Kwinqaku lomthetho wezohambo kule veki, sivavanya ityala likaGardner v. United States of America, Delta Air Lines, Ityala 1: 14-cv-00125-JNP-DBP (D. Utah June 8, 2018) apho iNkundla uqaphele ukuba "uRonald Gardner wamangalela iDelta Airlines kunye ne-United States of America ngokusekwe kunxibelelwano lwakhe nomkhosi womoya ... uGardner (ungaboni kakuhle ngokwasemthethweni (kwaye) ungaboni kakuhle kwaye unxiba izixhobo zokuva (kwaye) wayeneminyaka engama-59 ubudala.
NgoJanuwari 20, 2011, uGardner wayehleli kwicandelo lodidi lokuqala lwenqwelomoya yeDelta esuka eWashington, DC isiya eSalt Lake City. Amabutho amabini aseburhulumenteni afihlakeleyo (FAM1 kunye ne-FAM2) nabo babekhwele kwinqwelo-moya. I-FAM1 yayihleli ngqo ngasemva kukaGardner (kwaye) zii-6 zenyawo ii-intshi ezimbini ubude, inobunzima obungama-2 eepawundi, kwaye isisisindo esisebenzayo. Emva kokuhamba, uGardner waqala ukucotha isihlalo sakhe kancinci. Weva ukubethwa ngogonyamelo ngasemva kwesihlalo sakhe… emva kwemizuzu emihlanu ukuya kwelishumi, uGardner waqala wangqengqa esihlalweni sakhe okwesibini. Isihlalo sakhe sabethwa ngasemva nangakumbi nangakumbi, sabangela… uGardner wagudlukela phambili esihlalweni sakhe… Kwimizuzu embalwa kamva, uGardner wazama ukusibeka phantsi isihlalo sakhe okwesithathu, kodwa i-FAM235 yaphinda yasityhalela phambili…
U-Gardner waya e-galley (wakhalaza kwaye) umqhubi wenqwelomoya waqaphela ukuba u-Gardner 'wayengcangcazela ngokoqobo', ejuluka kwaye ephefumla nzulu… Umlindi wenqwelomoya wenqwelomoya wathetha ne FAM1 (kunye) [g] nenqanaba le FAM1 lokuphazamiseka ngexesha lengxoxo kunye inyani yokuba wayexhobile, umncedisi wenqwelomoya waxhalaba kwangoko kwimpilo-ntle kaGardner nabo bonke abanye abakhweli kwinqwelomoya. (UGardner ubuyele esihlalweni sakhe elandelwa nguFAM1) obambe isihlalo sikaGardner kwaye 'wamkhulula' ... Umncedisi wenqwelomoya weza esihlalweni sikaGardner, waqubuda wathi 'Kulungile. Ufumene inqwaba yekaka. Sisigqeba solawulo somoya ...
Emva kokufika emhlabeni, uGardner waphakama kodwa wavinjwa yi-FAM1 wathi, “Uxolo, ndiyayifumana ityesi yam '. I-FAM1 khange ihambe okanye ithethe nto ukuphendula. UGardner usiphindaphindile isicelo sakhe sokudlula ngeFAM1 amatyeli aliqela, malunga nemizuzu emithathu i-FAM1 ihleli ingashukumi kwaye ithe cwaka… Xa bengenayo kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya, uGardner uxelele umqeshwa kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya saseDelta ukuba ufuna ukuzifihla ukuthintela nakuphi na ukudibana ne (FAM1) ”. Isishwankathelo somgwebo esinikwe iDelta kunye nesigwebo esifutshane esinikwe i-US ”.
Kwityala likaGardner, iNkundla iqaphele ukuba “uGardner wamangalela bobabini iDelta kunye ne-United States ngokusekwe kwesi siganeko (etyhola) ukuba ukudibana kwakhe ne-FAM1 kwabangela ukuba abenengxaki yokuphazamiseka koxinzelelo; ixhala; ukudakumba; Ngamaxesha athile, uxinzelelo olunxulumene noxinzelelo lombono omncinci oseleyo anayo; uloyiko; uloyiko lweendawo zikawonke-wonke; ukuphuthelwa; namaphupha amabi aphindaphindeneyo.
UGardner ngokuzithandela wazitshitshisa izizathu ezibini zesenzo awayesithi ekuqaleni, eshiya amabango achasene neDelta (1) yokungakhathali, (2) ukungakhathali okubangela uxinezeleko lweemvakalelo, (3) ukophulwa komsebenzi womthwali oqhelekileyo kumkhweli okhubazekileyo, (4) ukophulwa kwembopheleleko kundwendwe lweshishini kunye (5) nesizathu sesenzo esithi uGarner alibhale njengebango eligqwesileyo...uGardner uphinde wamangalela amabango eUnited States ngenxa (1) yokungakhathali, (2) ukubangela uxinezeleko ngabom, (3) ukungakhathali okubangela unxunguphalo lweemvakalelo, (4) ukuvalelwa entolongweni ngobuxoki, (5) ukubetha kunye (6) nonobangela wesenzo uGardner asibiza ngokuba ngumphenduli webango eliphakamileyo”.
Amabango eDelta aKhutshiwe
"Umthetho weFederal Aviation Act ka-1958 (FAA) wagunyazisa umgaqo-nkqubo webhodi yezomkhosi wenqwelo-moya… Ngo-1978 iCongress yalungisa i-FAA ngoMthetho wokuLawulwa kweeNqwelo-moya (i-ADA)… 'Ukuqinisekisa ukuba amazwe aseMelika akazukuwutshintsha umthetho wawo. I-ADA ibandakanye ukubonelelwa kwangaphambili ... amabango kaGardner ngokuchasene nokuphumla kweDelta kwiithiyori ezintathu ezahlukeneyo. Kuqala, uGardner uxela ukuba umphathi weenqwelomoya, ngokungakhathali, wamxelela ukuba i-FAM1 yayingumoya womoya, okwamenza uxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo. Okwesibini, uqinisekisa ukuba umphathi wenqwelomoya wenqwelomoya akaphumelelanga ukumkhupha kwindiza emva kokumenza ukuba alinde esihlalweni sakhe kwaye wasilela ukungenelela xa iFAM1 ivimbe umphambili. Okwesithathu, uphikisa ukuba abasebenzi baseDelta basilele ukuthintela i-FAM1 ekumlandeleni kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya.
Inxulumene neNkonzo yeDelta
UDelta uthi zonke ezi ngcamango zetyala zinxulumene nenkonzo ye-Delta. Isekethe yeshumi ilicacisile igama elithi 'inkonzo yomphathi womoya' ngokubanzi: 'Izinto zenkonzo yenethiwekhi ... zibandakanya izinto ezinje ngokufaka itikiti, inkqubo yokukhwela, ukubonelelwa kokutya nokusela, nokuphathwa kwempahla, ukongeza kuthutho ngokwalo'… Ngaphantsi kwale nkcazo 'yenkonzo', amabango kaGardner ngokuchasene neDelta 'unonxibelelwano kunye okanye ukubhekisa' kwinkonzo ye-Delta… Ezinye iinkundla ezivavanye amabango afanayo ziye zagqiba kwelokuba zazingabanjwa ... Inkundla, ke ngoko, igqiba kwelokuba ukungakhathali kukaGardner kweemvakalelo Ibango loxinzelelo kunye namabango akhe okungahoyi abekwe ngokucacileyo ".
Amabango ngokuchasene neUnited States
“Ubungqina, obuthathwe okona kuthandekayo kumabango kaGardner, bubonisa ukuba xa uGardner ezama ukuhlala esihlalweni amatyeli amathathu ahlukeneyo, iFAM1 yatyhalela phambili. Emva kwexesha, i-FAM1 yashukumisa isihlalo sikaGardner njengoko wayehleli phantsi ukuze amoyikise. UFAM1 uyavuma ukuba wafumanisa ukuba uGardner wayeyimfama ngaphambi kokuba kufike inqwelomoya. Kwaye xa umntu owayehamba ngenqwelomoya ehamba ngenqwelomoya kunye nomgibeli owayehleli ecaleni kukaGardner babona ukuba uphazamisekile ngokunzulu sisenzo seFAM1, umntu owayefumene inyani angagqiba kwelokuba iFAM1 yayisazi ukuba woyikisile uGardner de wangcangcazela, ebila kwaye ethatha kancinci imiphunga. Ngaphandle kolu lwazi, salinda noGardner (kunye) no-hen uGardner wazama ukuphuma kwinqwelomoya, i-FAM1 ngabom yamvimba ngokuma epasejini imizuzu emithathu. Ngeli xesha i-FAM1 ayihoyanga izicelo zikaGardner zokuba aqhubeke ukuze uGardner afike. I-FAM1 emva koko yanyanzela uGardner kwisikhululo seenqwelomoya ukuze aqhubeke nokumoyikisa.
isiphelo
Ukuthatha ezi nyaniso kunye, umntu oqinisekileyo ukuba angagqiba ukuba i-FAM1 kufanele ukuba iqonde ukuba indlela aziphethe ngayo ibandakanya umngcipheko ongekho ngqiqweni wokubangela ukuba uGardner abe noxinzelelo lweemvakalelo. Ukongeza, i-factfinder inokugqiba kwelokuba i-FAM1 kufanele ukuba yaqonda ukuba uxinzelelo lunokubangela ukugula okanye ukwenzakala komzimba. Inkundla, ke ngoko, yasikhaba isigqibo se-United States sokuba isishwankathelo sokugweba kuka-Gardner ngokungakhathali kwamabango oxinzelelo lweemvakalelo ngokusekwe kwizenzo ze-FAM1 ”.
Patricia kunye noTom Dickerson
Umbhali, uThomas A. Dickerson, usweleke nge-26 kaJulayi 2018 eneminyaka eyi-74. Ngobabalo losapho lwakhe, eTurboNews Uvumelekile ukuba abelane ngamanqaku akhe esinayo kwifayile awayithumela kuthi ukuba siyipapashe evekini.
Umhlonishwa. UDickerson uthathe umhlala phantsi njenge-Associate Justice yeCandelo leZibheno, iSebe lesiBini leNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseNew York kwaye wabhala malunga noMthetho wokuHamba kangangeminyaka engama-42 kubandakanya neencwadi zakhe zomthetho ezihlaziywa minyaka le, Umthetho Wohambo, Umthetho Wezobuchwephesha Bomthetho (2018), Litigating International Torts Iinkundla zase-US, iThomson Reuters WestLaw (2018), iZenzo zeklasi: Umthetho wamazwe angama-50, Umthetho weJenali yeJenali (2018), nangaphezulu kwamanqaku asemthethweni angama-500 uninzi lwawo afumanekayo iinycourts.gov/courts/9jd/taxcertatd.shtml. Ukufumana iindaba ezongezelelekileyo zomthetho wokuhamba kunye nophuhliso, ngakumbi kumazwe angamalungu e-EU IFTTA.org.
Funda amanqaku amaninzi kaJustice Dickerson apha.
Eli nqaku alinakuphinda liveliswe ngaphandle kwemvume.
