Imbali yehotele: UMongameli weBowman-Biltmore Hotel Corporation (1875-1931)

UJohn McEntee Bowman, umongameli weBowman-Biltmore Hotel Corporation, wayengenabo ubukhwenkwe bulula. Wazalelwa ngo-1875 eToronto kubafuduki baseIreland-baScottish, u-Bowman weza eNew York ngo-1892 xa wayeneminyaka elishumi elinesixhenxe ubudala ngokunqongophala kwemali. Waphatha ileta yokwazisa kumphathi wehotele endala iManhattan eMadison Avenue neForty-Second Street. Emva kokulinda iiyure zodliwano-ndlebe, wemka engakhange ambone umphathi. Emva koko wayithumela loo leta, ecela idinga kodwa akazange aphendule neleta. Wafumana amava akhe okuqala kwishishini lasehotele xa i-arhente yengqesho yamthumela njengonobhala wedesika engaphambili kwihotele yasehlotyeni eAdirondacks nangobusika obulandelayo kwihotele esemazantsi. Emva kwexesha wafumana umsebenzi wokukhwela amahashe kwiDurland Riding Academy eManhattan, isakhono awasifunda eCanada esebenzela isitali samahashe omdyarho kwisekethe elungileyo. Xa uDurland wawisa umthetho wokuba iinkosi ezikhwelayo kufuneka zinxibe iyunifomu, uBowman wavukela, warhoxa waza waseka iacademy yakhe encinci yokukhwela amahashe ade wayishiya ukuba athathe ulawulo lwewayini kunye neesiga kwiHolland House endala kwiFifth Avenue ngoko. eqhutywa ngumnini Gustave Baumann. U-Baumann usebenze njengomfundisi-ntsapho kunye nomcebisi wakhe kwaye ekugqibeleni wammisela njengomncedisi wakhe kunye nonobhala. Xa uBaumann wavula iHotele yaseNew York iBiltmore ngo-Eva woNyaka oMtsha ngowe-1913, wamisela uBowman njengosekela mongameli kunye nomlawuli olawulayo. Ngehlobo lowe-1914, xa u-Baumann ekwimeko yonxunguphalo watsiba kwifestile yomgangatho ophezulu weBiltmore, u-Bowman wathatha isikhundla sokuba ngumongameli. IBiltmore iyilwe nguWarren & Wetmore ngendlela edumileyo yeBeaux-Arts kwaye yavulwa kufutshane neGrand Central Station enemigangatho engamashumi amabini anesixhenxe kunye newaka leendwendwe.

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, iindlela zikaloliwe zabonelela ngemvelaphi yophuhliso lweehotele. Akukho nto yaqalwayo ukuza kuthi ga ngelo xesha etshintshe ubomi bale mihla njengomzila kaloliwe okhuthaze uphuhliso lweehotele ezintsha kufutshane nezikhululo zikaloliwe zedolophu. Olona phuhliso lwaluphezulu yayiyiGrand Central Terminal kwisiXeko saseNew York, iBeaux-Arts esembindini wesakhiwo esingaqhelekanga seehotele, izakhiwo zeofisi kunye nezakhiwo zokuhlala. Injineli yeziporo zikaloliwe uWilliam Wilgus wayila indlela “yokwenza umhlaba uhlawule ngakumbi.” Phambi kokwakhiwa kweGrand Central, umhlaba wawujongwa njengonexabiso phezu nangaphantsi komphezulu oquka amalungelo kwizimbiwa. Kodwa uWilgus waqaphela ukuba indawo engaphezulu kweengoma yayibalulekile kwaye wayila ingcamango "yamalungelo omoya orhwebo". Ukuhlawulela iindleko ezinkulu zokugrumba le ndawo, uWilgus wenze isiphakamiso sokuthengisa amalungelo kubaphuhlisi bezindlu nezindlu ababezimisele ukwakha izakhiwo eziphakamileyo phezu kwemizila. Kuyo yonke iminyaka yoo-1910 kunye no-1920 ingcamango kaWilgus yamalungelo omoya yafezekiswa. ICommodore, iBiltmore, iPark Lane, iRoosevelt kunye neWaldorf-Astoria zonke zaphuhliswa ngokuhambelana nokusungula okuqaqambileyo kukaWilgus.

IHotele Monthly (“I-Biltmore, New York's Newest Hotel Creation,” kaJanuwari 1914) yancoma iingenelo zokusebenza zesicwangciso seBiltmore esihlala simile, esimile okwesikweri, kuquka noyilo olulingeneyo lwepaseji ezijikayo ezimbalwa kakhulu, okwenza kube lula ukuhamba kweendwendwe. Ukukhanya okumile okwe-U kakuhle kwimigangatho yeendwendwe kuvumele ukukhanya okungcono kunye nokungena komoya, kudala inani elikhulu lamagumbi anqwenelekayo. Uyilo lwangaphakathi lubeke iindawo zikawonke-wonke kwicandelo elinengqiqo kunye nesekwe kakuhle kunye namagumbi oluntu akumgangatho ophantsi kunye negumbi lebhola eliphezulu.

Xa uThintelo lususa uqoqosho lwengeniso yotywala, uJohn Bowman kunye neWarren & Wetmore firm bafaka uhlalutyo lweendleko ezingqongqo kwiHotele entsha yaseCommodore eNew York (1918-1919). Babejonge ukuba iCommodore, eyakhiwe phezu kweGrand Central Station, ibe namagumbi angamawaka amabini ngexabiso elingaphantsi kuneBiltmore. UJohn Bowman wabhala kwi-Hotel Management (Aprili 1923):

“Eli nani likhulu labantu libandakanya uninzi olungasetyenziswanga ukugqiba inkonzo yobuqu njengokuya kwivalet, nabangakuthandiyo ukulindwa kakhulu. Ke, idigri yenkonzo yethu ehambelana neendleko ezithotyiweyo xa kuthelekiswa neBiltmore, ikwahambelana nokuchaneka okufanelekileyo kwiminqweno kunye neemfuno zoshishino zeendwendwe. Lo mthamo mkhulu xa uthelekisa nophezulu wenza kube nokwenzeka ukunika malunga neepesenti ezingamashumi asibhozo eenkonzo zeBiltmore kumaxabiso angamashumi amathandathu epesenti.

Imagazini yeHotele World kuyabonakala ukuba yavumelana noBowman. Kwinqaku elinesihloko esithi "Ihotele iCommodore, isiXeko saseNew York ngoku iiNtloko zeBowman Chain yeekharavani" (ngoFebruwari 1919), babhala,

“Ayikho enye ihotele emhlabeni ebonelela ngolu hlobo ngalo naliphi na ixabiso. Ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo ingcinga ibisoloko igcinwa engqondweni ukuvelisa ihotele enkulu enokuthi iqhutywe ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu… Oku abakhi bezakhiwo bakwazile ukukuphumeza.”

Ngo-1919, u-Bowman wayethenge kwaye wathengisa iihotele ezimbini ezinkulu zaseNew York, wafumana iHotele i-Ansonia kwaye wathatha umsebenzi we-Murray Hill Hotel kunye ne-Belmont Hotel. Ngethuba wayevula iHotele iCommodore, izakhiwo zakhe zaseNew York zaziphantse zibe ngamawaka asibhozo amagumbi eendwendwe kwaye, ngokutsho komxholo weNew York Times (ngoMeyi 6, 1918), “zirhangqwe” iGrand Central Terminal. Ngeli xesha, u-Bowman wayesandisa ubukhosi bakhe behotele yase-Biltmore kulo lonke elase-United States ukuya eCuba.

“Ihotele yaseBiltmore” ligama elamkelwa nguBowman ngothotho lweehotele zakhe. Eli gama livusa usapho lakwaVanderbilt kwiBiltmore estate enezakhiwo kunye nezitiya eziziindawo ezizimeleyo zembali eAsheville, kuMntla Carolina.

● Ihotele i-Los Angeles Biltmore - ekuqaleni koo-1920, i-Southern California yayinokwanda okukhulu kwabemi, ukudalwa kwamashishini kunye nophuhliso lwezindlu nomhlaba. UBowman wayalela uSchulze kunye noWeaver ukuba bayile iLos Angeles Biltmore. Ihotele enamagumbi ali-11 enemigangatho eyi-1,112 yavulwa ngo-1923 kwaye yaziwa ngokuba yi “host of the coast”. Ihlanganiswe neenqaba ezinkulu ezintathu, i-Biltmore ngokukhawuleza yaba yi-icon yaseLos Angeles kunye ne-ballroom yayo enkulu ehlala i-650. NgoMeyi ka-1927, ihotele yabamba isidlo sokusekwa kwe-Academy ye-Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo kaOscar kuxelwe ukuba wawuzotywe kwinapkeni kwiCrystal Ballroom yehotele. Eyona ndawo iphambili yokwamkela iindwendwe inamabali amathathu aphakamileyo anendawo enzulu yokuvalela umgqomo, isilingi ehonjisiweyo, egciniweyo kwaye inezitepsi ezimangalisayo ezithathwe kwizinyuko zokuqala zenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithandathu kwi-Spanish Burgos Cathedral. Ihotele isebenze njengendawo yangasemva yemifanekiso eshukumayo engaphezulu kwe-50 ebandakanya i-Ghostbusters, iNjingalwazi yeNutty, uSuku lweNkululeko, ubuxoki beNyaniso, uDave kunye noBeverly Hills Cop.

● Ihotele yaseSevilla- Biltmore, Havana, Cuba – Ngeminyaka yoo-1920, iHavana yayiyeyona ndawo ithandwayo eholideyini ebusika kubantu abami kakuhle baseMelika. Ngo-1919, uJohn Bowman noCharles Francis Flynn bathenga iHotele yeSevilla enemigangatho emine eyakhiwa ngo-1908 ngabakhi bezakhiwo u-Arellano y Mendoza. NgoJanuwari 28, 1923, i<em>New York Times yanikela ingxelo yokuba uBowman wayeza kwakha isongezelelo esinemigangatho elishumi ngoyilo lweSchultze neWeaver. Beka kwi-engile ekunene kwi-original Sevilla, isakhiwo esitsha songeza amagumbi angamakhulu amabini eendwendwe kunye namagumbi okuhlambela, indawo yokutyela ye-Roof Garden ye-300 eneembono ezimangalisayo ze-Presidential Palace, i-Capitol Building kunye ne-Morro Castle. Ihotele eyandisiweyo yaseSevilla Biltmore yavulwa nge-30 kaJanuwari 1924. UBowman noFlynn babeka ixesha lokwandisa kwabo kanye. I-Sevilla-Biltmore yavula unyaka ngaphambi kokuba i-Prohibition ibekwe e-United States.

Ihotele iboniswe kwinoveli kaGraham Greene, Indoda yethu eHavana.

● Ihotele yaseAtlanta Biltmore, eAtlanta, Georgia - UJohn McEntee Bowman kunye noHolland Ball Judkins basebenzisana nendlalifa kaCoca-Cola uWilliam Candler ukuphuhlisa i-Atlanta Biltmore yezigidi ezi-6 ngo-1924 enemigangatho elishumi elinanye, amagumbi eendwendwe angama-600, izakhiwo zendibano ezinkulu kunye nendlu enemigangatho elishumi ekufuphi. isakhiwo. IAtlanta Biltmore iyilwe yifemu eyintandokazi kaBowman yokwakha yaseSchultze kunye neWeaver.

IAtlanta Biltmore yakhiwe kufutshane nombindi wedolophu kodwa yohlulwe kwisithili seshishini. Ihotele yavulwa ngomdla omkhulu ngololiwe oqeshiweyo osuka kwisiXeko saseNew York ukuzisa iindwendwe ezityebileyo nezidumileyo e-Atlanta kuvulo olukhulu. Imibhiyozo yokuvula yasasazwa kuzwelonke kunomathotholo.

I-Atlanta Biltmore, eyayifudula yaziwa njengeyona hotele iphakamileyo yaseMazantsi, iigalas ezineqonga, imidaniso yeti, iibhola zedebutante, kunye neerecitals ngokundwendwela iinkwenkwezi zeMetropolitan Opera. Ikhonze abantu abadumileyo abafana noFranklin D. Roosevelt, uDwight D. Eisenhower, uMary Pickford, uBette Davis, noCharles Lindbergh. Ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-30, i-WSB, isikhululo sikanomathotholo sokuqala saseMzantsi, sasasaza kwizitudiyo zaso ngaphakathi ehotele kunye nenqaba yerediyo kuphahla lwehotele eyaba luphawu olubalulekileyo kwisibhakabhaka sesixeko. Ukujongana nokhuphiswano olwandisiweyo olusuka kwiihotele zala maxesha e-Atlanta edolophini, yathengiswa kuthotho lwabanini ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1960 yaza yavala iingcango zayo ngo-1982. NgeNtwasahlobo ka-1999 emva kohlaziyo olubanzi, ihotele eyayisakuba yiBiltmore yavulwa kwakhona okokuqala kwisithuba esingangeminyaka engama-20 yaza yaphumelela. Ukukhankanywa okuHloniphekileyo kweyona ndawo iDityanisiweyo iDityanisiweyo yoNyaka ikwinqanaba le-Atlanta Business Chronicle.

● IWestchester Biltmore Country Club, eRye, NY – NgoMeyi 1922, uBowman wavula iWestchester-Biltmore Country Club ephucukileyo eRye, eNew York. Ngehlobo lowe-1919, kwakhiwa isakhiwo esinemigangatho esibhozo ngokuyilwa ngabayili bezakhiwo baseNew York uWarren & Wetmore. Kuyo uBowman wadibanisa into eyayiza kuba yimisayino yazo zonke iihotele zakhe ezinkulu; imo engqongileyo iyonke enokubandakanya izibonelelo ezingaphaya kwaleyo yeklabhu yelizwe eqhelekileyo. Amalungu kunye neendwendwe zikwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba kwigalufa, i-tennis, i-squash, i-trap shooting, kunye nokuqubha kwindawo yokuhlamba yangasese kwi-Long Island Sound. U-Bowman, owayengumlandeli womdyarho wamahashe angabafundi, wakha ibala lepolo elenzelwe imiboniso yamahashe kunye nolunye ulonwabo lwamahashe. Amabala egalufa amabini anemingxuma eli-18 ayilwe nguWalter J. Travis, intshatsheli enkulu yeGalufa yaseBritani ejike yaba ngumyili wekhosi yegalufa. NgoMeyi 15, 1922, uJohn McEntee Bowman wavula ngokusesikweni iKlabhu yaseWestchester County enamalungu aphantse abe li-1,500.

● I-Arizona Biltmore Hotel, ePhoenix, e-Arizona – uWarren McArthur Jr., umntakwabo uCharles noJohn McEntee Bowman bavula i-Arizona Biltmore ngoFebruwari 23, 1929. Umyili werekhodi weBiltmore nguAlbert Chase McArthur, kodwa isoloko ibizwa ngokuba Uyilo lukaFrank Lloyd Wright. Olu phawu luyaphikiswa nguWright ngokwakhe owabhala kwiRekhodi yoLwakhiwo:

“Yonke into endiyenzileyo ngokunxulumene nokwakhiwa kweArizona Biltmore kufutshane nePhoenix, ndiyenzele uAlbert McArthur ngokwakhe ngesicelo sakhe kuphela, kwaye akukho namnye. U-Albert McArthur ngumakhi weso sakhiwo- zonke iinzame zokuthatha ikhredithi kulo msebenzi uvela kuye awukho kwaye ecaleni kwendawo. Kodwa kuye, iPhoenix ngekungekho nto ifana neBiltmore, kwaye ndiyathemba ukuba angakwazi ukunika iPhoenix ezinye izakhiwo ezintle njengoko ndikholelwa ukuba uyakwazi ukwenza.

UMc Arthur uye wasebenzisa enye yezinto zokuyila utyikityo lukaWright: inkqubo yeBhlokhi yeTelaphu. Kwi-1930, i-McArthurs yalahlekelwa ukulawula indawo yokuphumla komnye wabatyalo-mali babo bokuqala, uWilliam Wrigley, Jr. Kwiminyaka elishumi kamva, intsapho yakwaWrigley yathengisa ihotele kwintsapho yaseTalley. Ngo-1973, emva kokuba umlilo omkhulu utshabalalise uninzi lwepropathi, yaphinda yakhiwa bhetele kunangaphambili. Emva koluhlu lweenguqu zobunini, i-CNL Hotels kunye neeNdawo zokungcebeleka zazifumana kwi-2004 kwaye zanika isivumelwano solawulo kwi-KSL Recreation, Inc. Ngo-2013, i-Arizona Biltmore yathengiswa kuRhulumente waseSingapore Investment Corporation. I-Hilton iyisebenzisa njengelungu le-Waldorf=Astoria Collection.

● IHotele iDuPont, Wilmington, Delaware – Ekuvulweni kwayo ngo-1913, iHotele iDuPont yayiyilelwe ukukhuphisana nezona hotele zigqwesileyo zaseYurophu. Ihotele entsha inamagumbi eendwendwe ayi-150, igumbi lokutyela eliphambili, i-rathskeller, ikhefi yamadoda/ibha, igumbi lebhola, igumbi leklabhu, igumbi lokuhlala lamanenekazi nokunye.

Kwiveki yokuqala kuphela, emva kokuvulwa kwayo, iindwendwe ezingama-25,000 zakhenketha le hotele intsha, apho kwakungekho ndleko zinkulu. Kwiindawo ezihonjisiweyo zikawonke-wonke, phantse ishumi elinambini leengcibi zaseFransi nase-Italiyane zaziqingqe, zihonjisiwe zaza zapeyintwa ngaphezu kweminyaka emibini enesiqingatha. Iibhedi zobhedu olukhazimlisiweyo zenziwe ngelinen ephuma kumazwe angaphandle, ngelixa i-sterling silver comb, ibrashi kunye neeseti zesipili zazibekwe kwiitafile zokulungisa. KwiGumbi lokutyela eliphambili, ngoku elaziwa njengeGumbi eliLihlaza, iipaneli zom-oki ezifumileyo ziphakame ngemigangatho emibini enesiqingatha ukusuka kwimosaic kunye nemigangatho engaphantsi komhlaba. Iikhanyile ezintandathu ezenziwe ngesandla kunye negalari yeemvumi zazibujongele phantsi ubutyebi. Emva kwesidlo sangokuhlwa, iindwendwe ezininzi zonwabele imiboniso yobuchule kwiHotele yePlayhouse Theatre, ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yiDuPont Theatre. Yakhelwe ngeentsuku ezili-150 kuphela ngasekupheleni kuka-1913, iqonga layo likhulu kunawo onke ngaphandle kweethiyetha ezintathu zesiXeko saseNew York.

Ngeentsuku zayo zokuqala, ihotele yabonisa ukuzibophelela kwayo kumagcisa asekuhlaleni atsala nzima ngokubonisa imisebenzi yawo. Namhlanje, baqaqambisa enye yezona ngqokelela ziphambili zobugcisa beBrandywine, kubandakanya nezizukulwana ezithathu zobuchule boqobo beWyeth.

Ngeminyaka yoo-1920 ihotele yayilawulwa yiBowman-Biltmore Hotel Company yaze yabizwa ngokuba yiDuPont-Biltmore Hotel. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, ihotele ibisoloko ibamba abongameli, abezopolitiko, iiKumkani, iiQueens, abadlali bezemidlalo, iingxilimbela kunye nosaziwayo. (Iza kuqhubeka)

Umbhali, uStanley Turkel, ligunya elaziwayo kunye nomcebisi kwishishini lehotele. Uqhuba ihotele yakhe, ukubuk 'iindwendwe kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokubonisana ngokukodwa kulawulo lweeasethi, uphicotho-zincwadi olusebenzayo kunye nokusebenza kwezivumelwano zokuthengisa ngokuthengisa kunye nokunikezelwa kwenkxaso yesimangalo. Abathengi ngabanini behotele, abatyali mali kunye namaziko abolekisa ngemali. Iincwadi zakhe zibandakanya: Iihotele ezinkulu zaseMelika: Oovulindlela beshishini lehotele (2009), eyakhelwe ukuGcina: iihotele ezineminyaka eli-100 ubudala eNew York (ngo-2011), eyakhelwe ukuGcina: iihotele ezineminyaka eli-100 ubudala eMpuma eMississippi (ngo-2013) ), Ihotele Mavens: uLucius M. Boomer, uGeorge C. Boldt no-Oscar weWaldorf (2014), iGreat American Hoteliers uMqulu 2: Oovulindlela beshishini lehotele (2016), kunye nencwadi yakhe entsha, eyakhelwe ukuGcina: 100+ Unyaka -Old Hotels West of the Mississippi (2017) - ifumaneka kwi-hardback, iphepha elibhaliweyo, kunye nefomathi ye-Ebook- apho u-Ian Schrager abhale khona kwisandulela: “Le ncwadi igqibezela i-trilogy ye-182 yeembali zehotele zeepropathi zakudala zamagumbi angama-50 okanye nangaphezulu… Ndivakalelwa kukuba zonke ihotele zifanele zibe neencwadi zazo kwaye zenze ukuba zifundelwe abafundi nabaqeshwa bazo. ”

Zonke iincwadi zombhali zinoku-odolwa kwi-AuthorHouse ngu ngokunqakraza apha.