Kangangeminyaka emininzi, besizama ukusombulula umbuzo omkhulu malunga nemvelaphi yethu okanye imvelaphi yomntu kunye neemfihlo ezingemva kokudalwa kwabantu esiyinxalenye yethu sonke.
Kodwa ukufunyanwa kokakayi lwendoda yamandulo eTanzania kwiminyaka engama-60 eyadlulayo kwangqina ukuba umntu wokuqala mhlawumbi wavela eAfrika ngobungqina bokuba uMntu wamandulo wayeyimvelaphi yaseAfrika.
NgoJulayi 17 kulo nyaka izazinzulu kunye nabathandi bembali yangaphambili baya kubhiyozela iminyaka engama-60 emva kokufunyanwa kokakayi lwendoda yamandulo kwi-Olduvai Gorge kwiNdawo yoLondolozo lweNgorongoro, emantla eTanzania.
I-Olduvai Gorge ifana neGadi yase-Eden yaseBhayibhileni apho umntu wokuqala kule planethi kukholelwa ukuba wadalwa. Yindawo apho i-paleoanthropologists edumileyo kunye nabembi bezinto zakudala uGqr. Louis Leakey kunye nenkosikazi yakhe uGqr. Mary Leakey bafumana isiganeko esibalulekileyo sokhakhayi lwendoda yokuqala.
ULouis noMary Leakey babehlala eKenya ngaphambi kokuba bafudukele eOlduvai Gorge nentsapho yabo ukuze baye kukhangela izinto zakudala apho. UGqr. Louis Leakey wazalelwa eKabete, kwindawo eyayilawulwa yiKenya ngoko. Wayengunyana kaHarry noMary Bazett Leakey.
Ukutyelela indawo yokumba i-Olduvai yinto yobomi kunye nexesha elimnandi lokusikhumbuza ubomi bethu bokuqala, kungekhona nje kuphela, kodwa imvelaphi yethu apho izazinzulu kunye neembali-mlando zikholelwa ukuba ziqale khona.
Le ndawo yembali kunye nommandla weenyawo weLaetoli ongummelwane wayo ziindawo eziphambili zembali yangaphambili apho ookhokho bethu bangaphambili bahamba, beqokelela kwaye bezingela izilwanyana zasendle ezininzi kwiNdawo yoLondolozo lweNgorongoro.
Ngoku, izazinzulu, abaphandi bembali yangaphambili kunye nabakhenkethi baya kuhlanganisana kwisixeko saseTanzania esisenyakatho sase-Arusha, emva koko e-Olduvai Gorge ukubhiyozela iminyaka engama-60 yokufunyanwa kwekhanda loMntu wokuqala ukususela ngoJulayi 17 kulo nyaka.
Kwakungomhla we-17 kaJulayi ngo-1959 xa uMary Leakey wafumanisa ikhranium yehominid egcinwe kakuhle e-Olduvai Gorge eyathi kamva ikharbhoni yabhalwa malunga ne-1.75 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Bayibiza ngokuthi "Zinjanthropus" okanye uMntu waseMpuma.
UMariya wakhubeka kwinxalenye encinane yethambo emva kwendlebe eyayivezwe ngokuyinxenye lukhukuliseko. Ukwemba kanobom kwi-Olduvai Gorge kwatyhila indawo eyayisakuba ngowona mgangatho wokuhlala wendoda endala, iZinjathropus.
Ukhakhayi lwathi kamva lwabizwa ngokuba yi-Australopithecus Boisei ngokuhlonipha uCharles Boise owaxhasa ngezimali uphando lweLeakeys.
Kwiminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu kamva, ngowe-1974, uMary wafumanisa iinyawo zehominid eLaetoli, emazantsi e-Olduvai, eyayineminyaka eyi-3.5 ukuya kwi-4 yezigidi ubudala.
Ukhakhayi neenyawo zabonisa ukuba indaleko yomntu yaqala, kungekhona eAsiya njengoko kwakucingwa ngaphambili, kodwa eAfrika. Namhlanje, iOlduvai Gorge yaziwa njengendawo yokuzalwa koluntu.
UMlawuli Jikelele weZiko loLondolozo lweNdalo eTanzania, uNjingalwazi Audax Mabula, uthe imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, ukusukela kwiisemina zenzululwazi, utyelelo kwiindawo, imidlalo yenkcubeko kunye neengxoxo ziya kuphawula iminyaka engama-60 yokufunyanwa kokakayi lwendoda yamandulo.
“Ngoku sijonge ukuwonga usapho lukaLeakey ngendima yalo ekubhaqweni kukakhakhayi lokuqala lwesilwanyana saseTanzania, sonke esikholelwa ukuba lelomntu wokuqala kwesi sijikelezi-langa”, utshilo uProf. Mabula.
Okona kuvuyisayo, uProf. Mabula uthe, iya kuba kukuvulwa kweendlela zokuhamba kwiindawo zase-Olduvai naseLaetoli apho abakhenkethi banokuhamba iindlela ezifanayo ezazihanjwa ngookhokho bethu bokuqala.
“Ukuhamba usuka kwindawo yokwemba usiya kwiMyuziyam yaseOlduvai Gorge, undwendwe luza kuvakalisa iimvakalelo zendoda yamandulo eyayizulazula kule ndawo ngoxolo, izingela kwaye iqokelelana ngaphakathi kwendawo”, utshilo uProf. Mabula.
Ifumaneka entlango, iMyuziyam yaseOlduvai yeyona ndawo inkulu yemfundo yendalo neyenzululwazi yohlobo lwayo e-Afrika apho unokufunda ngembali yokuzivelela komntu.
Ngaphakathi kwiMyuziyam, iindwendwe zifumana ithuba lokubona iintsalela zembali yabantu bokuqala. Ukusuka apho, iindwendwe zingenza i-safaris yokuhamba ngokulandela iindlela zomntu wokuqala, ngoku phantsi komda okanye ukusekwa.
UProf. Mabula uqhube wathi abatyeleli kwiMyuziyam yaseOlduvai nabo banokufumana ulwazi lokuqala ngendaleko yomntu ngolwazi olunikwe apho.
Urhulumente waseTanzania ngokunjalo, uhlaziya iNkampu kaGqr. Mary Leakey ibe yimyuziyam epheleleyo eza kubizwa ngokuba “yiMyuziyamu ePhilayo yaseMary Leakey”. Le myuziyam intsha nezimeleyo iya kuba negumbi lokuhlala likaGqr. Mary Leakey, itafile yakhe, i-oveni, i-windmill (yokuvelisa umbane), iLand Rover endala kunye nezinye izinto zobuqu ebezisebenzisa ngezo mini.
ILand Rover endala kaMary Leakey isabonwa kwindawo yokomba, ngoku igcinwe kwimyuziyam entsha.
Uthe usapho lukaLeakey eKenya lusebenzisana ngokusondeleyo nabasemagunyeni bolondolozo eNgorongoro ukwenza isikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-60 sokufunyanwa kokakayi lwendoda yokuqala ibe libali lempumelelo. Usapho lukaLeakey eNairobi kulindeleke ukuba luzimase lo msitho.
Abantu bomthonyama baseOlduvai Gorge; Izizwe zakwaTatoga kunye neHazable zimenyiwe ukubonisa ilifa lenkcubeko yazo, utshilo uProf. Mabula.
UProf. Mabula uqaphele ukuba ukulungiswa ngokutsha kwenkampu kuya kuvumela abakhenkethi kunye nabaphandi abafuna ukulala, benze njalo kwaye bafunde izinto ezininzi zoyena mntu wakudala emhlabeni.
Uluntu lwaseTatoga kunye noHazable luninzi okanye lungaphantsi, luphila ubomi obuphantse bufana nobomntu wokuqala. Ezi zizwe zimbalwa zingabazingeli nabaqokeleli, zihlala kufutshane neLake Eyasi kunye nezinye iindawo eziselumelwaneni zoLondolozo lweNgorongoro.
Ummandla waseOlduvai wawumiwe zizizwe zamaTatoga namaHazabe, abantu bomthonyama baseTanzania, ngoku bahlala njengabazingeli nabaqokeleli kufutshane neLake Eyasi, engummelwane weNdawo yoLondolozo lweNgorongoro.
AmaMaasai anoburhalarhume ahlasela le ndawo malunga neminyaka engama-300 eyadlulayo emva koko agxotha abantu bomthonyama baseTatoga kunye namaHazabe kumathafa aseNgorongoro.
Ngokutsho kweMyuziyam yaseOlduvai Gorge, ukufunyanwa kwemvelaphi yomntu e-Olduvai Gorge yimbali enomdla izazinzulu ezazifuna ukuyenza. Yindawo enembali eyohlukeneyo yabantu kunye nezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana ezanyisayo.
Umqokeleli wamabhabhathane waseJamani, uNjingalwazi uKattwinke, emva phayaa ngowe-1911 wafumana amathambo eefosili ezininzi zehashe elineenzwane ezintathu, iHipparion, awathi wabuyela nawo eBerlin eJamani ukuze enze uphando lwezenzululwazi.
Unjingalwazi uKattwinke wavusa umdla omkhulu eJamani waza kamva waphefumlela uNjingalwazi uHans Reck ukuba enze uhambo oluya kwindawo yaseOlduvai ngo-1923. Wahlala kule ndawo kangangeenyanga ezintathu emva koko waqokelela inani elikhulu leefosili ezibalulekileyo zezilwanyana ezanyisayo.
UGqr. Louis Leakey wayezibonile ingqokelela ezivela e-Olduvai Gorge kwiMyuziyam yaseBerlin. Ngowe-1931, emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi 1, walungiselela uhambo oluya kuMwonyo waza wamema unjingalwazi uReck ukuba abe lilungu leqela.
Umsebenzi weLeakeys eTanzania utshintshe ulwazi lokuzivelela koluntu kunye nembali yonke yomntu.
Namhlanje, i-Olduvai Gorge yindawo yembali yokuqala yendaleko yomntu kwaye etsala amawaka eendwendwe ngonyaka ngamnye ukuze abone imvelaphi yookhokho bethu bebhayoloji.
Ukufunyaniswa kwemvelaphi yomntu e-Olduvai Gorge, inani elikhulu lezilwanyana zasendle kwi-Ngorongoro Crater kunye nobukho babalusi beenkomo baseMaasai ngaphakathi kwamathafa konke, kwenza iNdawo yoLondolozo lweNgorongoro yaziwe kakhulu njenge "Gadi yokuGqibela yase-Eden" kunye "neSibhozo". Ummangaliso Wehlabathi.”
Izazinzulu zembali yendalo zikholelwa ukuba indoda yamandulo yayinobuchopho obumalunga nama-40 ekhulwini (40%) ubungakanani bomntu wale mihla, onezihlunu ezingaphezulu, ezilinganiswe malunga neemitha ezine ukuya kwezine ezinesiqingatha ubude. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba ngokuyintloko babehlala kwiindawo ezinamahlathi, besitya amagwebu, inyama kunye nezityalo.
Ukundwendwela iOlduvai Gorge lixesha lobomi apho unokubona, ube namava kwaye uchukumise umhlaba apho ubungqina bemfuza kunye nefosili ye-archaic Homo sapiens yavela ebantwini banamhlanje kuphela e-Afrika, phakathi kwe-200,000 kunye ne-100,000 yeminyaka eyadlulayo, kunye namalungu esebe elinye elishiyayo. I-Afrika kwiminyaka engama-60,000 eyadlulayo kwaye ekuhambeni kwexesha ithatha indawo yabantu bangaphambili njengeNeanderthals kunye neHomo erectus.
I-Olduvai Gorge ikwangumqondiso wesizwe nowamazwe aphesheya wezifundo zoluntu kwaye ibhengezwe nguMbutho wezeMfundo kunye neNzululwazi weZizwe eziManyeneyo njengendawo yelifa lemveli.
I-Olduvai Gorge, ekwiikhilomitha ezingama-250 ngasentshona kumntla weTanzania kwindawo yabakhenkethi eArusha kwaye phakathi kweNgorongoro crater kunye neSerengeti National Park, itsala abatyeleli abamalunga nama-60,000 ngonyaka, uninzi lwabo ingabaphandi kunye nabafundi abavela kwihlabathi liphela.
"Siyaziqhenya ngokwendalo ukuba iTanzania yayiyindawo yokufumanisa okubalulekileyo," watsho uGqirha Freddy Manongi, uMgcini oyiNtloko woMmandla woLondolozo lwaseNgorongoro apho kusembiwa khona.
Abakhenkethi, abafundisi bezemfundo, abaphandi, abafundi kunye nabantwana bezikolo eziziiprayimari ezivela kwihlabathi jikelele batyelela ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwindawo yokumba e-Olduvai Gorge, indawo yokwenene yokufunyanwa kweentsalela zendoda yokuqala.
INgorongoro yasekwa ngowe-1959 yaye yayilikhaya elisebenzela umseki wayo nesazi ngezilwanyana esidumileyo saseJamani, uGqr. Bernhard Grzimeck, nonyana wakhe uMichael abathi ngokudibeneyo bafota yonke le ndawo yolondolozo lwendalo neyale mihla emva koko bavelisa umboniso bhanyabhanya ochulumancisayo wezilwanyana zasendle kunye nencwadi, zonke zinesihloko. : “USerengeti Ayisayi Kufa.”
Le ndawo ixhasa ukuxinana okuphezulu kwezilwanyana zasendle unyaka wonke kwaye iqulethe abona bantu babonakalayo bemikhombe emnyama eseleyo eTanzania. I-NCA inezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezingaphezu kwama-25,000 ezibandakanya imikhombe emnyama, iindlovu, iinqu, iimvubu, amaqwarhashe, iindlulamthi, iinyathi, amabhadi kunye neengonyama.
Icrater ingumnqantsa, iimitha ezingama-600 ubunzulu, yenziwe ziindonga zendalo eziphakamileyo eziye zasinda ekuthotyweni kwentaba-mlilo okanye icaldera. Igubungela iikhilomitha ezingama-264, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe yenye yezona caldera zikhulu, zingaguqukiyo, nezingakhukulisekayo ehlabathini.
