantu abambalwa. Okanye sineemoto ezininzi kakhulu ezindleleni ezinemizila emibini ezingalungiselelwanga ukugcwala kwabantu abaninzi. Inqaku lelokuba kwimilinganiselo ephantsi yokhenketho, iHawaii kusafuneka ilawule ukhenketho.

Inkqubela phambili kwezobugcisa inegalelo koko kuye kwabizwa ngokuba “kukhenketho olugqithisileyo.” Itekhnoloji inciphise iindleko zothutho ezenza ukuba uhambo lufikeleleke ngakumbi kubantu abaninzi. Ukusasazeka kwamajelo onxibelelwano kukhuthaze abantu ukuba batyelele iindawo ezazingaziwa ngaphambili ngabahambi abaninzi. Iinkqubo zoontanga-ntanga zikhokelele ekwandeni kokuqeshwa kweholide yexeshana kwiindawo zokuhlala. Iinkqubo zeGPS zenza kube lula kubakhenkethi ukuphuma kwindlela ebethiweyo..

Itekhnoloji yoLwazi kunye noNxibelelwano (ICT) ikwanokunika izisombululo ezifanelekileyo zokunceda ukulawula indawo ekuyiwa kuyo kunye nokunciphisa ukuxinana. Umzekelo, eAmsterdam (eNetherlands), "Tyelela iAmsterdam" isebenzisa idatha egcinwe kwi-chip yeKhadi lesiXeko saseAmsterdam ukuhlalutya indlela yokuziphatha kwabakhenkethi kunye nokuyila iindlela zokunciphisa ukuxinana. IAmsterdam ikwasebenzisa iapps ukwazisa abakhenkethi xa umtsalane ugcwele kakhulu kwaye ucebisa ngezinye izinto ezinomtsalane zosuku. IBhunga leHlabathi lezoKhenketho noKhenketho (WTTC) ibonelela ngemizekelo eyongezelelweyo yendlela iindawo zokusingwa ezizisebenzisa ngayo iteknoloji ukulawula ngcono ukhenketho.2 "IiSmart Cities" bezisebenzisa itekhnoloji ukujongana nokuxinana. ILondon, umzekelo, inyanzelisa intywenka yemali engange- $ 11.50 “yokuxinana” ngokuqhuba umbindi weLondon ngamaxesha exineneyo

IHawaii isalela ngasemva kwezinye iindawo ekusetyenzisweni kwetekhnoloji yolawulo lwendawo ekuyiwa kuyo.

Umzekelo, iHanauma Bay Nature Reserve e-O'ahu ithathwa njengebali eliyimpumelelo kulawulo lwendawo ekuyiwa kuyo. Isicwangciso solawulo esabekwa ngo-1990, kunye nohlaziyo olulandelayo, sinciphise inani labatyeleli kulondolozo ukusuka kuma-7,500 aphezulu ngemini ukuya kuma-3,000 19 ngoku (kude kube kukuvalwa kwe-COVID-300). Kodwa inkqubo yolawulo lwangoku lweHanauma iza ngexabiso eliphezulu. Xa iindawo zokupaka ezingama-7 zigcwalisiwe (rhoqo nge-30: XNUMX kusasa) oonogada bahlangana phambi komnyango wendlela omkhulu wokugcina iimoto zijika, ukhathaza abatyeleli kunye nabahlali balapha abenze ukuqhuba kwindalo kugcinelwe kuphela ukwaliwa ukungena. Iindawo zokuhlala amatikiti zigcinwa ngabasebenzi. Ukugcinwa kwe-intanethi kunye nokuhlawula kwangaphambili akuvumelekanga. Le ndlela yolawulo yakudala ibangela ukulibaziseka kunye nokudana, ngakumbi kuba indawo yokuhlala yabakhenkethi kufuneka iqinisekiswe ngokukodwa (kuba abahlali bamkelwe simahla). Nazi ngokuqinisekileyo zininzi izisombululo zeteknoloji zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye ezinako Ukufikelela komgaqo kulawula ukuhamba kwendwendwe bhetele, ubuhlobo, kwaye zitshiphu. Iindwendwe zanamhlanje kunye nabahlali banokuziva bekhululekile xa besebenzisa i-smartphone kunye neapps - okanye enye itekhnoloji- ukucwangcisa kunye nokuhlawulela utyelelo lwabo. Itekhnoloji inokwamkela amaxabiso aguqukayo ukuhambisa kakuhle ibango. Njengokhenketho lonyuka kwihlabathi liphela (ngaphambi kwe-COVID-19) ngakumbi iimyuziyam, iindawo ezinomtsalane, kunye neendawo eziguqukele kwitekhnoloji yokulawula ukwamkelwa kunye neefizi. Itekhnoloji ngoku olulodwa yinxalenye ye ihlabathi Indawo yokhenketho.

I-ICT iguqule uhambo. Itekhnoloji ixhobise umtyeleli, ingenisa ixesha lomhambi wokuzenzela (DIY). Khawube nomfanekiso wakho usenza i-Airbnb ngaphandle kwe-intanethi. Sele, abanikezeli bezokhenketho banokuhlalutya izixa ezikhulu zedatha - "idatha enkulu" - ukuphawula izinto abazikhethayo abathengi babo kwaye babonelele ngeenkonzo ezilungiselelwe umsebenzisi ngamnye ("umthengi omnye"). Iinkampani zeenqwelomoya kunye neehotele zihlalutya idatha yabathengi ukutshintsha amaxabiso rhoqo-okt amaxabiso aguqukayo-ukunyusa inzuzo. Phakathi kwemibutho yokuthengisa/yolawulo (Ii-DMO), hayi I-DMO enye yenza okungakumbi ngobuchwephesha ukuxhasa amashishini ezokhenketho kunye nabahambi kuneBhodi yezoKhenketho yaseSingapore kunye neQela leNguqu lobuChwepheshe.

Ngelixa abezokhenketho benze inkqubela phambili ekusebenziseni itekhnoloji, kuncinci kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji ukujongana nobugcini bezixhobo zokuya kwindawo kunye neenkxalabo zabahlali. Oko kuqala ukutshintsha.

Ehlabathini lonke, imibutho yezokhenketho yakha “indawo zokufikela ezikrelekrele” isebenzisa itekhnoloji ukulawula izixhobo, ukomeleza ukhuphiswano lwendawo ekuyiwa kuyo, kunye nokuphucula ubomi babahlali. Kwi-2017, iWorld Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) iququzelele inkomfa yayo yokuqala yonyaka kwiindawo ezihlakaniphileyo. Kwinkomfa yehlabathi yesibini eyayibanjelwe e-Oviedo (eSpain) ngo-2018, ngaphezu kwe-600 yabathunywa abavela kwihlabathi jikelele baye kwiisemina malunga nokuba iindawo zokusingwa zingasebenzisa njani iteknoloji ukukhuthaza ulawulo oluzinzileyo lweendawo zokhenketho.

Akukho nkcazo inye yendawo efanelekileyo. Inethiwekhi enye yePlanethi iyichaza “Njengendawo yokhenketho enezinto ezintsha, ehlanganiswe kwiziseko zophuhliso zobuchwephesha, ukuqinisekisa uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lommandla wabakhenkethi, ofikeleleka kubo bonke, oququzelela intsebenziswano nomanyano phakathi kwabatyeleli nokusingqongileyo nokwandisa umgangatho wamava abo kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo ngokunjalo nokuphucula umgangatho wobomi babemi. ”

ISpain, inkokheli yehlabathi kuphuhliso lweendawo ezi-smart, isungule kwaye yancoma ucwangciso lokuya kwindawo efanelekileyo kunye nophuhliso olwaqala ngo-2012 ngesiCwangciso soKhenketho kuZwelonke.7 Ekugxekeni umgudu waseSpain, UFrancesc González-Reverté ihlolisise izenzo ze-980 eziqaliswe mhlawumbi phantsi kwesixeko esihlakaniphile okanye isicwangciso sokhenketho esihlakaniphile esiphunyezwe kwiindawo ze-25 kunye nezixeko zaseSpain ngo-2017. I-critique yafumanisa ukuba kwizixeko ezininzi zabakhenkethi, imilinganiselo emininzi eyamkelweyo yokwandisa ukuzinza yayijoliswe ekunciphiseni i-spillovers embi kunye neendleko ezinxulumene ne ukhenketho ngobuninzi. Umbhali ufumanise ukuba "iindawo zokhenketho zaseSpain eziye zamkela izicwangciso zokhenketho ezifanelekileyo zokujongana nezenzo zabo ezibhekiselele kwizinto ezithile zozinzo lwedolophu, ngakumbi umgangatho wendalo esingqongileyo kunye nobomi babahlali, kodwa bathanda ukungayi kude ngokwaneleyo ...

Iindawo ekuyiwa kuzo zibona izicwangciso zokhenketho ezikrelekrele njengethuba lokuphucula ukhuphiswano endaweni yesicwangciso esipheleleyo sokuphucula uzinzo ezidolophini. ” Umbhali uqhubeke wathi itekhnoloji "kufuneka ikwi-DNA yezixeko ezifuna ukumilisela izicwangciso zokhenketho."

Itekhnoloji inokuba luncedo ekufezekiseni iinjongo, kodwa ayinakuba yinjongo ngokwayo. Kwaye izisombululo zetekhnoloji azikho simahla. Kuya kufuneka babonakalise ukuba zitshiphu kunezinye izisombululo kwaye izibonelelo zabo ezinokubakho zingaphezulu kweendleko zokuzisebenzisa. Umbono kukwamkela izisombululo zeteknoloji ezinengqiqo. Izisombululo ezizezona zinokwenzeka ziyahluka ukusuka kwindawo ekuyi kuyo ukuya kwindawo ekuyiwa kuyo ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zasekhaya kunye nengxaki ekusonjululwa ngayo. Into evakalayo eSingapore isenokungavakali kwiHawaii.

Itekhnoloji inokunceda ekuphumezeni imigaqo-nkqubo elungileyo, kodwa ayinakulungisa umonakalo owenziwe ngumgaqo-nkqubo ombi. Umzekelo womgaqo-nkqubo ombi kukungeniswa okuphantsi kakhulu ukunyuka kwiSikhumbuzo seNtloko seDiamond Head. URhulumente waqala ukutshaja i-1 yeedola kumhambi ngamnye kwiNtloko yeDayimani ngoMeyi ka-2000 kunye ne- $ 5 kwimoto nganye yabucala eqala ngoJanuwari 2003.9 Okwangoku, iyunifomu eyi-5 yemali yokungeniswa kwimoto yabucala isebenza phantse kuzo zonke iipaki zikarhulumente ezibiza imali yokwamkelwa; abahlali bamkelwe simahla ngaphandle kweSikhumbuzo seNtloko seDiamond Head. (Izithuthi zorhwebo zihlawula ngaphezulu.)10 Ngokuthelekisa, i-Hanauma Bay Nature Preserve yase-Honolulu ibiza i-7.50 yeedola ngomntu omdala otyeleleyo nokwamkelwa simahla kubahlali. IiPaki ezininzi zeLizwe ngoku zibiza ukwamkelwa kwe- $ 15 okanye ngaphezulu ngomntu ngamnye.

I-European Capital ye-Smart Tourism Associations ixhasa ukhuphiswano lonyaka phakathi kwezixeko ze-EU "ukuphakamisa ulwazi malunga nezixhobo zokhenketho ezikrelekrele, amanyathelo, kunye neeprojekthi eziphunyezwe kwizixeko ngokwamacandelo amane: uzinzo, ukufikeleleka, ukwenziwa kwedijithali, kunye nelifa lenkcubeko kunye nobuchule." Kwi-2020 eGothenburg (eSweden) naseMalaga (eSpain) baphumelela. IGothenburg yagqama “ngokunikezela ngedijithali enceda ekuphuculeni amava kubemi nakubakhenkethi. Oku kubandakanya izisombululo ezijolise kwikamva kwezothutho kunye nezothutho, idatha evulekileyo, kunye neendlela zokuzinza. Isixeko esingaselunxwemeni sisebenza kunye neendidi ngeendidi zabachaphazelekayo kunye namacandelo oshishino ukumilisela indlela emanyanisiweyo yokwenene kukhenketho oluhle.

Isixeko esingaselunxwemeni iMalaga siphumelele kuba “sijolise ngamandla ekusebenziseni itekhnoloji yenoveli ukuphucula amava eendwendwe kunye nokunyusa amandla amashishini amatsha. Isixeko sikwakhokela ekubandakanyeni uluntu lwasekuhlaleni kwaye sisebenzela ukuhlwayela imbewu yezokhenketho ezikrelekrele kwinqanaba lemfundo. ” Iinkcukacha ezithe kratya kwaba baphumeleleyo babini zinikezelwa ngekhonkco elinikezwe kwimibhalo esemazantsi. Ukudityaniswa kweyona ndlela yokusebenza iphantsi kwento nganye kula macandelo mane kukhuphiswano lwe-EU ngokubanzi lwe-2019 kunye ne-2020 ziyafumaneka https://smarttourismcapital.eu/best-practices/

Itekhnoloji iyitshintshe ngokupheleleyo indlela abantu abahamba ngayo kwaye olo tshintsho lunokukhawulezisa. IHawaii kufuneka iphuhlise izicwangciso ngendlela efanelekileyo yokusebenzisa itekhnoloji yokulawula ukhenketho kunye nokuphucula ulawulo lwezi ziqithi ukulungiselela abahlali nabakhenkethi. Iya kulungelelana kakuhle nomsebenzi wecebo lokucwangciswa kweRhuluneli Ige, i-Hawai'i Economic & Community Navigator, enetyala "ngokutshintsha indlela yaseHawaii iye kuqoqosho olungeleleneyo, olunobuchule noluzinzileyo olulinganisa abantu, indawo, nenkcubeko ngokusingqongileyo, emhlabeni nangolwandle. ”

Kulindelo olucothayo olulindelweyo olusuka kwi-COVID-19, urhulumente ngokuqinisekileyo uza kubona abambalwa kakhulu kunabatyeleli abazizigidi ezilishumi zonyaka ka-2019. Kunye neendwendwe ezimbalwa, kubaluleke kakhulu ukugxila ekutsaleni inkcitho ephezulu, iindwendwe ezinempembelelo kumxube. Isicwangciso sokundwendwela ngobukrelekrele eHawaii sinokubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji enje ngokumbiwa kwedatha kunye nohlalutyo ukuchonga ngokuchanekileyo ukuba ngoobani abo bakhenkethi kunye nokwenza imiyalezo yethu yokuthengisa ngokufanelekileyo.

Itekhnoloji nayo iya kubaluleka kwilizwe lePost COVID ukwenza uvavanyo lwezempilo kubahambi abangenayo. IHawaii kufuneka iqinisekise abahambi ukuba kukhuselekile ukutyelela- kwaye kufuneka siqinisekise abahlali ukuba iindwendwe ezifikayo aziyoyikiso kwezempilo. Kuba phantse bonke abafikayo baseHawaii bahamba ngomoya, itekhnoloji yovavanyo olusebenzayo inokunika urhulumente ithuba lokukhuphisana ekubuyiseleni ukhenketho. Iindawo ezinje ngeOrlando kunye neLas Vegas ngokundwendwela kakhulu ziya kufumana kunzima kakhulu ukufezekisa ulawulo olufanayo njengesiqithi njengeHawaii.

Itekhnoloji inokuxhasa ukulawulwa kwendawo ekuyiwa kuyo ngokusebenzisa umkhondo wokufika emva kwendawo kunye nedatha ehlanganisiweyo, engaziwayo enikezelwa zii-smartphones zabakhenkethi ukuyila izisombululo zokunciphisa ukuxinana kweemoto kunye nokuxinana kwiindawo ezithandwayo zabakhenkethi. Urhulumente wase-US ubambe iingxoxo neenkampani zetekhnoloji zaseMelika ezinje ngeFacebook noGoogle ukuphuhlisa itekhnoloji enjalo ukuqonda ukusasazeka kwe-coronavirus.14 Amanye amazwe sele esebenzisa ukulandelelwa kwendawo ukulwa nobhubhane. Isifundo seDyunivesithi yaseMaryland sisebenzisa idatha yendawo yeselfowuni engaziwayo ehlaziywa mihla le ukulandelela ukuba abantu bayayithobela na imiyalelo yokuhlala ekhaya.15

Ngokuqinisekileyo, lifikile ixesha lokwamkela iinkqubo zokuhlawula ezidijithali ukuqokelela ingeniso yokuxhasa ukugcinwa kweepaki, iindlela zokuhamba, iilwandle kunye namaziko oluntu. Itekhnoloji ayisiyonto intsha, ke sinokujonga kwezona ndlela zibalaseleyo zokuqesha kwiindawo ezininzi kwihlabathi liphela ngezimvo.

Isicwangciso esiliqili esisandula ukwamkelwa saseHawaii's Tourism Authority (2020-2025) sibeka indlela yenkqubo emanyanisiweyo yolawulo lwendawo ekuyiwa kuyo. Njengenxalenye yale nkqubo, isicwangciso sifuna ukuba i-HTA “ivavanye, ize isebenzise ubugcisa obuvelayo xa kufanelekile.”16 Alikho ixesha elingcono kunangoku, njengoko siceba ukubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo sobuchwephesha. Asifanelanga ukusilela kwimodeli zakudala zokubuyisa ukunyusa ngokungakhethiyo: beka "iimpundu ezihlalweni nakwiintloko ezililini." Kufuneka silawule ukhenketho nokuba yeyiphi na efikileyo. Ukupheliswa kweshishini labatyeleli elibangelwe yi-COVID-19 kusinike ithuba lokwenza isiqalo esitsha (kunye nesilumko).

Inqaku lincediswe nguFrank Haas noJames Mak

UFrank Hass uyinxalenye entsha # ulwakhiwo ingxoxo ( www.refcity.cz ), ubuhlakani kunye Umanyano lwaMazwe ngaMazwe lwaBalingani bamaKhenketho, i IBhodi yezoKhenketho yaseAfrika kwaye i Ingxaki yoKhuseleko loKhenketho lweHlabathi kunye neZiko loLawulo (GTRCM)