Iwayini yaseBordeaux: I-Pivot esuka ebantwini ukuya emhlabeni

Iwayini yenziwe kwingingqi yewayini yase Bordeaux ukusukela oko amaRoma ahlala kulendawo (60 BC). AmaRoma ayengawokuqala ukulima izidiliya (ezinokwenzeka eRioja, eSpain) kwaye avelisa iwayini kule ndawo. Nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala ye-AD, iwayini zengingqi zaxatyiswa kwaye zasasazwa kumajoni aseRoma, kunye nabemi baseGaul naseBritane. EPompeii, kufunyenwe amaqhekeza eAmphorae akhankanya iBordeaux. Indawo yayigqibelele ekulinyweni kweediliya zewayini kuquka indibaniselwano eyodwa yomhlaba ochanekileyo, imozulu yaselwandle, kunye nokufikelela lula kuMlambo iGaronne owawuyimfuneko ekuthumeleni iwayini kwiindawo zaseRoma.

Ngo-1152, indlalifa ye-Duchy yase-Aquitaine, u-Eleanor wase-Aquitaine, watshata nokumkani waseNgilani wexesha elizayo, uHenry Plantagenet, owathi kamva wabizwa ngokuba nguKumkani uHenry 11. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1300, iBordeaux yaba sisixeko esikhulu kwaye ngenkulungwane ye-14 iiwayini zeBordeaux. zathunyelwa eNgilani zisuka e-St. Emilion ngenjongo yokuzonwabisa kuka-King Edward I.

URichard the Lionheart, unyana kaEleanor kunye noHenry II, wenze iwayini yaseBordeaux isiselo sakhe semihla ngemihla kwaye, uluntu oluthenga iwayini luvumile ukufumanisa ukuba - ukuba yayilungile ngokwaneleyo kuKumkani, yayilungile ngokwaneleyo kubo bonke abathandi bewayini baseBritani abanyanisekileyo.

Ukuqhubela phambili kwamaDatshi eBordeaux

AmaDatshi ayekwathanda iwayini yaseBordeaux; nangona kunjalo, babenexhala le wayini zexabiso eliphezulu ze Bordeaux appellation kwaye oku kwaba yingxaki kuba amaDatshi ayedinga iwayini zabo ukuba zihanjiswe ngokukhawuleza phambi kokuba zonakaliswe. Babefuna iwayini ngexabiso eliphantsi kwaye ezi wayini zonakaliswe ngokukhawuleza ngoko baye beza necebo lokutshisa isulfure kwimiphanda, inceda isakhono se wayini ukuba sihlale siguga. AmaDatshi nawo anikwe imbeko ngombono wokukhupha imigxobhozo kunye nemigxobhozo, evumela ukuthuthwa okukhawulezileyo kwewayini zabo zeBordeaux kunye nokwenza indawo eyongezelelekileyo yesidiliya ifumaneke kwaye ngoknyusa ubuninzi bewayini zeBordeaux.

Gxininisa kwi Terroir

Xa sinandipha iglasi yewayini, akufane kwenzeke kuthi qatha ukuba ukwenziwa kwewayini kusekelwe emhlabeni, kwiidiliya, kwimozulu, yaye nangona iwayini iye yenziwa kwigumbi lokufundela, iglasi yewayini emnandi ngokwenene ixhomekeke kumlimi nakumhlaba. abenzi bewayini/izazinzulu ezithatha umdiliya kwaye, phantse njengee-alchemists, zijike iqunube libe ziiglasi zewayini ezibomvu, ezimhlophe, ezirozi, kunye nehlwahlwazayo.

IViticulture lishishini lezolimo

I-Viticulture ligama elibanzi eliquka ukulinywa, ukukhuselwa, kunye nokuvuna iidiliya apho umsebenzi uqhutyelwa ngaphandle. I-Enology yinzululwazi ejongene newayini kunye nokwenza iwayini, kubandakanywa ukuvutshelwa kweediliya zibe yiwayini kwaye ubukhulu becala zivalelwe ngaphakathi. Isidiliya sisityalo semidiliya evelisa iidiliya ezikhuliselwa ukwenziwa kwewayini, iirasintyisi, iidiliya zetafile kunye nencindi yomdiliya enganxiliyo.

I-Viticulture iye yafumana ukukhula okuphezulu phakathi kwemveliso yezolimo malunga ne-acreage nexabiso kule minyaka ingama-30 idlulileyo kwaye ngoku ilishishini lehlabathi lezigidi ngezigidi zeedola.

Ukukhula kubalelwa koku:

1. ukwanda korhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe

2. ukuphuculwa kwemivuzo yehlabathi

3. ukutshintsha imigaqo-nkqubo

4. ezintsha zobuchwepheshe kwimveliso, ukugcinwa, kunye nokuthutha

5. ukusetyenzwa kwemveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa okukhokelela kuphuhliso lwenoveli kunye neemveliso ezinempilo, ezidityaniswe nokwazisa okukhulu ngeenzuzo zempilo zokutya okutyebileyo kwii-antioxidants ezifana neediliya.

Inzuzo

Ukulinywa komdiliya wewayini yenye yezona nkqubo zinengeniso kwaye zibaluleke ngokwenkcubeko yezityalo kwihlabathi. Ishishini lewayini ngezolimo lasekwa phezu kobudlelwane obukhethekileyo bemozulu-yemozulu kwaye ngoku kukho inkxalabo ekhulayo yokuba ubushushu behlabathi bunokubunjwa ngokutsha le mimandla, iyityhalele kwiindawo eziphezulu kunye nemiphakamo ikhangela amaqondo obushushu apholileyo.

Imihlanganiselwa ziintlobo zezityalo eziye zalinywa kwaye zakhuliswa ngokungenelela kwabantu. Zidalwa xa abantu bethatha iindidi zezityalo bazikhulisele iimpawu ezithile (oko kukuthi, incasa, umbala, ukuxhathisa izinambuzane). Isityalo esitsha sikhuliswa kwi-stem cutting, i-grafting okanye inkcubeko ye-tissue. Isityalo senziwa ngenjongo de uphawu olufunwayo lube namandla kwaye lubonakale.

Udidi luhlobo lwesityalo esenzeka ngokwendalo kwaye sikhule ukusuka kwimbewu - sineempawu ezifanayo nezo zesityalo esingumzali.

Iindidi zediliya zibandakanya iidiliya ezilinywayo kwaye zibhekisa kwimihlanganisela kunokuba ngokwenene iindidi zebhotani ngokweKhowudi yamazwe ngamazwe yeNomenclature yeZityalo zokuLima kuba zisasazwa ngokusikwa kwaye ezininzi zineempawu zokuzala ezingazinzanga.

Imihlanganiselwa kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo

Imihlanganiselwa ethile yomdiliya we wayini nganye ineqondo lobushushu obuphezulu apho inokuvelisa ngokuthembekileyo iwayini ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye nokwamkelwa korhwebo. Njengoko iimozulu zengingqi zifudumala ngaphandle koluhlu oluphezulu, umgangatho wewayini kungenzeka wehle. Ukuze ummandla uphile kufuneka uziqhelanise, mhlawumbi ngokuguqula iindlela zokulawula ukugcina umgangatho weziqhamo kunye newayini kunye/okanye ukuguqula imihlanganiselwa ibe yile ifaneleka ngcono isiqhelo semozulu entsha, eshushu.

INtlekele yoShishino lokufudumala kwehlabathi

Ukwabiwa ngokutsha okukhulu kwemimandla yokulima iwayini kunokuba yintlekele kuqoqosho lwengingqi ezininzi. Nokutshintsha kwemihlanganiselwa kunokuphazamisa kakhulu kuba izisa umahluko wewayini echaza ubuni bengingqi.

Amazinga obushushu obuphezulu anqunyulwa ngumda osezantsi oyimfuneko ukuvuthwa kwesiqhamo kwaye umphezulu unokukhokelela kwisiqhamo esivuthiweyo (okanye esonakeleyo). Iziqhamo ezivuthiweyo kufuneka zibandakanye amanqanaba awoneleyo eswekile (etshintshelwe butywala ngokuvundiswa) kunye neemetabolites zesibini ezinegalelo kwiprofayili yoluvo lwewayini (okt, umbala, aromatics, incasa, umlomo). Inkxalabo kukuba amaqondo obushushu aphezulu anokuba nefuthe elibi kwimveliso yeziqhamo kunye nomgangatho wewayini. Kwiminyaka ye-1980 i-sugar concentrations yaqala ukunyuka kakhulu kwaye iqhubekile.

Nangona imbali ifumanisa ukuba ummandla waseBordeaux, kangangeenkulungwane, wawunomxube ochanekileyo wemozulu efanelekileyo, ezolimo, imveliso kunye norhwebo ukuze kuveliswe iwayini ezibalaseleyo, kukho abanye abaye bamisela ukuba, “ngummandla olungileyo wewayini kuba uzamile ukuba ” (uHugh Johnson, iVintage: Ibali leWayini). 

IBordeaux ivelisa isinye kwisithathu sewayini esemgangathweni yase France kwaye yenziwe ngomxube we Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon kunye ne Cabernet Franc. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuphembelela umgangatho wewayini kwaye rhoqo kumisela imimandla yokukhulisa iwayini esemgangathweni kwihlabathi jikelele. Esona mozulu silungileyo sokukhula kwemidiliya enokwenziwa ukuba ibengumgangatho ophezulu wewayini ibonakalisa ubusika obumanzi, obupholileyo ukuya kobupholileyo, kulandele imithombo efudumeleyo emva koko kushushu ukuya ehlotyeni kunye nemvula encinci.

Ngethamsanqa kwi-Bordeaux, izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu kwingingqi yase-Bordeaux kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yama-20 yayilungele imveliso yewayini ekumgangatho ophezulu; nangona kunjalo, imozulu yamva nje kunye neepateni zemozulu azikho ncedo kangako ekwenzeni iwayini ngomonakalo kwicandelo lezolimo eliqikelelwa ngaphezulu kwe-US$16 yeebhiliyoni kwaye phantse isinye esithathwini selahleko eyenzeka eFransi.

Abalimi bewayini baseBordeaux bajongene neendleko zokuziqhelanisa nemozulu eshushu kwaye baphanda ngenkqubela phambili yemfuza, ukufuya, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwentsimi yediliya ukunceda ukunciphisa ezinye zeziphumo ezibi zokutshintsha kwemozulu ukongeza kwinkqubo yokuzala ejonge ekuphuhliseni isitokhwe sediliya esikwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu. . Uhlengahlengiso kubuchule bokulima kubandakanya:

1. Ukunciphisa ukutsalwa kwamagqabi ukukhusela amaqoqo ekutshisweni lilanga

2. Ukuvuna ebusuku

3. Ukulibazisa ukuthena

4. Ukwandisa ubude bomthi womdiliya

5. Ukunciphisa ukuxinana kwezityalo

6. Ukwandisa i-biodiversity ngokufakela izisele zeenyosi

7. Ukwenza ubambiswano kunye neLigue de Protection des Oiseaux ukukhusela iintaka kunye nokukhuthaza amalulwane ukuba atye izinambuzane kunye nezinye izitshabalalisi kwintsimi yediliya, ukunciphisa imfuno yezitshabalalisi.

8. Ukukhuthaza iHaute Valeur yokusiNgqongileyo (iXabiso eliPhezulu lokusiNgqongileyo) yeHVE apho iinkqubo zegadi yediliya ziqinisekisiweyo kuquka ukucuthwa kokusetyenziswa kwamanzi nesichumiso, ulondolozo lwezityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo kunye nobuchule bokukhusela izityalo.

Olu luthotho olugxile kwiwayini yaseBordeaux.

Funda iCandelo 1 Apha:  Iiwayini zeBordeaux: Zaqalwa ngobukhoboka

© UGqirha Elinor Garely. Inqaku lelungelo lokushicilela, kubandakanya iifoto, alinakuphinda liveliswe ngaphandle kwemvume ebhaliweyo evela kumbhali.

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