UMary Elizabeth Jane Colter wayengumfazi onguvulindlela waseMelika ongumyili wezakhiwo kunye nomyili wangaphakathi onolwazi olwahlukileyo lolwakhiwo oluthe gqolo kwinkcubeko kunye nembonakalo yomhlaba yaseMzantsi-ntshona. Njengombhali-mbali woyilo lweNkampani kaFred Harvey, wayila iihotele, iindawo zokutyela, iivenkile zezipho kunye neendawo zokuphumla ecaleni kweendlela ezinkulu zeAtchison, iTopeka kunye neSante Fe Railway ukusuka ngo-1902 de wafumana umhlala-phantsi wakhe ngo-1948. abatyelela iGrand Canyon National Park minyaka le bayamazi uMary Colter nezinto aziphumezileyo. Akumangalisi ukuba ebizwa ngokuba “ngoyena myili waziwayo owaziwayo kwiipaki zelizwe.
Wazalwa ngo-Epreli 4, 1869 ePittsburgh, ePennsylvania, wayeyintombi yabaphambukeli baseIreland uWilliam Colter, umrhwebi, kunye noRebecca Crozier, umlimi. Wafumana ubuntwana obudlulayo ehamba nosapho lwakhe ukusuka ePennsylvania ukuya eTexas naseColorado ngaphambi kokuba azinze eSaint Paul, eMinnesota eneminyaka elishumi elinanye. Ngo-1880, iSaint Paul yayinabemi abangama-40,000 kunye neqaqobana elikhulu lamaIndiya angamaSioux, awasinda kwiMfazwe yaseDakota yowe-1862 eyanyanzela abaninzi ukuba balishiye ilizwe elalisandul’ ukusekwa.
UMary Colter waphumelela kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo eneminyaka eyi-14 kwaye emva kokusweleka kukayise waya kwisikolo saseCalifornia sokuYila (ngoku siyiSan Francisco Art Institute) de kwangowe-1891 apho wafunda khona ubugcisa kunye noyilo. Yasekwa yiSan Francisco Art Association ngo-1874, iSikolo saseCalifornia sokuYila, esinye sezikolo zokuqala zobugcisa eNtshona, sabonelela abafundi bayo ngemfundo yobugcisa ebanzi. Kangangeminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu uColter wafundisa umzobo kwiSikolo samaBanga aPhakamileyo soBugcisa beMechanic kwaye wafundisa kwiYunivesithi yaseMinnesota eSikolweni soLwandiso. Ikhomishini yakhe yokuqala yokuyila yafika xa wadibana noMinnie Harvey Huckel, intombi yomseki weNkampani kaFred Harvey.
Ngo-1902, uColter waqala ukusebenzela iNkampani kaFred Harvey njengomyili wangaphakathi kunye nomyili osebenzayo. Isabelo sakhe sokuqala yaba kukwenza uyilo lwangaphakathi lweprojekthi entsha yeNkampani yaseHarvey: iSakhiwo saseIndiya esikufuphi neHarvey's Hotel Alvarado eAlbuquerque, eNew Mexico. I-Alvarado yenzelwe ngumyili wezakhiwo uCharles Frederick Whittlesey (1867-1941) oqeqeshe kwiofisi yaseChicago kaLouis Sullivan. Ngomnyaka we-1900, eneminyaka engamashumi amathathu anesithathu, uWhittlesey wonyulwa njengoMyili oyiNtloko we-Atchison, iTopeka kunye neSanta Fe Railway. Wayila iHotele iEl Tovar kumda osemazantsi weGrand Canyon eArizona kunye neAlvarado Hotel eAlbuquerque enamagumbi eendwendwe angamashumi asibhozo anesibhozo, iiparlor, indawo yokucheba iinwele, igumbi lokufunda kunye nerestyu.
Uyilo lukaMary Colter lweSakhiwo saseIndiya esimeleneyo lwanceda ekusunguleni inkxaso yexesha elide yeNkampani yeHarvey kubugcisa nemisebenzi yezandla yaseIndiya. I Albuquerque Journal Democrat ingxelo ngoMeyi 11, 1902 ukuba ihotele yaseAlvarado "yavula ngokugqabhuka kwentetho, ukuhamba kwekhaphethi ebomvu kunye nokukhanya kwezibane eziqaqambileyo zombane ezinethemba lokuba ziya kutsala iiklasi ezicebileyo ukuba ziyeke e-Albuquerque ekuhambeni kwazo ukuya eNtshona. .”
UFred Harvey weza nempucuko, uluntu kunye neshishini kwi-Wild West. Ishishini lakhe ekugqibeleni libandakanya iindawo zokutyela, iihotele, iivenkile zeendaba kunye neemoto zokutyela kwiSante Fe Railroad. Ubambiswano kunye ne-Atchison, i-Topeka kunye ne-Sante Fe yazisa abakhenkethi abaninzi abatsha kwi-American Southwest ngokwenza uhambo lukaloliwe lube lula kwaye lube nomdla. Isebenzisa amagcisa amaninzi oMthonyama-aseMelika, iNkampani kaFred Harvey ikwaqokelele imizekelo yemveli yebhaskithi, imisebenzi yamaso, oonodoli baseKachina kunye nengqokelela ephilileyo yezinto zakudala ezingaqhelekanga, imisebenzi yezandla kunye nefanitshala yohlobo lweMission.
ISakhiwo saseIndiya sikaMary Colter sasinamagumbi okusebenzela kunye nemiboniso anabenzi beebhaskithi baseIndiya, abakhandi besilivere, ababumbi nabaluki emsebenzini. Iphehlelele inkxaso ekudala ikho yeNkampani yeHarvey kubugcisa nemisebenzi yezandla yaseIndiya. UMary Colter wayila indawo yokuphumla entsha ngo-1940 eAlvarado kwaye wayibiza ngokuba yiLa Cocina Cantina ukuze abambe uyilo lwekhitshi laseSpain.
Ukusukela ngo-1902 ukuya kutsho ngo-1948, uMary Colter wasebenza njengomyili ophambili weNkampani kaFred Harvey, egqibezela uyilo lweehotele ezingamashumi amabini ananye, iindawo zokutyela, iindawo zokuphumla, iivenkile ezithengisa ukutya, iindawo zokungcebeleka kunye neendawo zokuphumla ecaleni kweendlela ezinkulu zeAtchison, iTopeka kunye neSante Fe Railway. . Ubambe uthando kunye nemfihlakalo yoMzantsi-ntshona waseMelika kunye nenkcubeko yobuGcisa baseMelika. Ezinye iimpawu zoyilo lwakhe yayiziifestile ezincinci ezivumela iishafti zokukhanya ukuba zigxininise kwiindonga zelitye lentlabathi ebomvu; isilingi ephantsi yesaplings kunye namasetyana aphumle kwimiqadi yelog ehlutshiweyo; ihacienda evale intendelezo; Ilitye elirhabaxa, elakhiwe emhlabeni ngokungathi yinxalenye yolwalwa lwendalo. Ezi nkcukacha zimise imibono yaseMelika yoMzantsi-ntshona kwizizukulwana ezizayo.
Zonke iiprojekthi zikaColter ezingamashumi amabini ananye zityhila ukuqonda kwakhe kunye nokuzibophelela kwindalo kunye nenkcubeko yomhlaba awayesebenza kuyo. Ngoyilo lwakhe lwangaphakathi, u-Colter ubonakalise ukungabi nantlonelo emoyeni kwiingoma zakhe, ebonisa ubuqili bobuchule bakhe bokusungula ubuGcisa kunye nengqiqo yoBugcisa.
Kwangaxeshanye, kwimisebenzi awayibiza ngokuthi “ukwenziwa ngokutsha,” njengeHopi House (1905) neDesert View Watchtower (yowe-1933) eGrand Canyon National Park, phantse wayesoloko elandela iimpawu zoyilo zemizobo yantlandlolo.
Ukuqesha abakhi bomthonyama baseMelika, befuna ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zalapha ekhaya xa kunokwenzeka, kunye nokujonga iinkcukacha zembali ezimfutshane ezifunyenwe ngohambo lophando ukuya kumabhodlo awahlukeneyo embali yaseIndiya, uColter wazabalazela ukunyaniseka kwesimbo ngaphandle kokuzama ukwenza, njengoko esitsho, “ikopi, ” okanye “ikopi.”
Kulwakhiwo lwakhe lwabakhenkethi oluncinci eGrand Canyon, uColter wazisa uyilo olungakumbi, kubandakanya neHermit's Rest kunye neLookout Studio (zombini ngo-1914), iindawo zokumisa abakhenkethi beCanyon ezazijonge ukuba "zifihlwe phantsi komphetho," ngokutsho. ukuya eColter.
Kwi-Lookout Studio, wenze inqanaba elinye, ulwakhiwo oluthe tyaba lwe-Kaibab limestone ethe tye elinganisa ukucwangciswa kwelitye elikhukulisekileyo elingezantsi, eqinisekisa iimbono ezingathintelekiyo ezivela kwezinye iipromontories ngobuchule bokwakha obuvumela idrama yangaphakathi yeGrand Canyon ukuba ityebise abakhenkethi. ' amava.
Ezinye iiprojekthi zeHarvey zamtsalela kude uColter kwiGrand Canyon, zimnika ithuba lokuyila iihotele zesitishi ezisecaleni kwendlela kaloliwe iSante Fe, apho umbono wakhe woyilo wokwakha unokubonakala ngomkhamo omkhulu. Ethetha ngeHotele iEl Navajo eGallup, eNew Mexico (ngowe-1923), wabhala oku, “Bendisoloko ndikulangazelela ukuphumeza ingcamango yokwenene yamaIndiya, ukwenza isicwangciso sehotele engqongqo ngokungqongqo kwezamaIndiya kungekho nenye yeendlela eziqhelekileyo zale mihla,” mhlawumbi ebhekisela kwiersatz. I-Native Americana ixhaphakile kwiihotele ezininzi ezikumgangatho ophantsi ezavela kuMzantsi-ntshona emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I. Zombini i-El Navajo eseGallup, eNew Mexico kunye neLa Posada eWinslow, e-Arizona, yabonisa ukubandakanyeka kukaColter kwimiba yoyilo lwengingqi kwaye yavuselela imvelaphi kunye nobulumko bendalo. iiprojekthi zakhe zangaphambili.
UColter warhoxa eSanta Fe ngowe-1948 waza wafela apho ngowe-1958. Izithixo eziMasked: I-Navaho kunye nePueblo Ceremonialism (1950), wakhumbula uMary Jane Colter:
"Kangangeminyaka, umfazi ongaqondakaliyo ebhulukhweni, wayekhwela ihashe kwiiKona ezine esenza imizobo yamabhodlo amandulo, efunda iinkcukacha zokwakha, ukubunjwa kweeglowubhu kunye neendawo zokuhlambela. Wayenokufundisa abaqingqi bamatye indlela yokubeka izitena ezenziwe ngodaka kunye nesamente indlela yokuxuba izinto zokuhlamba.
Nangona abantu bexesha lakhe babedla ngokumbiza ngokuba “ngumhombi,” iiprojekthi zakhe, ezine-Hopi House, Hermit's Rest, Lookout Studio, kunye neDesert View Watchtower - ziye zabizwa ngokuba ziiNational Historic Landmarks, zicebisa ukuba “umyili wezakhiwo” uya kuchaneka ngakumbi kwaye uphumelele. Inkcazo ehlala ihleli.
Ekuqaleni kwe-2018, incwadi enesihloko Umyili wobuxoki: uMary Colter Hoax nguFred Shaw wathi uColter akazange aqeqeshwe okanye aqinisekiswe njengomakhi. Yathi kuxokwa wafumana udumo ngezinto eziyilwe ngabanye.
Ukuphendula le thesis ixhokonxayo, u-Allan Affeldt, umnini-ndawonye kunye nomqhubi weHotele iLa Posado, eWinslow, eArizona ubhale ngoSeptemba ka-2018: “Sonke kwihlabathi laseHarvey sikhathazeke kakhulu ngale ncwadi. Ngokucacileyo uShaw akahloneli bafazi.” U-Affeldt wongeza:
"Iimpawu zemisebenzi kaColter kuCurtis nakwabanye zibubuvuvu, kwaye ngokucacileyo zithotywe ngabaninzi kubandakanya usapho lakwaHarvey ngolwazi oluthe ngqo lweColter kunye nezakhiwo. Ngokudibeneyo sigqibe kwelokuba singazihoyi ezi ngxelo zipapashiweyo kwaye singamniki uShaw iqonga ngentiyo yakhe. ”
Ungaphoswa yiMovie eNtsha “iNcwadi eluhlaza”
Imbali yam yehotele yeNombolo ye-192, "I-Negro Motorist Green Book", yapapashwa ngoFebruwari 28, 2018. Yaxelela ibali loluhlu lwe-AAA-like guides kubahambi abamnyama abapapashwa ukusuka kwi-1936 ukuya kwi-1966. Idwelise iihotele, iimotel, izikhululo zenkonzo, izindlu zokuhlala, iindawo zokutyela, iivenkile zobuhle kunye neendawo zokucheba ezazinobuhlobo noko kubemi base-Afrika baseMelika. Ngoku i-movie esanda kukhutshwa "iNcwadi eluhlaza" ibalisa ibali likaDon Shirley, umdlali wepiyano waseJamaican-waseMelika kunye nomqhubi wakhe omhlophe, uFrank "Tony Lip" uVallelonga oqalise ukhenketho lwekonsathi ye-1962 ngokuhlukana kwe-Deep South. Ngaphandle kwesihloko semuvi, kukho iireferensi ezimbalwa kwisikhokelo sokuhamba seGreen Book. Kodwa imovie igqwesile kwaye kufanelekile ukuyibona.
Umbhali, uStanley Turkel, ligunya elaziwayo kunye nomcebisi kwishishini lehotele. Uqhuba ihotele yakhe, ukubuk 'iindwendwe kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokubonisana ngokukodwa kulawulo lweeasethi, uphicotho-zincwadi olusebenzayo kunye nokusebenza kwezivumelwano zokuthengisa ngokuthengisa kunye nokunikezelwa kwenkxaso yesimangalo. Abathengi ngabanini behotele, abatyali mali kunye namaziko abolekisa ngemali.
Incwadi yakhe entsha ipapashwe ngu-AuthorHouse: “Ihotele Mavens Umqulu 2: Henry Morrison Flagler, Henry Bradley Plant, Carl Graham Fisher.”
Ezinye iincwadi ezipapashiweyo:
- Ihotele eNkulu yaseMelika: Oovulindlela boShishino lweehotele (2009)
• Yakhelwe Ukugqibela: Iihotele ezili-100 + zeNdala eNew York (2011)
• Eyakhelwe ukuGcina: i-100 + zeMinyaka eNdala yeehotele eMpuma ye-Mississippi (2013)
• Ihotele iMavens: uLucius M. Boomer, uGeorge C. Boldt no-Oscar waseWaldorf (2014)
• I-Great American Hoteliers Umqulu 2: Oovulindlela beshishini leehotele (2016)
• Eyakhelwe ukuGcina: i-100 nangaphezulu iihotele ezindala eNtshona eMississippi (2017)
Zonke ezi ncwadi zinokuodolwa kwi-AuthorHouse, ngokundwendwela stanleyturkel.com nangokucofa isihloko sencwadi.
INTO ONOKUYITHATHA KWELI NQAKU:
- The Albuquerque Journal Democrat reported on May 11, 1902 that the Alvarado Hotel “opened in a burst of rhetoric, a flow of red carpet and the glow of myriad brilliant electric lights with hopes that it would attract the wealthier classes to stop in Albuquerque on their travels to the West.
- He designed the El Tovar Hotel at the south rim of the Grand Canyon in Arizona and the Alvarado Hotel in Albuquerque with eighty-eight guestrooms, parlors, a barbershop, reading room and restaurant.
- As the architectural historian for the Fred Harvey Company, she designed hotels, restaurants, gift shops and rest areas along the major routes of the Atchison, Topeka and Sante Fe Railway from 1902 until her retirement in 1948.
