Isakhi soMhlaba esiBalaseleyo seCentral Park

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UFrederick Law Olmsted wayengumyili womhlaba waseMelika, intatheli, umhlalutyi wentlalontle, kunye nomlawuli woluntu. Uthathwa ngokuba nguyise woyilo lwe-landscape. U-Olmsted wayedume ngokuyila iipaki ezininzi ezaziwayo zasezidolophini kunye neqabane lakhe uCalvert Vaux. Eyona mpumelelo idumileyo kaOlmsted kunye neVaux yaba ICentral Park kwisiXeko saseNew York okukhokelele kuyilo lwepaki yasezidolophini, kubandakanya iProspect Park kwindawo ngoku eyiBorough yaseBrooklyn. City New York kunye neCadwalader Park eTrenton. U-Olmsted wabizwa nguCharles Eliot Norton "elona gcisa libalaseleyo elaveliswa yiMelika". 'Uhambo lwakhe kwi-Sea-board Slave States' lwapapashwa okokuqala ngo-1856 kwaye lwavela kwiihambo ezisemazantsi apho u-Olmsted, umchasi-mthetho onothando wawenza ngo-1853-1854.

Ezinye iiprojekthi athe u-Olmsted wabandakanyeka kuzo ziquka inkqubo yokuqala nendala elungelelanisiweyo yelizwe yeepaki zoluntu kunye neendlela zokupaka eBuffalo, eNew York; eyona paki yelizwe indala, iNiagara Reservation eNiagara Falls, eNew York; enye yeendawo zokuqala ezicwangcisiweyo e-United States, eRiverside, e-Illinois; iMount Royal Park eMontreal, eQuebec; Iziko lokuHlala eHartford, Connecticut; Isibhedlele saseWaterbury eWaterbury, Connecticut; iNecklace yeEmerald eBoston, eMassachusetts; iHighland Park eRochester, eNew York; iNecklace Enkulu yeePaki eMilwaukee, eWisconsin; Ipaki yeCherokee kunye neepaki kunye nenkqubo yokupaka eLouisville, eKentucky; IWalnut Hill Park eNew Britain, Connecticut, iBiltmore Estate eAsheville, kuMntla Carolina; izicwangciso eziphambili zeYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eBerkeley, iYunivesithi yaseMaine, iYunivesithi yaseStanford kufuphi nePalo Alto, eCalifornia, kunye neSikolo iLawrenceville; kunye nePaki yaseMontebello eSt. Catharines, eOntario. EChicago iiprojekthi zakhe ziquka: iJackson Park; Ipaki yaseWashington; ibala lepaki eliphambili leMiboniso yeHlabathi yaseColumbian ngowe-1893; indawo esemazantsi yeChicago “emerald necklace” boulevard ring; kunye nekhampasi yeYunivesithi yaseChicago. EWashington, DC, wasebenza kumhlaba ojikeleze isakhiwo saseUnited States Capitol.

Umgangatho woyilo lwendalo ka-Olmsted waqatshelwa ngabantu bexesha lakhe, abamthululela iikomishini ezibalaseleyo. UDaniel Burnham wathi ngaye, “Upeyinta amachibi namathambeka anemithi; ezinengca kunye neendonga kunye neenduli ezigqunywe ngamahlathi; eneentaba neembono zolwandle…” Umsebenzi wakhe, ngakumbi eCentral Park, wamisela umgangatho wokugqwesa oqhubeka nokuphembelela ukwakheka komhlaba eUnited States. Wayengumlweli wokuqala kunye nobalulekileyo kwintshukumo yolondolozo, kuquka nomsebenzi eNiagara Falls; ummandla waseAdirondack kumntla weNew York; kunye nenkqubo yePaki yeSizwe; kwaye nangona kuncinci okwaziwayo, kwadlala indima enkulu ekulungiseleleni nasekuboneleleni ngeenkonzo zonyango kwi-Union Army kwiMfazwe yamakhaya.

U-Olmsted wazalelwa eHartford, Connecticut, ngoAprili 26, 1822. Uyise, uJohn Olmsted, wayengumrhwebi ophumelelayo owayenomdla kwindalo, abantu nakwiindawo; UFrederick Law nomntakwabo omncinane, uJohn Hull, nabo babonakalisa lo mdla. Umama wakhe, uCharlotte Law (Hull) Olmsted, wasweleka ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwakhe kwesine. Uyise waphinda watshata ngowe-1827 noMary Ann Bull, owabelana ngothando oluqinileyo nomyeni wakhe ngendalo kwaye mhlawumbi waba nencasa ehlakulelwe ngakumbi.

Xa u-Olmsted oselula wayesele elungele ukungena kwiKholeji yaseYale, ityhefu ye-sumac yawenza buthathaka amehlo akhe, ngoko wayeka izicwangciso zekholeji. Emva kokusebenza njengomfundi waselwandle, umrhwebi, kunye nentatheli, u-Olmsted wahlala kwifama yeehektare ezili-125 ngoJanuwari 1848 kunxweme olusemazantsi eStaten Island, eNew York, ifama awathi wancedwa nguyise ukuba ayifumane.

Umtshato kunye nosapho

NgoJuni 13, 1859, uOlmsted watshata noMary Cleveland (Perkins) Olmsted, umhlolokazi womntakwabo uJohn (owasweleka ngo-1857). Wamkela abantwana bakhe abathathu, uJohn Charles Olmsted (owazalwa ngo-1852), uCharlotte Olmsted (owathi kamva watshata noBryant), kunye no-Owen Olmsted.

UFrederick noMary nabo babenabantwana ababini kunye abasinda ebusaneni; intombi, uMarion (owazalwa ngo-Oktobha 28, 1861), kunye nonyana uFrederick Law Olmsted Omnci., owazalwa ngowe-1870. Umntwana wabo wokuqala, uJohn Theodore Olmsted, wazalwa ngoJuni 13, 1860, waza wafa ebusaneni.

U-Olmsted wayenomsebenzi obalulekileyo wobuntatheli. Ngo-1850 waya eNgilani esiya kutyelela iigadi zikawonke-wonke, apho wachukunyiswa kakhulu yiBirkenhead Park kaJoseph Paxton. Emva koko wabhala kwaye wapapasha iiWalks kunye neeNtetho zoMlimi waseMelika eNgilani ngo-1852.

Enomdla kuqoqosho lwamakhoboka, wagunyaziswa yiNew York Daily Times (ngoku eyiThe New York Times) ukuba athabathe uhambo olubanzi lophando etyhutyha iMelika eseMazantsi naseTexas ukususela ngowe-1852 ukuya kowe-1857. (Uhambo kwiSeaboard Slave States (1856), Uhambo olunqumla eTexas (1857), Uhambo kwiLizwe elingasemva eBusika be-1853-4 (1860).

U-Olmsted wayecinga ukuba ukunqongophala kwabaMhlophe abakumgangatho ophakathi kunye nentlupheko ngokubanzi yabamhlophe abakumgangatho ophantsi kuthintele uphuhliso lwezibonelelo ezininzi zoluntu ezazithatyathelwa lula eMantla.

Abemi baseCotton States, xa bebonke, bangamahlwempu. Basebenza kancinci, kwaye loo nto incinci, kakubi; bamkela kancinane, bathengisa kancinane; bathenga kancinci, kwaye banentwana – encinci kakhulu – yobuntofontofo obuqhelekileyo kunye nentuthuzelo yobomi obuphucukileyo. Ukuswela kwawo akuyozinto eziphathekayo kuphela; bubukrelekrele kwaye buzimilo…

KwiCentral Park yeSixeko saseNew York

U-Andrew Jackson Downing, umakhi womhlaba onomtsalane ovela eNewburgh, eNew York, wayengomnye wabokuqala ukwenza isindululo sophuhliso lweNew York's Central Park kwindima yakhe njengompapashi wemagazini iHorticulturist. Umhlobo kunye nomcebisi ku-Olmsted, u-Downing wamazisa kumyili wezakhiwo waseNgesi uCalvert Vaux, lowo u-Downing wamzisa e-US njengomdibanisi wakhe wokwakha. Emva kokubhubha kuka-Downing ngoJulayi ka-1852 kumlilo obhengezwe ngokubanzi kwi-Hudson River steamboat u-Henry Clay, u-Olmsted no-Vaux bangenele ukhuphiswano loyilo lwe-Central Park kunye, ngokuchasene no-Egbert Ludovicus Viele phakathi kwabanye. UVaux umeme u-Olmsted ongenamava ukuba athathe inxaxheba kukhuphiswano loyilo kunye naye, echukumisekile ziithiyori zika-Olmsted kunye nonxibelelwano lwezopolitiko. Ngaphambi koku, ngokungafaniyo neVaux enamava ngakumbi, u-Olmsted akazange ayile okanye enze uyilo lokwakheka komhlaba.

Isicwangciso sabo seGreensward sabhengezwa ngo-1858 njengoyilo oluphumeleleyo. Ekubuyeni kwakhe evela eMzantsi, u-Olmsted waqala ukwenza isicwangciso sabo ngokukhawuleza. U-Olmsted noVaux baqhubeka nentsebenziswano yabo engacwangciswanga ekuyileni iProspect Park eBrooklyn ukususela ngowe-1865 ukusa kowe-1873. Oko kwalandelwa zezinye iiprojekthi. UVaux wahlala emthunzini wobuntu obukhulu buka-Olmsted kunye nonxibelelwano lwentlalo.

Uyilo loMbindi wePaki luquka ukuqonda kuka-Olmsted kwezentlalo kunye nokuzinikela kwiimbono zolingano. Ephenjelelwe yi-Downing kunye nemibono yakhe malunga nodidi lwentlalontle eNgilani, e-China, nakuMzantsi waseMelika, u-Olmsted wayekholelwa ukuba indawo eluhlaza eqhelekileyo kufuneka ihlale ifikeleleka ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abemi, kwaye yayiza kukhuselwa kungenelelo lwabucala. Lo mgaqo ngoku usisiseko kumbono “wepaki yoluntu”, kodwa akuzange kuthathwe njengokuyimfuneko ngoko. Ixesha lika-Olmsted njengoMkomishinala wePaki ePhakamileyo yaba ngumzabalazo omde ukugcina loo mbono.

Ngowe-1865, uVaux no-Olmsted benza iOlmsted, Vaux & Co. Xa uOlmsted wabuyela eNew York, yena noVaux bayila iProspect Park; iipaki zaseRiverside zaseChicago; inkqubo yepaki yaseBuffalo, eNew York; iMilwaukee, i-necklace enkulu yaseWisconsin yeepaki; kunye neNiagara Reservation kwiNiagara Falls.

U-Olmsted akagcinanga nje ngokudala iipaki ezininzi zedolophu kwilizwe lonke, waphinda waqulunqa zonke iinkqubo zeepaki kunye neendlela ezidibanisayo zokudibanisa izixeko ezithile kwiindawo eziluhlaza. Eminye yemizekelo emihle yesikali awasebenza kuso u-Olmsted yinkqubo yepaki eyenzelwe iBuffalo, eNew York, enye yeeprojekthi ezinkulu; inkqubo awayeyilwe eMilwaukee, eWisconsin, kunye nenkqubo yepaki eyenzelwe iLouisville, eKentucky, eyayiyenye kwezine kuphela iinkqubo zepaki eziyilwe yi-Olmsted emhlabeni.

U-Olmsted wayesoloko esebenzisana nomyili wezakhiwo uHenry Hobson Richardson, awathi wayila izikimu zokulungisa umhlaba kwiiprojekthi ezisisiqingatha seshumi elinesibini, kuquka ikhomishini kaRichardson yeBuffalo State Asylum. Ngo-1871, u-Olmsted wayila amabala eSibhedlele sase-Hudson River State ukwenzela i-Insane e-Poughkeepsie.

Ngomnyaka we-1883, u-Olmsted waseka oko kugqalwa njengefemu yokuqala yexesha elizeleyo yokwakha i-landscape e-Brookline, eMassachusetts. Wafowunela ikhaya kunye neofisi ekwikhomponethi iFaisted. Ngoku ibuyiselwe uFrederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site. Ukusuka apho u-Olmsted wayila i-Emerald necklace yase-Boston, iikhampasi zeKholeji yaseWellesley, iKholeji yakwaSmith, iYunivesithi yaseStanford kunye neYunivesithi yaseChicago, kunye noMboniso weHlabathi we-1893 eChicago, phakathi kwezinye iiprojekthi ezininzi.

UFrederick Law Olmsted waziwa ngokuba "nguyise we-American Landscape Architecture."

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UStanley Turkel waqeshwa njengoMbali ka2020 woNyaka ziiMbali iihotele zaseMelika, inkqubo esemthethweni yeNational Trust yoLondolozo lweMbali, awayethe wabizwa ngalo ngaphambili ngo-2015 nango-2014. UTurkel ngoyena mcebisi wehotele upapashwe ngokubanzi eMelika. Usebenza indawo yakhe yokubonisana ehotele esebenza njengengqina lengcali kumatyala anxulumene neehotele, ebonelela ngolawulo lweeasethi kunye nokubonisana ngokuthengisa imali ehotele. Uqinisekisiwe njenge-Master Hotel Supplier Emeritus yiZiko leMfundo le-American Hotel kunye ne-Lodging Association. [imeyile ikhuselwe] 917-628-8549

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• Abanini beehotele abakhulu baseMelika: Oovulindlela beshishini leehotele (2009)

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• I-Great American American Architects Umqulu I (2019)

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