I-SINGAPORE-Luphawu lwamaxesha okutshintshwa kweenqwelomoya ukuba kanye njengokuba umthwali wexabiso eliphezulu obhabhayo eJapan Airlines (JAL) wayefake isicelo sokubhanga kwinyanga ephelileyo, ibhajethi yaseSingapore iTiger Airways yayithengisa izabelo zayo eluntwini kwimfuno yokuba isitokhwe sayo urhuma ngokugqithisileyo ngamaxesha angama-21 kwintengiso yesitokhwe yesixeko.
Ukunyuka kweendleko zepetroli, ukunyuka kwemfuno yokuhamba phakathi kokudodobala koqoqosho lwehlabathi, kunye nengxaki yomkhuhlane we-H1N1 kunyaka ophelileyo, bonke benza iyelenqe ngokuchasene nabathwali benkonzo epheleleyo yommandla (FSCs), ebangela ukuba uninzi lucuthe iindlela kwaye lucuthe abasebenzi - okanye, kwimeko ye-JAL, ukuphahlazeka kunye nokutshisa phantsi kobunzima bamatyala anzima.
I-JAL, nangona yayiyeyona meko imbi kakhulu, yayingeyodwa phakathi kwabathwali beprimiyamu base-Asia abatsala nzima phakathi kokudodobala kwezimali zehlabathi. I-Singapore Airlines (SIA), eyona nqwelomoya inkulu kwihlabathi ngexabiso lemarike, kulo nyaka uphelileyo inciphise umthamo wayo nge-11%, yalibazisa ukuhanjiswa kweenqwelomoya ezintsha ezisibhozo ze-Airbus, yacutha imivuzo yabasebenzi kunye neeyure zokusebenza - kwaye isenelahleko ye-S$428 yezigidi (US$304). million) kwiinyanga ezintandathu zokuqala zonyaka-mali, nto leyo emele ilahleko yokuqala elandelelanayo yekota eyenziwe ngumboneleli ophambili kwisithuba esingaphezulu kweminyaka esixhenxe.
I-Thai Airways iphinde yafumana ilahleko enzima kwimithwalo ephantsi yabakhweli kunye nolawulo olugwenxa olukwinqanaba eliphezulu, iphakamisa inkxalabo yokuba umthwali welizwe owayenebhongo unokuhamba ngendlela ye-JAL engenamali ngaphandle kohlengahlengiso olukhulu lwemisebenzi yayo. I-Garuda yase-Indonesia yanyanzeliswa ukuba ihlehlise izicwangciso zayo kunyaka ophelileyo ukuba idwelise kwi-stock exchange ngenxa yokwehla kwentsebenzo yemali.
Ngokuchasene naloo mvelaphi imbi, abathwali base-Asiya abangabahoyiyo, abathwali bexabiso eliphantsi (LCCs) basebenzise imeko yoqoqosho lwehlabathi njengethuba legolide lokuzuza isabelo semarike kunye nokuhlanganisa izikhundla zabo ngokujongana neenqwelomoya zeprimiyamu. Olo mbono uphakamileyo ubonakale kwinkomfa yoshishino kule nyanga eSingapore, apho abaphathi abaliqela be-LCC bathetha ngengeniso yerekhodi, izicwangciso zokwandisa amabhongo kunye noluhlu olunokubakho lwentengiso yesitokhwe.
I-LCCs zibalelwa kwi-15.7% yemarike ye-Aviation ye-Aviation kulo nyaka uphelileyo, okanye ngaphantsi nje kwesinye kwizihlalo ezintandathu ezithengiswayo kummandla, ngokutsho kweZiko le-Aviation ye-Asia Pacific. Oko kunyuke ukusuka nje ngaphezulu kwe-14% ngo-2008 kwaye kuqhubeleka nomgangatho onyukayo ukusuka kwi-1.1% ye-LCC's exelwe ngo-2001. Ezo nzuzo zemarike, abahlalutyi bathi, zize ngeendleko ezithe ngqo ze-premium yeenqwelomoya zengingqi.
Ii-LCC zenze ngaphezu kokutshintsha uqoqosho olusisiseko lweshishini; baye basabela ngokukhawuleza ngakumbi ekutshintsheni ukhetho lwabathengi kunye neendlela. Xa ukwehla kwehlabathi kwafika ngo-2008, abakhenkethi base-Asia babuyela umva kakhulu kwizihlalo zodidi oluphezulu kwaye bafuna ezona ntlawulo ziphantsi.
Iinqwelomoya zePremium, ezininzi ezinomthwalo wezakhiwo ezomeleleyo zeendleko ezimiselweyo kunye namatyala aphezulu, zacotha ukuphendula kutshintsho kwaye ngenxa yoko zaphulukana ne-nimbler LCC okhuphisana nabo. Inxalenye, kungenxa yokuba ii-LCCs zisebenza kwiseti eyahlukileyo yoqikelelo lwezoqoqosho nezezimali.
UTony Davies, igosa elilawulayo le-Tiger Airways yase-Singapore esandula kudweliswa, uthi inkampani yakhe yenqwelomoya ilandele emanyathelweni acwangcisiweyo omthengisi we-US hyper-market uWalmart: "[Ii-LCCs] ngabathengisi ngokwenene," watsho. "Ishishini lethu kukuthengisa izihlalo."
Njengee-LCC ezininzi zengingqi, i-Tiger Airways yoyisa iindleko ngokususa izinto ezityiwayo, kubandakanywa ukutya okusebhodini kunye nezixhobo zokubala zamatikiti ezisemhlabeni. Ii-LCCs ngokwesiko zineendlela zokuhamba ngenqwelomoya ezine okanye iiyure ezimbalwa, zibenza bakwazi ukusebenzisa iqela elinye lenqwelomoya lokubuyela ngenqwelomoya kwangolo suku lunye. Oko kuye kwavumela ii-LCCs ukuba ziqeshe abasebenzi abambalwa kwaye zithintele iindleko ezibalulekileyo zendawo yokulala yamalungu abasebenzi.
Uninzi lwe-LCCs zikwagcina izithuthi ezilungelelanisiweyo ngokuthelekisayo, uninzi zisebenzisa uhlobo lwejethi oluyonga amafutha, olufana ne-Airbus 320 okanye i-Boeing 787. Loo nto ibavumele ukuba bonge kugcino, iindawo ezisecaleni kunye neendleko zoqeqesho. Ngezo ndleko ziphantsi, ii-LCCs zinokubiza amaxabiso aphantsi kakhulu kuneenqwelomoya zeprimiyamu ngaphandle kokwenza ilahleko, ngakumbi kwimekobume yobunzima.
Ii-LCCs zikwafumene iindlela zokuyila zokunyusa umvuzo onganxulumananga namatikiti. Eyaziwayo kwii-balance sheets njengeengeniso "ezincedisayo", ii-LCC ezithile ziye zazuza ngokukhupha iimveliso kunye neenkonzo ezivumela abakhweli ukuba bakhethe kwaye bahlawule oko bakufunayo. U-Lim Kim Hai, usihlalo wesigqeba senqwelomoya ye-Regional Express yase-Australia, ubhekisa kwinkqubo yokungadityaniswa “njengengeniso ngaphandle kwentlungu”.
Zinokuqokelelwa ngokulula ngokubiza ixabiso eliphindwe kahlanu kwisidlo esizikhethelayo esisebhodini, okanye ngonxulumano oluntsonkothileyo kunye nezinto ezifana neenkampani zeinshorensi ezivumela ii-LCCs ukuba ziqokelele ixesha ngalinye umkhweli ethenga i-inshurensi yokuhamba ngetikiti lakhe.
I-LCC inguvulindlela i-AirAsia isandula ukuseka inkonzo ekhethekileyo yezemali kunye nesebe lokunyaniseka ukuze isebenzise amandla okudibanisa neebhanki kunye neehotele ukuze zibonelele ngamakhadi okuthenga ngetyala, amaxabiso akhethekileyo ehotele kunye nezinye iinkonzo ezinxulumene nokuhamba. “Ngale ndlela sifumana ingeniso yethu kwaye sikhulisa ukuthembeka kwiiflaya zethu,” utshilo intloko yesebe le-AirAsia uJohan Aris Ibrahim.
Imida yomoya emitsha
I-International Air Transport Association (IATA), iqumrhu loshishino, lithe kwinkomfa yakutshanje yezophapho e-Singapore ukuba ummandla wase-Asia-Pacific ugqithise uMntla Melika njengowona mhlaba mkhulu wentengiso yokuhamba ngomoya, nabakhweli abazizigidi ezingama-647 ngo-2009. ngaphezu kwe-638 yezigidi zabantu ababhabha ngeenqwelomoya zorhwebo kunyaka ophelileyo eMntla Melika.
Imakethi enkulu yase-Asiya yi-China, kodwa ummandla wase-Asia-mpuma we-Asia nawo unamathuba amakhulu kunye nemarike edityanisiweyo yezigidi ezingama-600-kunye nabantu. Abahlalutyi bemizi-mveliso baqaphela ukuba ipesenti enkulu yabemi bommandla kusafuneka bahambe ngenqwelomoya kwaye ngamaxabiso akhoyo mhlawumbi abanakuze bakwazi ukufumana isihlalo kwinqwelo-moya esebenza ngokupheleleyo.
Eli licandelo lemarike elingagcinwanga abathi abaphathi beLCC babanga ukukhula okukhulu, ngakumbi ukuba ingeniso yomntu ngamnye kummandla iyenyuka njengoko bekuqikelelwe. Xa i-AirAsia yaseMalaysia yayiphayona uhambo lohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwengingqi ngo-2001, yi-6% kuphela yabantu baseMalaysia ababebhabhe ngenqwelomoya. Ngaphantsi kwesilogeni sentengiso esithi "Ngoku wonke umntu unokubhabha", umphathiswa webhajethi uhlala enikezela ngamaxabiso amatikiti asezantsi kunamaxabiso ebhasi.
“Ii-LCCs ngokuqinisekileyo ziyitshintshile indlela abantu abahamba ngayo,” utshilo uKris Lim, ongumalathisi oncedisayo kwiziko lobukrelekrele be-Pacific Asia Travel Association eBangkok. "Baxhobisa ukuhamba kwabantu abaninzi abancinci abanohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lokuhamba okanye abantu abangathathi ntweni abangenako ukuhlawulela abathwali benkonzo epheleleyo."
Ukupheliswa kwamva nje kwesibhakabhaka sase-Southeast Asia kuvule ishishini kukhuphiswano lwamaxabiso lokwenyani emva kwamashumi eminyaka yentsebenziswano phakathi kwabaphethe iflegi yelizwe. Indlela yaseMalaysia-eSingapore, umzekelo, isandula kuvulelwa ukhuphiswano emva kokuba i-SIA kunye neMalaysia Airlines zongamele indlela ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-35.
Ukuziphatha kwe-Duopolistic kubangele enye yeendlela ezibiza kakhulu kwihlabathi kwinqwelomoya yemizuzu engama-55, ngamaxabiso amatikiti ngokwesiqhelo ngaphezulu kwe-US$400. Ii-LCCs ngoku zibonelela ngeemali zokukhwela ikota eso sixa kunye nezihlandlo eziphezulu kakhulu. I-AirAsia ihamba phakathi kweKuala Lumpur kunye neSingapore malunga namaxesha alithoba ngosuku.
Ukukhululwa okuthe kratya kwimarike kusendleleni eya kuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia ebizwa ngokuba yi-Open Sky Agreement, eyakuthi iqalise ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo ngo-2015 kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ixhamle ii-LCCs zommandla. Isivumelwano siya kuvumela abathwali bomoya bengingqi ukuba benze iinqwelomoya ezingenamkhawulo kuwo onke amalungu e-10 yoMbutho weZizwe eziMazantsi-mpuma Asia (ASEAN) kwaye uthembisa ukukhulisa ukhenketho lwengingqi, urhwebo kunye notyalo-mali phakathi kwamazwe angamalungu - iBrunei, iCambodia, iIndonesia, iLaos, iMalaysia, iMyanmar. , kwiiPhilippines, eSingapore, eThailand naseVietnam.
Ngelixa ukuphunyezwa kwesivumelwano ngokungathandabuzekiyo kuya kudibana nokukhalaza kwabakhuseli, abahlalutyi boshishino bakholelwa ukuba indlela ebhekiselele ekuyekisweni kommiselo ihamba kakuhle. Umphathiswa wezoThutho eSingapore uRaymond Lim kule nyanga ubize inqanaba lokudlala elinokhuphiswano ngakumbi kwiinqwelomoya zommandla. “Ulawulo olukhululekileyo lunokukhokelela kumathuba okukhula koqoqosho kuwo wonke umhlaba,” utshilo.
Nokuba ukuvuleleka okukhulu kuya kukhokelela kubangeneli abaninzi bemalike yohambo lwenqwelomoya akukacaci, xa kujongwa amathamsanqa eenqwelomoya ezininzi zeprimiyamu. Ingxelo yamva nje evela kwiZiko laseSydney le-Asia Pacific Aviation liqikelela ukuhlanganiswa kweshishini elizayo phakathi kwabadlali abancinci, uninzi lwabo luqikelela ukuba luya kunyanzelwa ukuba ludibanise okanye luvale njengoko ukhuphiswano lutshisa.
"I-Aviation yishishini elikhuphisana kakhulu kwaye, ngokungafaniyo necandelo lebhanki, ukudibanisa okanye ukudibanisa phakathi kwe-LCCs kuhlala kusenzeka ngenxa yokhuphiswano lwe-cutthroat," kusho uNg Sem Guan, umhlalutyi we-aviation kwi-OSK yophando lwase-Kuala Lumpur.
Okwangoku, ii-LCCs ezininzi zithenda ngamandla ukurhwebesha abathengi, kubandakanywa nabahambi bamashishini abahlawula kakhulu, kude noontanga babo abaneengxaki zemali. Kwelo cala, uChong Pit Lian, igosa elilawulayo lase-Jetstar Asia, uthe amaxabiso aphantsi e-LCCs athetha ukuba abahambi beshishini banokubhabha rhoqo ukuze badibane namaqabane abo ehlabathi kwaye bathumele abasebenzi abancinci ukuba bafumane uqeqesho olungakumbi kunye nezinye iinjongo zokuvezwa.
Ukanti abanye bathenda ukungena kwi-premium fliers' indawo eyodwa yohambo olude, kubandakanya neenqwelomoya ezisuka e-Asia ukuya eYurophu ngamaxabiso aphantsi angazange abonwe ngaphambili. Kunyaka ophelileyo, i-AirAsia X yaseMalaysia yazisa iindlela ezihamba ixesha elide ukusuka kulo mmandla ukuya eLondon ngeqhezu leendleko zenqwelomoya.
Ukuba, njengoko kulindelekile, ezinye ii-LCCs zilandela i-AirAsia X ehamba phambili ehamba phambili, ukhuphiswano olwandisiweyo luya kwenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukuba abathwali be-premium abanamatyala kunye nelahleko benze umhlaba olahlekileyo, abahlalutyi bamashishini bathi.
"Kuya kuhlala kukho imarike yabathwali beprimiyamu kubahambi abazimisele ukuhlawula ngakumbi iimpahla kunye neenkonzo ezingcono," utshilo umhlalutyi Ng. "Kodwa ekupheleni kosuku ukusinda kweenqwelo moya ekugqibeleni kuya kuxhomekeka kulawulo lwamaphepha azo ebhalansi."
